Izifo zezilwane zasemapulazini, ikakhulukazi, izinyoni, zihlukaniswe zibe yizifo ezithathelwanayo, eziyingozi futhi ezingenasifo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zibhekwa njengengozi kakhulu futhi zibangelwa amagciwane nama-bacteria angena emzimbeni. Enye inhlekelele enjalo yi-metapneumovirus.
Kuyini i-metapneumovirus ezinyoni
I-metapneumovirus ye-Avian (i-MISP) i-agent causative ye-rhinotracheitis ezithathelwanayo ezinyoni, kanye nezimbangela ze-head syndrome evuvukile (SHS). Kwaqala ukulotshwa ngo-1970 eNingizimu Afrika, kodwa kuze kube yilolu suku alubhalisiwe ngokomthetho kwamanye amazwe. 
Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi lesi sifo sasinamagciwane emvelo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, besebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezinambuzane zezinyoni kanye nezicubu zomzimba ezivela ku-trachea, i-agent etiological ebizwa ngokuthi i-TRT yaboniswa, ibonisa ukuthi igciwane. Ekuqaleni, kwahlukaniswa njengeklasi le-pneumovirus, kodwa ngemuva kokutholakala kwamafomu e-viral afana nalo, liphinde laphindiswa kumetapneumovirus.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kanjani?
Ukutheleleka ngaleli gciwane kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo (kusuka komunye umuntu kuya kwesinye ngokusebenzisa umoya noma ukufihla). Indlela yokudlulisa eyinhloko ukuxhumana okuqondile kwezinyoni ezithathelwanayo nezinempilo (ngokusebenzisa ukukhipha, ukutheleleka kudla, izimpaphe zezinye izinyoni). Amanzi kanye nokudla kungase futhi kuthathe izinyathelo zesikhashana (imithwalo yemvelo yangaphandle ihlala ingazinzile, ngakho-ke ayihlali ngaphandle komzimba isikhathi eside).
Funda futhi ngalokho ongayithola kusuka emajuba.
Kukhona amathuba okudlulisela okuqondile (kusuka kumama kuya enzalweni). Igciwane le-Methapneumovirus litholakala ezinkukhu ezisanda kuzalwa, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukutheleleka kwamaqanda. Ngisho nabantu bangasiza ekudluliseni igciwane ngokudlulisela izicathulo nezigqoko zabo. 
Yeka inyoni epulazi ehlasela
Okokuqala, igciwane labonakala ku-turkeys. Kodwa namuhla uhlu lwezinhlobo ezinokwenzeka zezinyoni ezibangelwa lesi sifo uye wanda kakhulu futhi zihlanganisa:
- ama-turkeys;
- izinkukhu;
- amadada;
- pheasants;
- izintshe;
- ibhola lezinyoni.
Thola ukuthi iziphi izinkukhu nezinkukhu ezigulayo.
I-Pathogenesis
Ngesinye isikhathi emzimbeni, igciwane liqala ukwandisa ngokweqile amaseli e-epithelial of the respiratory tract, okwenza umsebenzi walo ulahlekelwe i-cilia yi-epithelium. Futhi, i-membrane yamangqamuzana, engenayo yale cilia, ayikwazi ukulwa nezifo eziyisibili, ezitholela emzimbeni, ukunciphisa umzabalazo ongenamsebenzi womzimba ngokumelene ne-metapneumovirus.
Kubalulekile! Izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokuhlala kwazo zihlukile.
Izimpawu zomtholampilo
Izimpawu zakudala ze-metapneumovirus ziyakhononda, ukukhwehlela, ukuphuma kwamanzi emzimbeni, nokuvuvukala kwekhanda kanye ne-conjunctivitis. Njengoba leli gciwane lihambisana nezifo zokuphefumula, izimpawu zizofana kakhulu nazo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umphumela wegciwane emzimbeni wenyoni usakazeka ohlelweni lwezokuzala nolwesabekayo.
Le nyoni iyeka ukugijima, noma ikhwalithi lamaqanda ayo iyanciphisa kakhulu - igobolondo liyehla. Umthelela wegciwane kwisistimu yezinzwa kungabonwa ngokubheka izimpawu ezifana ne-torticollis ne-opisthotonus (ukuxhuma okuxubileyo ngemuva kokuguqula emuva nokushaya ikhanda emuva). 
Ukuhlola nokuhlolwa kwelabhoratri
Isekelwe kuphela emtholampilo yedatha, akunakwenzeka ukwenza ucwaningo olunembile.
ELISA indlela
Ukuze i-enzyme immunoassay (i-ELISA) isifo esibi kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthatha indaba (igazi) kabili: ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo futhi ngemuva kwamasonto amabili ngemuva kwalokho. Uma izibonakaliso zemitholampilo zilinganisela esikhathini sokunweba nokunciphisa okulandelwayo ekukhiqizeni izinyoni, kuyaphakanyiswa ukuthi kusetshenziselwe ukwaziswa emva kokuhlaselwa.
Kubalulekile! Ngemiphumela ethembekile, kutuswa ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokuxilonga ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-ELISA ne-PCR
Ukuhlaziywa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngezindlela ezimbili, ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo, amasampula wezinto ezibonakalayo (ama-smears) athathwa esonus kanye ne-trachea ye-PCR analysis. Endabeni yezibonakaliso ezinzima zesifo, isampuli ayinconywa. Kubalulekile ukukhetha abantu ngokubonakaliswa okulinganiselwe kwezimpawu. Ukuze kuhlaziywe i-ELISA, igazi liqoqwa kubantu abavela emhlambini owodwa. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthola ukuthi ngabe le nyoni iye yaxhumana yini nalesi sifo. 
Izinguquko zesifo
I-Matapneumovirus ngokwayo ayibangele ukudala izinguquko eziphawulekayo ze-pathological. Kwezinye izimo, ikhanda nentamo i-edema, i-eyelid edema kanye ne-conjunctivitis ingatholakala. Ekucwaningweni kwezono nezishukela zomzimba, ukuvuvukala, ukubheka i-epithelium ye-ciliary kanye nokuba khona kwe-exudate kungabonwa.
Ukuchazwa kwemiphumela yelabhutrikhi
Ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okulungile kudinga ukuxilongwa kwe-serological kanye ne-molecular. Ucwaningo lokuqala luhlose ukukhomba amasosha omzimba akhiqizwa ngumzimba ukulwa negciwane. Uhlobo lwesibili lokuxilongwa lenzelwe ukukhomba i-agent causative yesifo kuma-sampuli ahlukahlukene.
Uyazi? Izinkukhu kanye nama-roost ziyakwazi ukukhumbula izinto ezihlukile zabantu abangaphezu kuka-100 (kokubili ezinye izinkukhu nabantu).Igciwane liqukethe okungahleliwe, okungahleliwe, okuphikisiwe (-) i-RNA. I-electron microscopy ibonisa ukuthi i-MPVP ine-pleomorphic fringed futhi ngokuvamile isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi esimisweni.
Indlela yokulawula nokugoma
Ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo ephilayo ngokumelene nale gciwane kunconywa. Ukuvinjelwa akusebenzi ngenxa yokuthi babonisa ukusebenza kahle kwezilwane ezincane, kubangele ukwanda kwezinga lokucindezeleka lenyoni, okusho ukuthi lithinta umkhiqizo nokuthuthukiswa kwayo. Inzuzo yemigomo ephilayo yilabo abakha igciwane lesandulela ngculaza endaweni ephakeme yokuphefumula. 
Uyazi? Ukuqeda ikholera yenkukhu kutholakale ngengozi. Lapho usosayensi waseFrance uLouis Pasteur akhohlwe isiko nge-cholera microbes ku-thermostat. Igciwane elomile laziswa ezinkukhu, kodwa abazange bafe, kodwa bahlushwa uhlobo oluthile lwesifo. Lapho usosayensi ebaphethelela ngesimiso esisha, bahlaselwe igciwane.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okufanele
Ukuze uvikele imfuyo yezinyoni kulokhu kutholakala, ukugonywa okufanele ngesikhathi kufanele kwenziwe, kanye nezindinganiso ezilandelayo kufanele zigcinwe: ukutshala kwabantu, ukuhlanzeka kwezakhiwo nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokudla. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-metapneumovirus iqedwa ngokuphumelelayo ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuxilongwa, ngakho-ke, ekusola kokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqhuba zonke izifundo ezidingekile ukuze zihlolwe futhi zithathe izinyathelo zokuqeda igciwane.
