Amanzi, ukushisa, ukukhanya kanye nezondlo kuyadingeka ekuthuthukiseni okuhle okusanhlamvu kwezitshalo kanye nokuthola isivuno esihle.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinto emva kwe-oxygen, i-carbon ne-hydrogen yizimbiwa - nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P) ne-potassium (K).
Nakuba bekhona ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi, inani laso alanele, okuholela ekudingeni izimila zamakhemikhali.
Umanyolo wezitshalo: izici ezijwayelekile
Izitshalo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: eziphilayo kanye nemvelo. I-Organic - umquba, umquba kanye ne-peat - yizitshalo nezitshalo. Amaminerali abe nemvelo engavamile. Zifinyeleleke kakhulu, ziphumelele kakhulu futhi zinezenzo eziningi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ashibhile futhi kulula ukuthutha.
Funda ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani njengenkomo yomanyolo, ingulube, unogwaja, izimvu, umquba wamahhashi, inkukhu kanye namajuba ama-droppings.Amaminerali amaminerali afaka izinsimbi kanye nama-acids, ama-oxides, ama-salti. Zilula, ziqukethe izinto ezilodwa, futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemifino elula yezimbiwa:
- I-nitrogen - i-ammonia yamanzi, i-ammonium chloride;
- i-phosphoric - superphosphate elula, i-phosphate rock;
- potash - potassium chloride.
Thola ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ze-peat, indlela yokwenza umquba.I-nitrogen Kubalulekile kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kohlaza oluhlaza kanye nokubunjwa kwe-fetus. Ithinta ngokuqondile izakhiwo zezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nesamba sesitshalo.
Phosphorus, futhi, kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesimiso, izimbali kanye nokubonakala kwezinhlamvu. Ukuntuleka kwalo kuholela ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwesitshalo sonke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimbali kanye nama-cobs.
Potassium ikakhulukazi enesibopho sokuthutha nokusabalalisa kwamanzi. Ngaphandle kwalesi sici, okusanhlamvu akuphikisana kakhulu nokufaka nesomiso.
Kubalulekile! Uma uthenga futhi ufaka umquba wokutshala izitshalo ngamaminerali omquba, kufanele uqale uzijwayele imiyalelo yomkhiqizi oyifunayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokukhethekile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlanganisiwe kokufaka umanyolo.
Izinkambiso nemigomo yokusetshenziswa kwamaminerali amaminerali okusanhlamvu
Cabanga ngalokho ukugqoka okwenziwe ngamaminerali okudingekayo okusetshenziselwa okusanhlamvu, kanye nokuthi yini okufanele kwenziwe.
Ummbila
Amasiko afuna kakhulu ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, futhi ngaphandle kwemifuno yesimanje umuntu akanakulindela isivuno esikhulu. Ummbila udinga ukudla okunomsoco kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhula kuze kufike ukuvuthwa okugcwele kokusanhlamvu. Ukwakheka okunamandla kakhulu kwezakhi zomzimba kwenzeka esikhathini sokuvela kwamaphoyinti okujula kuya kwezimbali.
I-Scheme: nini ukuphakela ummbila
Funda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zommbila ezikhona, indlela yokutshala, ukucubungula nge-herbicides, lapho uhlanza khona, indlela yokutshala ngayo isililage, indlela yokugcina ummbila.I-potassium ne-phosphorus ifakwe ukulima kwasebusika (noma ukulima endaweni ye-nonchernozem). I-nitrojeni iyadingeka ngempela entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, lapho umanyolo wenziwa uma kuhlwanyelwe ekutshaleni izidleke.
Ukuze ugweme imiphumela emibi yesisombululo emahlathini okulima, ukugqoka okuphezulu kusetshenziselwa kude - 4-5 cm kuya ohlangothini no 2-3 cm ngezansi imbewu. Ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo kakhulu kuhle ukutshala izitshalo nge nitrogen.
Umanyolo wommbila e-forest-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 100-120 kg / ha, emva kokuhlwanyela - 2 kg / ha;
- i-phosphorus: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 60-80 kg / ha, emva kokuhlwanyela - 5 kg / ha;
- potassium: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 80-100 kg / ha.
Abantu abaningi abazi ngezinzuzo zommbila, kunommbila owusizo wempilo yabantu.
Ngokolweni
Ukolweni ubhekana kahle kakhulu nezithako zamaminerali. Ukusanhlamvu kwe-spring kuphelisa ukumuncwa kwengxenye eyinhloko yezakhi zokudla kwesikhathi - izimbali. Uma izandulela zikhona okusanhlamvu, amazambane noma ama-beet, khona-ke isidingo sokondla okungeziwe, ikakhulukazi nge nitrogen, sikhulu kakhulu. 
I-Scheme: nini lapho ukondla ukolweni Uma isitshalo sitshalwe emhlabeni ongewona omnyama, lapho izithombo zommbila ezingapheli nezitshalo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhula, futhi ngamapayipi ahlanzekile ezindaweni ezinomile, ngakho akudingi kakhulu ukuthi i-nitrogen eyengeziwe.
Thola ukuthi yikuphi izinga lokuhlwanyela ukolweni wasebusika, ukuthi yini nokuthi ungondla kanjani ukolweni ubusika.Ngokuvamile isitshalo sidliwa nge-nitrogen ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-Phosphoric kanye ne-potash kwenziwa ngokugcwele emigqeni lapho kuhlwanyela ngokutshala okujulile kwama-fertilizer ekwindla ukulima endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi ngesilinganiso esincane se-superphosphate.
Ezindaweni eziphuculisiwe, kuwukuhlakanipha ukusebenzisa umquba wokuqala u-nitrogen ngezinga elengeziwe. Ukutshala nge-nitrogen ngemuva kwezimbali, ikakhulukazi nge-urea, kuzokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kanye nezimfanelo zokubhaka okusanhlamvu.
Umanyolo wekolweni ubusika ehlathini-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 30-40 kg / ha, emva kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha;
- i-phosphorus: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha, ngesikhathi ihlwanyela - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-50 kg / ha.
Uyazi? Ukolweni ungenye yezinhlamvu zokuqala ezifuywayo. Indima yayo ebalulekile ingagwetshwa ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo uMbuso WaseRoma wabizwa ngokuthi "umbuso wekoro". Futhi eRussia kusukela esikhathini sokuqala okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kwakubizwa ngokuthi "inqwaba." Esikhathini esizayo, leli gama laqala ukukhomba into eningi, futhi isiqalo "kusuka" sivele.
Ibhali
Ibhali libuye liphendule ngokuthokoza kakhulu ekufakeni izithako zamaminerali. Usuqede ukuqeda izakhi zomzimba ngesikhathi sokuthola izimbali.
I-nitrogen fertilizer isenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nokwelashwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela kwenhlabathi. Ukunikezwa kwebhali ne-phosphorus ne-potassium kuhle ukuhlinzeka ngokutshala okujulile kokugqoka okuphezulu ekwindla ukulima endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi nge-volume encane ye-superphosphate noma i-ammophos emigqeni lapho ihlwanyelwe.
Funda indlela yokuhlwanyela ubhali busika nobusika.Ukunisela kudinga ukufaka umquba wokuqala ngokunyuka kwama-nutrogen fertilizer. Ukondla nge-nitrogen ngemuva kwezimbali, ikakhulukazi nge-urea, kuzokwandisa okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ebhali futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yayo.
Uhlelo lokufaka umquba webhali ku-chernozem yehlathi:
- i-nitrogen: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 60-80 kg / ha;
- i-phosphorus: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 80-100 kg / ha, ngenkathi ihlwanyela - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 100-120 kg / ha.
Oats
Ama-oats awafuni kakhulu ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, njengokolweni noma ibhali. It ithwala inhlabathi enhle acidiki futhi imelana frosts esifushane.
Uma kungenjalo, kubonakala ngomsebenzi ofanayo wokumunca izakhi kanye nesidingo sokwethulwa kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukutshala ngaphambi kwenhlabathi.
Funda indlela yokukhulisa ama-oats, ubuqili bokusebenzisa ama-oats njenge-siderata.I-oat umanyolo wesimiso e-forest-steppe chernozem:
- i-nitrogen: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha;
- i-phosphorus: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha, ngesikhathi ihlwanyela - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha.
Khetha
Iningi lomhlabathi lapho ilayisi likhulile khona lingenalo i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium ngokuvamile kuyanele. Uma ngabe amasheke engakafiki izikhukhula, isihlabathi sinezibalo eziningi ze-nitrate, lapho, lapho zikhukhula, zihlanza ngokushesha futhi zihlonishwe, noma zinciphise zibe yi-ammonia.
Ngokuphathelene neaching ye-rice engenakwenzeka, izinhlobo ze-ammonia ze-nitrogen supplement kufanele zisetshenziswe - i-ammonium sulfate, i-ammonium chloride ne-urea. Lezi zinsuku azihlanganiswa nomhlabathi futhi zingasuswa ngamanzi okunisela.
Ama-nitrogen fertilizer asetshenziswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokudinga kakhulu ilayisi - kusukela ekuhlumeni kuze kube sekupheleni kokulima. Iningi lalo (2/3) lisetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela kanye ne-phosphate, kanti konke-lapho ukondla esikhathini kusuka ekuhlumeni kuya ku-tillering.
Izinga eliphezulu le nitrogen for irayisi emanzini anosawoti yi 90 kg / ha kanti inani elifanayo le-phosphorus (emva kwe-alfalfa - kufika ku-60 kg / ha). Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi okuhlwanyelwa irayisi, i-120 kg / ha ye-nitrojeni ifakwe emhlabathini we-boad kanye ne-peat loamy, kanye no-180 kg / ha we-nitrogen kanye ne-90-120 kg / ha we-phosphorus enhlabathini enesihlabathi nesihlabathi.
Ukweqile ngokweqile kwendabuko ye-nitrogen kuholela ekuqiniseni isikhathi sokukhula, ukunciphisa ukumelana kwelayisi ukulala nokunqotshwa kwezifo zefungal, kanye nezinkathi ezibandayo - ukwandisa okusanhlamvu okungenalutho. 
I-Phosphorus inciphisa imiphumela emibi yezinga eliphezulu le-nitrogen, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqothula kwelayisi nokulimala kwayo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuhamba okuphansi kwe-phosphorus emhlabathini, kungenziwa kusengaphambili ukulima ubusika noma ukulima ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ukondla izitshalo ngalezi zikhukhula ziveza ukwanda okuncane kokuvunwa kunokuba kusetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela noma kwesisekelo.
Ama-fertilizer ase-Potassium asetshenziswe eminyakeni embalwa nje emva kokutshala irayisi kwesheke esisodwa.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ubeka ilayisi kuma-pair amabili asetshenziswa ngemuva kokutshala izitshalo futhi ngokuhlwanyela ngokuphindaphindiwe, kubalulekile ukufaka i-90-120 kg / ha ye-nitrogen kanye no-60-90 kg / ha we-phosphorus, no-60 kg / ha emgqeni wobuntshani obungapheli nangemva kokunye okusanhlamvu. i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. Ama-nitrogen umquba asetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela irayisi nokudla isiteji.
Uyazi? I-India yindawo yokuzalwa yerayisi, itholakala imithombo yayo, eneminyaka engama-7000 BC. i-er U-Alexander Macedonian walethe irayisi eYurophu, futhi uPetru Omkhulu waletha eRussia ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Saracen Millet". E-Asia naseJapane, lesi siko kuze kube manje kubhekwa njengophawu lomcebo. Ngakho-ke isiko lokufafaza abasanda kushada nelayisi okusanhlamvu, abafisa ukuchuma kwezezimali.
Izici zomanyolo womanyola
I-Millet
Isiko sinzima kakhulu ekukhuliseni inhlabathi futhi sibonakala ukumelana nokwanda kwesomiso. Iningi lezakhi ezisetshenzisiwe ezinsukwini ezingu-40-50 - kusukela ekutshalweni kuya kokulayisha okusanhlamvu.
Lapho kuzalisa imithi emhlabathini omnyama waseNingizimu kanye nenhlabathi yesifunda se-steppe, ama-phosphate fertilizer abe phakathi. Kuphumelela kakhulu ukwengeza amanani amancane we-superphosphate emigqeni - 10 kg ngehektha ngalinye.
Funda ukuthi ungakhula kanjani i-millet.Ngesikhathi sesomiso, umphumela wokondla ukwanda ngokunisela, khona-ke i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen iyasebenza kule nkimbinkimbi. Nge-chernozems ejwayelekile, ama-fertilizer aphelele agcizelele ngempumelelo.
Izambatho eziphezulu eziqukethe i-potassium ne-phosphorus ziyasetshenziswa ekwindla ukulima, kanye ne-nitrogenous - ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokulima ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Khona-ke emigqeni enezinhlamvu udinga ukwenza i-tuk granular phosphorus enani lika 10-15 kg / ha. D. (dv iyisici esisebenzayo).
Umthamo we-phosphorus ungama-60-80 kg / ha d. Ngaphakathi, i-Potassium - 90-110 kg / ha d. Umthamo we-nitrogen osungulwe uxhomeke kulokhu okulandelayo:
- emva kokumiswa, okuhlwanyelwe, i-clover - 90 kg / ha d.
- emva ifilakisi, ukunye okufana nokolweni, okusanhlamvu kwasebusika - 110 kg / ha d.
Rye
Kuze kube yilapho ukulimala, isiko asidingi inani elikhulu lezakhi zomzimba, kodwa libucayi kakhulu ngokuntuleka kwabo, ikakhulukazi i-phosphorus. Isidingo esiphezulu samaminerali sibhaliwe ngesikhathi sokungena emgqonyeni ngaphambi kokuthola - ukuqala kwezimbali. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi esibaluleke kunazo zonke ukuqala kwentwasahlobo yenkathi ekhulayo kanye nesikhathi esivela ekukhuleni kwamahlumela kuze kufike ebusika.
Ukudla okuphelele kwekwindla ka rye nge potassium ne-phosphorus kunomphumela omuhle ekusizeni kwayo, ukuqoqwa ushukela nokunyuka kwama-hardiness ebusika.
Funda indlela yokukhulisa i-rye nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani njengomquba ohlaza.Entwasahlobo, lapho ubusika i-rye iqala ukukhula, kufanele ihlinzeke nge-nitrogen ngenkuthalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi, i-leaching, ne-denitrification, inhlabathi inezinhlanganisela ezimbalwa ze-nitrogenous. Ukufakela umquba wokugcina nge nitrogen kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusanhlamvu futhi akuthinti inani lesitshalo.
Umanyolo we-rye webusika e-forest-chernozem yamahlathi:
- nitrogen: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 30-40 kg / ha, emva kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha;
- i-phosphorus: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-60 kg / ha, ngesikhathi ihlwanyela - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - 40-50 kg / ha.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu, umanyolo wamaminerali unamandla okungcola imvelo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba usebenzise ngokucophelela futhi ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa kwawo okunengqondo.
Iziphambeko Ezijwayelekile Ngomanyolo Wokutshala
Imfundiso engalungile 1. Ungenza ngaphandle kokugqoka ama-foliar, kwanele nje ukutshala inhlabathi.
Lokhu akulungile; ukudla okunomsoco kuyadingeka ngezizathu ezilandelayo:
- Ngesilinganiso esanele sezinto ezidingekayo ekushiseni okuphansi kwenhlabathi angeke kuvumele ukuyibeka ezimpandeni, bese usebenzisa umanyolo kushidi kuzokwenza umphumela oyifunayo.
- Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-Foliar kuyasebenza ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwesistimu.
- Ukondla kulula ukufeza lapho kungenakwenzeka ukucubungula emgqeni, isibonelo, lapho okusanhlamvu kufinyelela ekuphakameni okuthile.
- Ukudla kushidi kukuvumela ukuthi ukwandise ukulahlekelwa komanyolo, okungukuthi, konke okungena kulesi sitshalo.
- Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokulondoloza amandla banciphisa izindlela zokufaka umanyolo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele.
Lokhu akulona iqiniso, ngoba ukusondeza eshidi kunika umyalo wezinto ezincane kakhulu ezingaphansi kwezitshalo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zasebusika ngesikhathi sokuqala, lapho kutholakala khona okusanhlamvu kokudla okuvela emhlabathini. 
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukukhetha kwezindlela ezingafanele kanye nesikhathi sokudla izitshalo kungabangela ukuphazanyiswa kwentuthuko yabo ngisho nokukhiqiza ukulahleka.
Amaphutha ajwayelekile kakhulu:
- Ukugxila ngokweqile kwesisombululo kungabangela iqabunga ukushisa. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, funda ngokucophelela imiyalelo eya kumuthi.
- Ukuhlanganiswa okuzimele nezinye izinto zokudla kungabangela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali angenakulinganiswa nokutshala izitshalo. Kumele uzijwayele ngamatafula okuhambisana nomanyolo anikezwe ngabakhiqizi bawo.
- Ukusatshalaliswa okungalungile noma okungalingani kokugqoka okuphezulu emaqabungeni amaqabunga, okungahlanganisi amaqabunga aphansi esitshalo.
- Ukubala okungalingani kwesilinganiso se-tape application. Ukubala akufanele kwenziwe ngendawo yonke yesayithi, kodwa endaweni yangempela yokufika.
- Incazelo engalungile yemigomo yesingeniso.
Umanyolo wokutshala izitshalo ngamaminerali amaminerali yingxenye ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe obandayo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanele kwezitshalo kanye nokuvunwa okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuhlela okunomsoco kufanele kwenziwe ngabanye epulazini ngalinye kanye nohlobo lwesitshalo sezinhlamvu.
Indlela yokutshala okusanhlamvu: izibuyekezo
