Abaningi bethu bebazi kusukela ebuntwaneni ukuthi okusajingijolo kuyinto iberry elihlwabusayo kakhulu futhi enempilo, kodwa ingabe ngempela inezinto zokuphulukisa okunjalo? Sizoxoxa ngakho ngokuqhubekayo. Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwama-raspberry, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amajikijolo okuphulukisa Umbuzo walokho okuyizinto eziwusizo kangaka zomzimba womuntu, kungcono ukuqala ngokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali kwalesi sitshalo.
Isigaba Amazambane
I-Colorado ye-potato beetle iyisifo sezinkathi eziningi zasehlobo. Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukugcina amazambane kusuka kule nkathazo. Lezi zinambuzane ziyavumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, ziphindaphinda ngokushesha futhi ezinsukwini ezithile, zibhubhisa imifino yamazambane, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise isivuno sayo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma nge-Colorado amazambane beetle kanye nokulwa nawo ngamakhambi abantu.
I-Colorado ye-potato beetle iyinhlobo yezinambuzane ezivela emndenini we-leaf beetle, i-subfamily ye-leaf leaf beetles. Kutholakale ngo-1824 yi-entomologist uThomas Sayem, oyedwa wezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zezitshalo ezithandanayo. Njengamanje, hhayi kuphela izibulala-mgciwane zamakhemikhali ukulwa ne-beetle, kodwa futhi izixazululo zomuntu ze-Colorado amazambane ama-beetle ziye zathola ukuthandwa kakhulu.
I-beetle ye-Colorado (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) ingowomndeni webeetle we-leaf beetle. Lesi esinye sezilokazane ezinonya kunazo zonke engadini kanye nemifino yemifino, okuletha umonakalo omkhulu. Uyazi? Ngombala wayo wezingqimba ezinhlanu ezimnyama kulezi zinsuku ezimbili ze-elytra, i-Colorado bezambane i-beetle ibizwa igama layo, okusho ngokoqobo imigqa eyishumi ngesiLatini.
I-Kiwi amazambane ehlukahlukene yiyodwa ye-rarest, ehlukaniswa yindlela engavamile yokutshala izitshalo kanye nesakhiwo senetha. Lezi zihlukahlukene azivame ukutholakala ezitolo nasemasheluli emazweni e-CIS, ngakho-ke iningi labalimi abanalo abakwaziwa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ama-agronomists amaningi athanda amazambane e-Kiwi ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bawo kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nokuvunwa okungafani.
I-Siloing iyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-microbiological ne-biochemical yokulondoloza umuthi wamanzi. I-Silage ingatholakala ngokuvutshelwa, okungukuthi, i-canning ngaphandle kwe-oxygen. Lena indlela ethandwa kakhulu yokuthengwa kwempahla. Sebenzisa ubuningi obuhlaza bezitshalo ezincelisayo ezifanele ukudala ukudla kwezilwane nezinkukhu.
Inkathazo eyinhloko yamazambane namanje i-Colorado mbatata beetle. Iminyaka eminingi, abalimi balinga ukuthola ithuluzi eliphumelelayo ekulwa nalo. Kuwo wonke owaziwayo namuhla, enye yezinto ezinhle kunazo zonke yisidakamizwa se-beetle esiphezulu. Iyini leli thuluzi nokuthi yiziphi izici zalo, sizobe sitshela ngokuqhubekayo. "Isikhundla": incazelo, ukubunjwa nokufometha ifomu Isidakamizwa ukumiswa okugxilwe, okuhlanjululwa ngokulingana okuhlukene, kuye ngokuthi indlela yesicelo.
Yonke insimu ibhekene nenkinga enjengokudla amazambane yi-Colorado mbatata beetle, futhi izama ukuthola ikhambi lakhe elihle lokulwa nale nambuzane. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ubuthi obuvela e-Colorado amazambane beetle, okuphekwe ngokusho kokupheka "okuzenzela", akuletheli umphumela oyifunayo, ngakho-ke, ngokuphindaphindiwe, abathandi bezambane basebenzisa i-Taboo, ephikisana kahle nesibhungane.
Amazambane yizintandokazi ezithandayo zabantu abaningi. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abantu abazi kahle ukuthi bangayikhula kanjani ukuze bathole isivuno esiphezulu. Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho baqonda ukubaluleka komsebenzi onjalo, futhi abaqalekisi banesithakazelo sokuthi kungani baphala amazambane nokuthi bangayenza kanjani ngendlela efanele. Eqinisweni, ukubaluleka kwalenqubo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba nje emva kwalokho ungathola umphumela omuhle.
Uma ukhetha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamazambane zokutshala esakhiweni sakho, kubalulekile ukulalela ukunakekelwa, ukukhiqiza, izici ezikhethekile zokunakekelwa, ukuphikiswa kwezifo, kanye nezimfanelo zokunambitheka zalesi sitshalo esidumile. I-Potato ezihlukahlukene "Gala" ihlangabezana nezici eziphezulu, ngakho-ke kuvame ukukhethwa engadini yakho yemifino.
ISiberia yisifunda esikhulu esibhekene nesimo sezindiza esibukhali. Ukulima kwezolimo kuyindawo engozini enkulu. Ukukhula isivuno esihle ezimweni ezinzima kuyinkinga kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukutshala kanye namazambane akhula eSiberia kunendawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo.
Amazambane yiwo imifino ethandwa kakhulu futhi efunwa ezweni lethu. Ngokuvamile noma yikuphi ukudla akubandakanyi lesi siko. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zalesi siko, kodwa amazambane "Rosara" athola ukuthandwa. Ihlanganisa ngokuvumelana nokunambitheka nezakhiwo zokudla okunomsoco. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zithobekile futhi zikhula kunoma yiziphi izimo zezulu.
Inani lezilokazane nezifo zamazambane lilingana nokuthandwa kwalo. Isiqhingi ngasinye sasizicabangela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokulimala ezitshalweni zezitshalo futhi sithole ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo ekuvuneni ngenxa yabo. Ngakho ngubani odla amazambane, ukuthi angabhekana kanjani nezinambuzane eziyingozi futhi aqhubeke nokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwabo - funda ngakho ngokuqhubekayo kulesi sihloko.
Abanye balimi, ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo ezivela ezifweni zamazambane, batshalwa izitshalo ezitshalweni kwezobuchwepheshe obusha emiphongolweni, izikhwama kanye nangaphansi kwe-hay. Kodwa maduzane bayaqiniseka ukuthi akulondolozi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela kubhaktheriya, isikhunta kanye namagciwane akhuthaza izifo ezihlukahlukene. Они беспощадно поражают здоровые растения и их плоды в открытом грунте, теплице и даже в погребе.
Ukulimala okwesikhashana (noma ukubola okubomvu) yisifo esivame kakhulu semifino yemifino, kuhlanganise namazambane. I-agent ye causative yesifo yi-fungus. Kulesi sihloko uzofunda izimbangela zokuphazamiseka kokugcina kwamazambane kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula ezikhona ezisetshenziswa kule sifo. Izimbangela zokuphazamiseka kwesikhathi sezinyosi amazambane Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kokulimaza okukhatshana kwamazambane kuhlotshaniswa ne-pathogen ebizwa ngokuthi i-oomycete, engokwesikhunta esincane.
Noma yikuphi amazambane nanoma ikuphi lapho uhlala khona, kuyisitsha esamukelekayo etafuleni. Nokho, uma uhlala eSiberia, isimo sinzima kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuthi hlobo luni lamazambane, kanjani futhi nini ukutshala, uhlala kule ndawo. Naphezu kokuthi iningi lezinhlobonhlobo zisencane, ukufika kwazo kusekhona phakathi no-May - lesi yisikhathi lapho udinga ukutshala amazambane eSiberia.
Ngaphandle kwezinambuzane, amahlathi amazambane ahlushwa nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Amanye ama-pathogens asezinzile kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule, futhi lokhu kubangela ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabalimi. Okwamanje, asikho isizathu sokwesaba - uma wazi ukuthi i-phytophthora ibonakala kanjani kumazambane nendlela yokulwa nayo, ungagcina isivuno.
Iyini i-"irbitsky" amazambane, yiziphi izici zayo, incazelo kanye nezici zezinhlobonhlobo, kanye nezithombe nokubuyekezwa - lena yilwazi oluwusizo oluzosiza abalimi be-amateur abafuna ukukhula kule mifino ngeziza zabo siqu. Izimpawu kanye nencazelo yezinto ezihlukahlukene Amazambane "i-Irbitsky" yizinto ezihlukahlukene ezithembisa ukutshala emasimini.
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zamazambane zibizwa ngokuziqhenya ngokuthi "Inhlanhla" ngoba ibonisa ukuphumelela kwemizamo yesikhathi eside neyinkimbinkimbi yososayensi ye-All-Russian Research Institute yasePotato Farming okuthiwa ngemuva. A. G. Lorkha ukuletha imifino enhle yale mifino. Amazambane "Inhlanhla" yilawo agronomists amaningi, izakhamuzi zasehlobo kanye nabathandi bamazambane nje abakhetha ukuzikhethela wona, futhi nguye ozokwenza ukuthi sinikeze isihloko sethu lapho uzothola khona incazelo eningiliziwe ngezithombe, izici kanye nokubuyekezwa kwabathengi.
Namhlanje kunezindlela eziningi zokutshala lemifino. Uma nje ingakhula: ngendlela yendabuko, nomsele, kanye ne-ridge. Kodwa kukhona enye indlela engavamile - amazambane akhula emasakeni. Izinzuzo kanye nokungahambi kwendlela Inzuzo ecacile kakhulu ukugcina isikhala engadini.
Umlimi ngamunye wemifino ufuna ukuthola amazambane ahlukahlukene, okuyizinga lezakhi zofuzo elivikelwe kuma-virus kanye nezifo ezincane ze-microbial, kanye nokutshalwa kalula ezindaweni zethu futhi unikeze imifino enomsoco enomhlaba wonke. Lezi zifiso zagcwaliseka ngabalimi baseJalimane, okwathi emva kwemizamo eminingi kanye nokuhlola, banikeza umhlaba ngezinhlobo zamazambane ezintsha, iNdlovukazi u-Anne.