Ukolweni ungenye yezitshalo ezinkulu zokudla emhlabeni. Lolu utshani luye lwahlonywa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi manje selusakazwa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Lezi zinto zixoxa ngezinto eziphilayo zokukolweni kakolweni, kanye nezici zokulima.
Incazelo
Lesi sitshalo singokomndeni wezinhlamvu kanye nohlobo lweBolweni. Lesi isitshalo saminyaka yonke esiyi-herbaceous, sifinyelela kumamitha ayisithupha nengxenye ukuphakama. I-inflorescence yindlebe ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-15 cm. Izinhlamvu ziyahlukahluka - kuye ngokuthi yizilwane, zingaba mfushane, zihlukaniswe, zibhebheke, zizungeze, zine-vitreous, i-mealy. Bacebile amaprotheni (kufika ku-24%) ne-gluten (kufika ku-40%).
Ukwengeza ukhiqiza ukolweni, umndeni wezolimo uhlanganisa: ukolweni wasebusika, ummbila, ibhali, rye, isilwane kanye namabele.
Kukholelwa ukuthi ukolweni ovuthiwe wabonakala ensimini yeTurkey yanamuhla, engxenyeni eningizimu-mpumalanga. Okwamanje itshalwa eYurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, Ephakathi naseNingizimu Asia, eMpumalanga Ekude, ezindaweni eziningi zase-Afrika, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Australia. 
Izici
Ukolweni we-spring uhlwanyelwa entwasahlobo, phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo uhola umjikelezo ogcwele wokuthuthukiswa, ekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekwindla kuvuna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli fomu likakolweni linenani lezinto ezihlukanisa ifomu lasebusika:
- kuyisitshalo sokuzivotela;
- uhlelo lwempande aluthuthukisiwe kakhulu, izinhlobo zentwasahlobo zidinga izakhi ezingaphezulu futhi zingaphansi kokunciphisa inhlabathi e-acidikhi;
- ukuthuthukiswa okuncane okuncane;
- uhlushwa ukhula kunobusika;
- kungumkhuba ongenamakhaza, ongakwazi ukubekezelela ama-frosts ama-short-term, kuyilapho izinhlobonhlobo ezithambile zivimbela kakhulu kunabanda kunezinzima;
- ukumelana nesomiso, ikakhulukazi kanzima; ukumelana nesomiso kwanda lapho kukhona khona umswakama emhlabathini;
- izinga lokushisa elihle lokuvuthwa lingu-22 ° С ... + 25 ° С;
- uma kuqhathaniswa nefomu lasebusika, lidinga kakhulu izinga lomhlabathi, umhlaba omnyama nomhlabathi we-chestnut kubhekwa njengowokufaneleka kakhulu kuwo;
- izithombo zawo zisengozini kakhulu ezingxenyeni zangaphandle uma ziqhathaniswa nesimo sasebusika - izinambuzane, izifo, umswakama obanele, ukuma ngokushesha okukhulu koqweqwe oluphezulu lomhlabathi;
- Izitshalo ezikhanyayo zibhekwa njengeziqhamuka phambili.
Ngokuba ukolweni oqinile, izandulela eziyinhloko kukhona ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, i-peas peas, i-vetch, ne-lupins.
Izinhlobo
Zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zentwasahlobo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili - ezinzima futhi ezithambile. La maqembu ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Cabanga ngezici zabo. 
Iqinile
Ukuze kukhule ukolweni oluqinile lwe-spring, isimo sezulu sezwekazi siphumelele, okungukuthi, ngehlobo elifushane, kodwa elishisayo nelomile - lezi zibonelo, izifunda ezifana nesifunda sase-Orenburg, i-Altai noma iNyakatho Kazakhstan. Izinhlobo ezinzima zithinta kakhulu ukoma komhlabathi kunezitshalo ezithambile, kodwa zibekezelela isimo sezulu kangcono kakhulu.
Uyazi? E-European Union, ukolweni oqinile yiwo kuphela umkhiqizo wezolimo ohambisana nomsebenzi wamasiko.
Isivuno sabo siphansi kunomkhiqizo wezinhlobonhlobo ezithambile. Izinhlamvu ze-Durum zicebile ngokukhethekile ku-gluten namaprotheni. Ukhula oluvela kulowo okusanhlamvu lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu, i-pasta ephezulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ixubene nofulawa wesinkwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yayo. 
Izinhlobo ezinzima ze Spring ziboniswa okuningi. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokutshala kuncike ezimweni zendawo zendawo, kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, kungakhethwa ubuchwepheshe bokulima. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile:
- "Kharkiv 39" - ibonakala nge-glassiness ephakeme (okusanhlamvu kubonakala sengathi kuyinto ecacile, futhi ukuphuka kwayo kufana nokukhishwa kwesilazi), okubalulekile kubakhiqizi bezinhlamvu kanye nofulawa ophezulu;
- "Orenburg 10" - ephakathi nonyaka-sizini, ukumelana nesomiso, ukudiliza nokulala;
- "I-Amzenchuksky Amber" - ephakathi nonyaka-ezihlukahlukene ukuvumela ezihlukahlukene ukumelana nokulala;
- Nashchadok - ezihlukahlukene ziyizinkathi zonyaka, ukuphakama okuphezulu, okulungiselelwe ukulima okujulile, ukumelana nokulinganisa okuphezulu kwamaminerali amaminerali ngaphandle kokunciphisa i-glassiness, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kufunwa umswakama;
- "I-Bezenchukskaya isiteji" - phakathi nonyaka-isikhathi, ukumelana nesomiso, ukumelana ngokulinganayo ekufakekeni, i-pasta ephakeme yenziwa kusuka kufulawa.
I-soft
I-soft spring wheat iyakuthandwa ukuba ikhule ezindaweni ezingenawo umswakama oqinisekisiwe, ngoba ayikubekezeli isomiso sezulu. Akudingekile kakhulu ekutshaleni kwenhlabathi futhi kungacabangi kakhulu nokhula.
Ingqolowa yayo iqukethe gluten encane, ufulawa ukuhambisana kuyinto thinner futhi crumbly kuqhathaniswa durum ufulawa kakolweni. Ufulawa onjalo usetshenziselwa i-confectionery, kanye nemikhiqizo yobhakabhaka. Ekukhiqizweni kwesinkwa ngofulawa kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo ezithambile ngokuvamile kuxutshwe nofulawa ovela ezinhlobonhlobo eziqinile, ngaphandle kwalokho isinkwa sisheshe siphinde siphume. 
Izinhlobonhlobo zentwasahlobo elithambile yesikolweni kunomthamo omkhulu, zivumelaniswa nezimo ezihlukene zezulu nezomhlabathi. Ezinye zazo zibalwe ngezansi:
- "Irgina" - ezihlukahlukene ezivuthiwe ezivuthiwe eziphezulu ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ukumelana nokulala;
- "Prioksky" - ukuvuthwa okuvuthiwe, ukuphakama okukhulu, kodwa kudlulisa isomiso kabi futhi kuncike ezinkingeni zebhaktheriya;
- "Lada" - ukuvuthwa okuvuthiwe, okuvelele kakhulu, okumelene ne-powdery mildew, noma kunjalo, kulula ukungena futhi akubekezeli imvula ende;
- "Daria" - ukuvuthwa okuvuthiwe, ukuphakama okukhulu, ukumelana nokulala kanye ne-powdery mildew kuvamile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuvamile kuthinteka ngubungu obomvu;
- "Dobrynya" - phakathi nonyaka, ukuphikisana nokulala, ngokulingana ukumelana nesomiso, izimfanelo zokubhakabhaka ezinhle kakhulu, kodwa utholakala othulini olunothuli nolunzima, kanye ne-rust brown.
Ukukhula
Inqubo yokukhula koroka ukolweni isikhathi esiningi. Ubuchwepheshe bokulima kwalo buhlinzeka ngokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni ethile, kanye nesiyalo esiphakeme kwezobuchwepheshe.
Kuzoba usizo ukufunda ngendlela yokutshala, ukondla futhi uqoqe ukolweni ubusika.
I-Pre-Tillage
Kunconywa ukuthi uphathe inhlabathi engokolweni kakolweni ngemuva kokuvuna kuqala. Le nqubo yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili: ekwindla (ekwindla) nangaphambi kokuhlwanyela (entwasahlobo). Uma isitshalo esandulele sasiyimifino engapheli, lapho kusetshenzwa ubusika, inhlabathi iqala ukuphazamiseka, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingu-14 - ukulima ukulima.
Uma kwenzeka ezinye izandulela, ezifana nezitshalo zasebusika kanye nemifino, ukulimala kungase kube okufanayo, kodwa ezindaweni ezivuthwa ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukulima okungenasimo komhlaba kufakwe esikhundleni se-tundish. 
Ukulungiselela ukuhlwanyela ngaphambi kokuqala ukuqala ngokuqala ukulimaza - lokhu kuvimbela ukuqhuma ngokweqile kwenhlabathi umswakama futhi kunomthelela ekufudumeni kwenhlabathi. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "ukuvala umswakama". Bese uqhuba ukutshala kwenhlabathi ekujuleni kwe-10 cm
Kubalulekile! Izindlela ezicacile ze-agrotechnical zixhomeke kulabo abandulele, isimo somhlabathi, ukutholakala kwemithambeka, ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kwemishini yezolimo.
Ukuhlwanyela
Kule nqubo, ukulungiselela imbewu, isikhathi nokujula kokuhlwanyela, nendlela yokuhlwanyela kubalulekile. Ake sicabangele lezi zingxenye ngokuningiliziwe. 
Ukulungiselela imbewu
Inqubo yokuchithwa kwemithi ngokusizwa kwabahlinzeki kuyimpoqo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izidakamizwa ezifana ne "Vitavaks", "Fundazol." Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka kakhulu ukufudumala imbewu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile kwezinsuku ezingu-3-4 noma esomile nge-ventilation esebenzayo amahora angu-2-3 ekushiseni okungaba ngu-50 ° C.
Kubalulekile! Ukuhlwanyela okusheshayo kokukolweni kwentwasahlobo kuholela ekwehleni komkhiqizo walo okungenani ingxenye yesine.
Izinsuku ze-Seeding
Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela sincike ezimeni zezulu zendawo. Isibonelo, eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Siberia, lokhu cishe ngo-Meyi 15-25, ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia yaseYurophu kuphakathi kuka-Ephreli phakathi nonyaka. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuhlwanyela kwentwasahlobo kuqala ngokushesha emva kokuvuthwa kwenhlabathi. 
Ukujula ukujula
Le pharamitha incike kunhlobo lomhlabathi. Ukuze inhlabathi elula, ukujula ukuhlwanyela kufinyelela ku-6 cm, endaweni ye-steppe ingakhuphukela ku-9 cm, ngoba inhlabathi enzima itinciphisa ukuya ku-3-4 cm.
Izindlela ze-Seeding
Ukukhetha indlela yokuhlwanyela kuxhomeke kuzici zendawo. Indlela elula kakhulu iyona evame kakhulu, nakuba iyakhula izinga lokutshala, kodwa futhi yandisa isivuno sabantu abaphakathi kuka-2-3 ehektheleni ngalinye. Ngokuvame ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile nezetekisi. Indlela yokwelapha ayisetshenzisiwe ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwezinsuku zokutshala, ukusetshenziswa kwephethiloli ngokweqile nokweqa ngokweqile kwenhlabathi ngenkathi kusetshenziswa.
Ukunakekela
Ezindaweni ezimile, ukuguqa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa emva kokuhlwanyela. Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa ama-rollers wemiklamo ehlukahlukene echoboza izimpumputhe futhi zilinganise nakakhulu emkhakheni. Lapho kukhishwa umhlabathi emva kwemvula, ukulimaza kusetshenziselwa ukuyibhubhisa. 
Isici esibalulekile sokunakekelwa kwezitshalo ukulawulwa kokhula, ngoba isivuno salesi sitshalo sihlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yabo. Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kutholakala lapho lo mzabalazo uqhutshwa ucabangela ukubunjwa kwezinhlobo zokhula, izinombolo zabo, kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu sendawo.
Kuye ngalezi zici, ukhula olujwayelekile luzosetshenziselwa ("Isiphepho", "Roundup"), amalungiselelo okulwa nosila utshani nokhula olubi ("Attribute"), ngokumelene nonyaka owodwa we-dicotyledonous (2.4 D no-2M-4X), njll.
Uma izinambuzane zivela, ngemuva kokuba inani labo lidlula umkhawulo wokulimaza, izitshalo ziphathwa ngezinambuzane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izidakamizwa ezifana ne- "Decis", "i-Decis-extra", "i-Sumi-alpha", njll. 
Ukuze ukolweni wekrisishi izifo eziyingozi kakhulu njenge-septoriosis ne-spike fusarium, ezinye zingase zenzeke. Balwa namafongicides - kungaba, isibonelo, Rex Duo, Carbezim noma Tilt.
Ngezinye izikhathi ukhiqiza ukolweni kutshalwa ngaphansi kokunisela. Ngokuvame lokhu lokhu kwenziwa ekuhlaleni izinhlobo ezinzima. Imodi yokunisela ikhethwe kuye ngezimo zezulu kanye nekhwalithi yomhlabathi. Ukunisela ngokuhambisana nesicelo esifanele sama-fertilizer kungandisa kakhulu isivuno sezitshalo.
Iyacubungula
Njengoba ukolweni kakolweni lufuna ukwanda komhlabathi, umanyolo usetshenziselwa ukulima. Isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen ehlanganiswa nomquba we-phosphorus-potassium. Inani labo lihluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene - lingase lithembele enhlabathini, ezihlukahlukene, isimo sezulu, abandulele.
Lapho ukhula ukolweni ukakhiwa, ama-nitrogen fertilizer asetshenziswa kakhulu: ammonia amanzi, calcium nitrate, nitrophoska, nitroammofoska kanye ne "Azofoska".
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-35-45 kg ye-nitrogen, i-17-27 kg ye-potassium, kanye ne-8-12 kg ye-phosphorus idliwa ngetoni ngayinye yokusanhlamvu kanye netani lomhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umanyolo osebenzayo usetshenziswa: umquba, umquba, i-peat. Zilethwa ekuwa, lapho inhlabathi iphathwa ekwindla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-nitrogen fertilizer asetshenziswa: ama-ammonia, ama-ammonia anhydrous, njll. 
Izifo nezinambuzane
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izifo zalesi siko, i-septoria ne-fusarium endlebeni yingozi kakhulu. Akuncishiswa kakhulu yi-powdery isikhutha, isibhakabhaka nesigubhu sokugqwala, isikhunta seqhwa, izimpande ezibola. Amafungicide ahlukahlukene asetshenziselwa ukulwa nawo (ungafunda ngabo esigabeni esithi "Ukunakekela").
Ukulwa nezifo zikakolweni, sebenzisa i-fungicides njenge-Prozaro, i-Alto Super, i-Bravo, i-Folicur, i-Fitolavin, i-Albit, ne-Tilt.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane, izinambuzane eziyingozi, izinambuzane zesinkwa, isikolo sokusanhlamvu, ama-thrips, izimpukane zaseSweden ne-Hessian, njll. Zingalimaza izitshalo. Izidakamizwa zisetshenziswa ngokumelene nazo: "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-Alpha" nabanye.
Ama-Agronomists akhuthazwa ukuba afunde indlela yokuqeda ama-thrips.
Ukukhiqiza nokuhlanza
Izinkomba zokuthela zixhomeke kakhulu ezimweni zesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu, ikhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nembewu, izinhlobo zekolweni, ukunamathela ngokucophelela ezindleleni ze-agrotechnical kulo lonke umjikelezo wokulima kwalesi sitshalo.
Uyazi? Ngendawo yezitshalo (cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-215) ngokuqinisekile ukolweni ubamba indawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitshalo ezingaba ngu-90% zomhlaba yizinhlobo ezithambile. Abaholi ekulimeni lesi siko yiChina, i-India, iRussia, iU.SA neFrance.
Isibonelo, ukuvunwa okujwayelekile kwezinhlobonhlobo ezithambile "Daria" ku-30-35 q / ha, futhi ubuningi - 72 q / ha. Izitshalo ezivuthiwe zikakolweni ezinzima "i-Bezenchukskaya isiteji" - 17-22 c / ha, ukuphakama kuyafinyelela ku-38 c / ha. 
Kubalulekile ukuqala ukuvuna ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, njengoba isivuno phezu kwezinsuku ezingu-10-12 sinciphisa isivuno futhi sinciphise kakhulu izinga lokusanhlamvu. Lapho kuvuna kungasetshenziswa njengokuhlanganiswa okuqondile, futhi indlela ehlukile. Okuyinhloko yendlela ehlukile ukuthi abavuni bahlwanyela lesi sitshalo, futhi ukolweni uqoqwe emigqumeni.
Emigqumeni, iyakhula futhi ikhule izinsuku ezimbalwa, ama-rolls asuswe ngokuhlanganiswa. Uma isimo sezulu singazinzile, sebenzisa ngokuqondile - ngale ndlela, ukulahlekelwa okusanhlamvu kuncishisiwe, kodwa ukungcola kwayo kwanda. 
Emva kokuqoqa okusanhlamvu kusetshenziselwa okwamanje: ukuhlanza nokomisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza okusanhlamvu okuhlukahlukene kanye nokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Kwezinye izimo, ukumila akudingekile, bese kuncike ekuhlanzeni okusanhlamvu.
Ukubamba iqhaza, kungase kuqaphele ukuthi ukutshala ukolweni kwentwasahlobo kuzodinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi siko sizwela izinga lomhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu. Uma zonke lezi zici zicatshangelwa futhi isimo sezulu siyakwazi, ungathembela isivuno esikhulu.
