Mayelana nama-mosses nama-lichens, iningi lethu liyazi ukuthi yizinhlobo ezilula kakhulu zezitshalo, futhi nokuthi ngokweziphi uhlangothi olukhulayo, ungakwazi ukuphuma ehlathini uma ulahleka. Kodwa amagama afana no-briology noma i-sphagnum angeke aqondwe yinoma ubani ongeyena ochwepheshe wezinto eziphilayo, umhloli wezimbali noma u-aquarist. Gcwalisa igebe kolwazi, ngoba kuyathandeka ngempela!
Ziyini izinsiza futhi zivela kuphi
Imisipha (okuqondile kakhulu, i-moss-like) ihlukanisa umbuso wesitshalo, ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjalo, emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza lapho i-gametophyte (isizukulwane socansi nesethi eyodwa yama-chromosomes angenakuphelelwa amandla) ilawula phezu kwe-sporophyte (isizukulwane esise-asexual).
Incazelo yesayense ye-mosses yi-bryophytes, ngakho-ke igama lesigaba se-botany esibafundisayo - isayensi yezobuchwepheshe. Inqwaba yezidakamizwa ezinjenge-moss ziseklasini lama-mosses amaqabunga.
Izitshalo zalezi zitshalo, ezitholakala ngaphezu komhlaba, zigcwele amaqabunga amancane, kanti ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba inezinqubo eziningi ze-filamentous eside, okuthiwa i-rhizoids. Abamele balezi zinhlobo banezinto ezifanayo kanye nokuhlukana okukhulu okuvela ezihlotsheni zabo embusweni.
Imisipha, njengama-mushroom nama-bacterium, yande ngezinhlamvu. Kulesi sigaba sokuqala sesikhathi sokuqala sokuphila komzimba, izinhlobo ze-mossy zimelela ukwakheka okulula (i-sporophyte) ngendlela yebhokisi emlenzeni, ngokuhambisana nomzimba wesitshalo somama. 
I-sporophyte yenza umsebenzi owodwa - iqinisekisa ukuvuthwa kwezinhlamvu, emva kwalokho ngokushesha kumile futhi kufe.
I-briophyte yesizukulwane sobulili - isigaba sesibili somjikelezo wokuphila - isitshalo esingapheli (gametophyte), esinokufana kwezinqubo ezimpandeni kanye nezimpande ezinjengamaqabunga. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kufana nje nezitshalo ezinamagatsha.
Kubalulekile! Imisipha ayizimpande, noma imibala, noma isistimu yokuqhuba isisindo ekuqondeni kwendabuko yale migomo.
Ngenxa yokungabi nalesi simiso sangempela, izimpande zixhomeke kakhulu emswakalweni womoya, kuze kufike ukumiswa okuphelele kokuphila esikhathini esiyinqaba. Ngokushesha nje lapho izinga lokuswakama libuyiselwa, isitshalo siphila. Kunzima ukucabanga ngendawo, nomaphi lapho ukhula lukhula khona.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, lezi zitshalo ziyakwazi ukuqinisa izindawo ezinkulu emahlathini nasezinkuni, zihlala emhlabathini, izihlahla, ezinye izitshalo, amatshe, ishlabathi, kunoma yiziphi izindawo ezizungezile zezulu - kusukela e-Arctic kuya ehlane. Abahambisani kuphela emanzini olwandle olunamanzi. 
I-Mosses inenani
Ukubaluleka kwemisipha ekubunjweni nasekuthuthukiseni i-biosphere yomhlaba kunzima ukugcizelela. Kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kokuqala, abakhohlisi basendulo bama-lichens, ama-mosses kanye nama-ferns banamuhla baqoqa ama-wastelands angaphili, bakha inhlabathi eminye izitshalo, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yokuphila, ngaleyo ndlela baba "iphayona" ekulimeni iplanethi yethu.
Kubalulekile! I-Mossy yiyona isisekelo semvelo yasemanzini. Ezindaweni ezinomile, ngenxa yendawo efana nesiponji, ukuqoqa nokugcina amanzi amaningi, ama-mossy amahlathi avimbela ukuhamba phambili kwehlane.
Ezindaweni zokukhula kwazo eziphakeme, ama-bryophyte akwazi ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, esebenza njengesiphephelo semvelo nezinyoni nezinyoni. Ezindaweni ze-tundra ne-permafrost, ziyisici esizinzile esivimbela ukuncibilika kweqhwa elingaphansi komhlaba, ukwakheka kwama-landslides nemifula, kubambe iqhaza ekulondolozeni indawo.
Ividiyo: ukubaluleka kosizi
Uma sikhuluma ngokubaluleka komuntu omncane, uhlelo lwaso lokusebenza luhluke kakhulu. Izitshalo ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zingasetshenziswa ku-cosmetology nemithi njenge-tonic, i-antiseptic ne-hemostatic agents.
I-centaury, i-yellowcone, utshani we-nut, i-ginger kanye ne-pear nayo inomthelela we-antiseptic.
Kuzakhamuzi zasemaphandleni aseNtshonalanga, kude nempucuko, ama-moss afaneleke kakhulu njengokwakhiwa kwemvelo yendawo yokuhlala, futhi, kuthi, ku-taiga ingasetshenziswa njengento yokugqoka ekunikezeni ukwelashwa.
Izinhlobo ezihlobisa imithi - enye yezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuklama komhlaba nokuklama kwezinhlanganisela ezimbali. Noma kunjalo, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-peat isetshenziselwa ukuphila komuntu - ukugcinwa kwemvelo kwemisipha ye-dying sphagnum.
I-Junior, i-rose, i-cypress, i-yew, i-fir, i-hydrangea, i-magnolia, i-thuja, i-pine, i-lilac, i-jasmine, i-spirea, i-forsythia, i-rhododendron, i-violets, ama-daisies, iminduze yesigodi, i-roses, i-marigolds, i-irises kanye ne-peonies ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuklama umhlaba.
I-Peat isetshenziswa:- njengamafutha emandla;
- njengempahla eluhlaza kanye nokugcwalisa izingxube zomhlabathi kanye namanyolo, kanye ne-mulch ekubunjeni kwezolimo kanye nasezolimo;
- njengendlela yokubeka izinkumbi zezimvu nezinkukhu zezinkukhu;
- njengendawo yokushisa ekwakhiweni;
- e-metallurgy, imithi, imboni yamakhemikhali, imvelo kanye nezinye izimboni eziningi.
Imihlathi yamahlathi
Ihlathi - indawo ekahle yokukhula kwe-moss. Lapha zihambisana nezihlahla, amatshe, emaphethelweni emifudlana namachibi, okukhetha ezindaweni ezinomthunzi, izindawo ezinomdabu, ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izikhala ezinkulu nge-carpet eqinile.
Bonke babo bangabesigaba sezinsiza ezithwala umsila, ngakho-ke, banesiqu, engxenyeni engenhla (engenhla kwamanzi) egcwele amaqabunga amancane, futhi engxenyeni engezansi, ehlala efa, eboshwe yizinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezintambo azifani nje nokuma nombala wamaqabunga, kodwa futhi kubuningi nokuqondiswa kokukhula kweziqu. 
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezindaweni ezifudumayo nezifudumele zomswakama we-mossy zihlale zibonakala zibukeka kahle, zidlala ngemibala esukela ku-blue-green kuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okudala ukubona okumangalisayo ngempela. Uma kungabikho umswakama, konke lokhu kukhazimulayo kusheshe kufinyelele, njengokungathi kuhlanganiswe uthuli olukhulu.
Abameleli abavame kakhulu bama-moss amahlathi yi:
- Klimatsium.
- Mn
- Ptilium.
- I-Sphagnum
- Rodobrium
- Gilokomium.
Sincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana nokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nokuhamba ngezinyawo kumasayithi wakho.
Isimo sezulu
Ingxenye engenhla engaphansi kwe-climacium iyisiqu esifushane (kufika kumamitha angu-15), ekhuphuka phezulu, izikhathi eziningana ezixhuma ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, futhi empeleni kufana nomuthi omncane. 
I "trunk" kanye "namagatsha" alo muthi unamachashaza amancane ama-scaly, okuyinto, uma eyomile, idlala nge-shades eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanyayo.
Uyazi? Ngokuthakazelisayo, izixuku zingavusa ngisho nangemva kokuqhwaba eside kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2014, ososayensi bathola amasampula emisundu eqhwa eSouth Pole. Unyaka wabo wawunqunywe eminyakeni engu-1530. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu asetshenziselwa i-incubator enezimo ezifanele, ama-moss aqala ukukhula. Phakathi kwababhalisi be-briologist lesi senzakalo sabonakala njengenzwa.
Ingxenye engezansi (ngaphansi komhlaba) ingxenye ye-stem iyinwabuzelayo, enezintambo ezingabonakali zethihididi. Ukubambisana, kwakha uhlobo lwenethiwekhi, ezindaweni lapho izihlahla zendawo engenhla zingena khona. Ibhokisi le-sporogon le-cylindrical lisezingeni elide elibomvu futhi liqukethe izinhlamvu ezingu-12 kuya ku-15.
I-Climacium ingatholwa ezindaweni ezicacisiwe emahlathini aminyene, amahlathi, eduze kwamadamu, emifuleni nasogwini lwamachibi. 
I-Mnium
Ngaphansi kwaleli gama lifihla uhlobo lohlobo lwe-moss, olunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwengu-40.
Amalungu avamile kakhulu kule genus afana nalokhu:
- midi, noma i-wavi mnium;
- imnium wrinkled;
- ezithintekayo noma zamahlathi;
- i-mnium isilinganiso;
- iphuzu iphuzu;
- mnium zinclidea.
Isici esiyinhloko se-mnium kunamaqabunga amakhulu (kufika ku-5 mm) amaqabunga omzimba ovalwe, ngokukhululekile endaweni eyodwa yezindiza ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezihlangene esitsheni esisodwa, esingadluli amamitha amabili ubude ubude.
Uyazi? Okumangalisa ukuthi ama-cell aphilayo amaqabunga e-mnium nawo atholakala endizeni efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ishidi linobuncane obukhulu kunabo bonke - iseli elilodwa kuphela.
Emoyeni owomile, amaqabunga e-mnium aphikisana kakhulu futhi ancishiswe kakhulu ngobukhulu. I-Sporogon inebhokisi le-oval, elilenga emlenzeni obomvu ophuzi, lingekho ngaphezu kwamamentimitha amathathu. Ibhokisi lingase livuthwe kusuka ezinhlamvu ezingu-17 kuya kwezingu-30 (kuye ngokuthi ezihlukahlukene).
I-mnium isatshalaliswa yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi emahlathini, okhetha ngesikhathi esisodwa ihlwanyela kakhulu amahlathi ephayini enhlabathini enomswakama. Ngokuvamile uhlala ematje nasezintweni ezindala, ekwakheni amaqabunga aluhlaza.
Funda kabanzi mayelana ne-netery ekhulayo (ama-coral moss).
Ptilium
Emahlathini ephayini nasemahlathini ase-spruce (njalo enokuhlanganiswa kwephayinsi) ungathola enye yezinyoni ezinhle kunazo zonke ezincane kakhulu - i-poulilium. Naphezu kokusabalalisa okusabalalisa, cishe akukaze kube nesimbozo esiqinile emhlabathini, okukhetha ukuhlala phansi kwezihlahla, okwenza kube yedwa, kodwa amahlumela amnyama aphuzi ophuzi noma ophuzi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-silky sheen. 
I-Ptilium ineziqu zokuphakama okuphakathi (ingafinyelela ngamasentimitha angama-20), lapho amahlamvu amaningi ahlelwe khona amaqabunga ahamba ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokubukeka kwabo, lezi zakhiwo zifana nempaphe yezinyoni noma amaqabunga amafern. Amaqabunga alo masi, ngokungafani ne-mnium, amancane kakhulu, amancane (kufika ku-1 mm), akhomba, ngamapulangwe amaningi ase-longitudinal.
Ibhokisi le-spore liyi-cylindrical, elinyanyiswa kancane, cishe lihlale ligcwele. I-sporogon yomlenze obomvu umbala kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-5 amasentimitha ubude. Inani lezingxabano ebhokisini livela ezicucu ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-14.
I-Sphagnum
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemifula ehlathini. Lezi yizinhlanzi zehlathi, nezindawo ezinamahlathi, namasimu, ngisho namassifs amadwala. Nokho, inhlanzi iyizwe elikhethekile, eliyingqayizivele lenhlobo yalo! Sekuhlelwe amashumi eminyaka, futhi ingaphila iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, kuyilapho iqhubeka ikhula futhi ithatha amasimu amasha amaningi.
Ngokumangalisa, i-moss ifaka isandla kulokhu. Ngokuqondile, abameli bakhe - i-sphagnidy. I-Sphagnum, ibizwa nangokuthi i-white or peat moss-uhlobo oluhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwengu-40 zezihlahla zomswakama, ukuzimisela okunokwethenjelwa kwalowo nalowo ongakwenza kuphela ekucubungulweni kokuhlolwa okuncane. 
I-stalk encane efana ne-branched-stalk, egcwele amaqabunga amancane, ehlelwe ngokuvunguza. Umbala wezitshalo uhluka kusuka ophuzi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya obomvu obomvu (kuye ngokuthi ezihlukahlukene). Ama-Rhizoids ayengekho engxenyeni engezansi (ngaphansi kwamanzi) ye-stem.
Kungenzeka ube nesithakazelo sokufunda kabanzi mayelana nalokho okushiwo yi-sphagnum moss, kanye nokuthi yiziphi izakhiwo zokuphulukisa.
I-Sphagnum ineqoqo elithile lezakhiwo ezingavamile ezihlukanisa nezinye izitshalo ezinjenge-moss. Isici sokuqala ukuthi i-sphagnum stem ikhula kuphela phezulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye engezansi ye-stem (ngokuvamile etholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi) ifa, iphenduke ibe yi-peat, cishe ngesilinganiso esifanayo njengoba ikhula phezulu (cishe i-millimeter ngonyaka). Indlela enjalo yokuphila ingahlinzeka isikhathi sokuphila seminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1 000 (ukubhekisela: ezinye izimo ezihlala zingekho eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10).
Uyazi? Intaba ye-Vitmoor (eJalimane) ine-layer ye peat cishe ngamamitha angu-18 ejulile, futhi ubudala bayo cishe iminyaka engu-2 000.
Isici esilandelayo se-sphagnids ukuthi bahlanganisa ama-acids okuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwama-bacteria, okunciphisa kakhulu izinqubo zokubola emathunjini, futhi akhuthaze ukwakheka kwe-peat. Imvelo e-acidic, ngaphezu kwalokho, ivimbela abancintisana futhi ikuvumela ukuba uthathe izindawo ezintsha zokuphila.
Enye impahla ye-sphagnum yikhono lokubamba nokugcina amanzi ngenxa yokutholakala kwamaseli akhethekile anomumo onobugovu. Phakathi nesikhathi sokufudumala okuphezulu, lo mhlanga uyakwazi ukuqoqa inani elikhulu liketshezi, okuholela ekushintsheni kokulinganisa kwamanzi nokuthunjwa kwamasimu amasha.
Rodobrium
I-Rodobriy, noma i-rotobrium rosette-like - omunye ummeleli wezinsiza ezinamagatsha, ongatholakala ehlathini le-coniferous (ikakhulukazi ngesihlahla se-spruce). Uma i-coniferous litter iswakanyiswe kahle, i-rhodobrium itholakala kuyo njengendlela yobuningi bezimpahla ezincane zobumnyama obuhlaza obomvu - ama-rosettes amaqabunga, okuphakanyiswa kancane ngaphezu komhlaba, ngayinye esihlahleni sayo. 
Isiqu esisodwa, kuze kufike ku-10 cm ukuphakama, singaba nama-branching amahlumela kokubili (apical) nasezingxenyeni ezingezansi (ngaphansi komhlaba). Amahlumela ama-apical avame ukukhula ngaphakathi kwendawo. Engxenyeni engezansi, i-stem ihlanganiswe nefriji ye-rhizoid.
Amaqabunga e-Rhodobrium anesimo esiphezulu se-ovoid, esingafinyelela ku-10 mm ubude, aphihliwe kancane, futhi asondelene ne-top-pointed. Kusukela ku-15 kuya ku-20 amaqabunga angaqoqwa esikhungweni ngasinye. Amahlamvu alobu bukhulu abhekwa njengabakhulu uma eqhathaniswa namanye ama-mosses amaqabunga.
Uma ubheka i-rodobrium outlet ohlangothini, ungabona ukufana kwayo nesundu. Amabhokisi e-spore aphakama ngaphezu kwesixhumi emilenzeni ebomvu ebomvu, i-oblong in shape futhi ayakwazi ukuthatha izinhlamvu ezingu-18.
Lezi zinyama zivame endaweni ye-taiga ye-middle-latitudes eningizimu, engavamile kakhulu enyakatho. Uhlu lwabhuku elibomvu. 
Gilokomium
Lo msi usakazeke kakhulu. Ngokuvame ukutholakala emahlathini okuthiwa yi-coniferous, futhi ngokuvamile kudala isisekelo somswakama womhlabathi wehlathi. Okuningi ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, eziningi zazo ezindaweni ezise-permafrost nasezintabeni ze-Arctic.
Uyazi? Ama-monks aseBuddha adala izingadi zomhlaba, edume kakhulu kunazo zonke ezisendaweni yezindela eduze kwaseKyoto futhi ibhalwe njengeSayithi leMagugu eNhlabathi ye-UNESCO.
I-gilokomium ine-aristate yamathambo amakhulu ama-20 cm ubude, ngokuvamile obomvu. I-arc ngayinye entsha ihambelana nonyaka ozayo wokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo futhi ibeke ngaphansi nje kwe-arc yonyaka odlule.
I-stem arc eyakhelwe ngokuqinile kakhulu ezindaweni ezintathu noma ezine, ukwakha isakhiwo esinyuka-oblique esenyukayo. Isiqu kanye nemigqa yayo igcwele amaqabunga, okuyizilinganiso ezincane eziluhlaza okwakunzima ukubona ngeso ngenxa yobukhulu bawo. 
I-Sporonosit gilokomium entwasahlobo. I-sporogon yenziwa phezulu kwesiteji sonyaka odlule nje ngaphezu kwamahlumela aluhlaza. Ibhokisi le-sporogon, elincinyiwe elincane, elimaqanda, elitholakala emlenzeni obomvu oluphansi ligcina kusuka ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya ku-17.
Ngakho-ke, umsila awuzimele ngokuphelele futhi uyamangalisa embusweni wawo wokuhlukahluka ezweni jikelele lezitshalo. Ukutadisha kwabo kungadlulisela impilo yakhe yonke, futhi izimfihlo eziningi zisalokhu zingenakulinganiswa.
Into eyodwa ingashiwo ngokuqiniseka: uma kwakungekho mos, iplanethi yethu yayizohluka ngokuphelele, ngoba lezi zitshalo zihlinzekela izinqubo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ngisho nokuphila kwethu okuphucukisiwe akusebenzi neze ngaphandle kwabo.
Ukubuyekeza okuvela kwinethiwekhi
