Izihlahla ze-apula ezikhulayo ziyizihlahla eziphansi, ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-trunk kuyi-120 cm, ububanzi bomqhele buyizingamitha ezine kuya kweziyisithupha, futhi umuthi ukhula ufike emamitha amathathu kuya kwamatshumi amahlanu.
Utshani ngokuvamile ukhula ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-apula ezimfushane.
Zivame ukutshala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zesitokisi: ubude obuphakathi nobukhulu.
Incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo
Okuhle kakhulu engadini kukhula ama-semi-amancane angokwemvelo, okungukuthi, ajwayelekile izihlahla ze-apula ezikhula kancane ezikhula ngamamitha ayi-3-4 ubude. Kulula kakhulu ukubanakekela, baqala ukuthela izithelo ekuqaleni. Kuzo izinhlobo ezincane ezikhulayo ze-apula zihlanganisa: "Inselo yesiliva", "Abantu", "Gorno-Altai", "Hybrid-40", "Uslada", "I-Moscow Pear". Zikulungele ukuthengisa, futhi zikhula kahle ezindaweni zethu.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlobo ezikhula kancane
Hlunga "inselo yesiliva" esungulwe eSverdlovsk Testing Station. Umuthi omncane onama-apula amnandi nama-creamy, isisindo sesithelo esisodwa ngu-80 amagremu. Baqala ukuvuthwa ngokufika kuka-Agasti, futhi ekupheleni kwenyanga baba yiningi. Ukuphila kwesilondolozi kuncane, cishe inyanga. Izihlahla zithela izithelo minyaka yonke kusukela eminyakeni engu-3-4 ubudala, izithelo zama-apula ziphakathi, ezihlukahlukene ziphikisana nobusika.
Izinhlobonhlobo "Abantu" libhekwa ngumuthi okhulayo ophansi, ongowesihlahla semvelo esiyimvelo, ufaka isithelo kusuka eminyakeni engu-2-3. Ama-apula angaphakathi, isisindo sesisindo sisuka ku-90 kuya ku-115 amagremu, ngekhasi legolide eliphuzi, ukunambitheka kuhle kakhulu, i-dessert. Ungakwazi ukuqoqa izithelo kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, impilo yeshalofu cishe izinyanga ezingu-4. Izinzuzo zezinhlobonhlobo ze "Abantu" ziphezulu, zikhula njalo futhi zihlala njalo, zigcinwa kahle.
Ezihlukahlukene ezikhula kancane "Pear Moscow" ubusika-obunzima, izithelo ziyingcosana, ukunambitheka kufana nalokhu kwezihlukahlukene ezide "i-Pear Moscow".
Apple ezihlukahlukene "Gorno-Altai" umuthi ohlukene nomqhele obanzi we-thickness. Ama-apula amancane, angaba ngu-30 amagremu, umumo uhlotshanisiwe-umbala, umbala ubomvu obomvu. Inyama yama-apula iyamanzi futhi i-creamy, ukunambitheka kumnandi futhi kuyomuncu, izithelo ziqukethe ushukela oyi-12.9%. Ama-apula amnandi kuma-compotes, ujamu, futhi angadliwa ahlanzekile.
Ukuvuna kuqala kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, ngoba udinga ukuba nesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba izithelo zivuthwe, ngoba ziqala ukuphahlazeka. Qala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni 4-5 emva kokutshala izithombo, ezihlukahlukene zibekezelela izinsuku zasebusika. Izinhlobonhlobo "iGorno-Altai" zingakhula noma kuphi, ngisho nalapho ezinye izihlahla zifa khona.
Isihlahla izinhlobo "Hybrid-40" ukuphambanisa okuphakathi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle komqhubi wesikhungo, ukumelana nesibalo, ubusika-obuqinile. Ama-apula amakhulu, ikhasi lawo liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Inyama inomusa, iluhlaza, imhlophe, ukunambitheka kumnandi futhi kumuncu. Impilo yeshekeli yesithelo semasonto amabili, iqala ukuphuma ekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Isitshalo sokuqala singavuna iminyaka engu-3-4 emva kokutshala, isisimeme, sonyaka nesikhulu phakathi neminyaka engu-15 yokuqala.
Kodwa izinhlobonhlobo "Hybrid-40" zivame kakhulu, okushoyo, zisesiteji sokuqedwa. Kuphikisana nesikhumba. Ukungahambi kahle ukuthi umqhele, oqukethe amagatsha omzimba, kusukela eqhweni kanye nezitshalo ezinzima ungaphula phansi. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, amagatsha omzimba wamagatsha ahlanganiswe, futhi kusekelwa kufanele kwenziwe.
Ngaphansi ezihlukahlukene zama-apula "Uslada" uyasijabulisa ngezitshalo kusukela eminyakeni engu-2-3. Isisindo sesithelo esisodwa singaba amagremu angu-120, ukunambitheka okumnandi kwe-dessert, okuqukethwe okuyishukela ephezulu. Qala ukuvuthwa ngokufika kwekwindla, kugcinwe cishe izinyanga ezingu-2.5. Izithelo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izithelo izinhlobo "Umvelo wemvelo" finyelela ubukhulu bemitha engaba ngu-120 amagremu. Ukuma kwama-apula kunama-flat, i-peel iyiluhlaza-ophuzi, inyama iyamanzi, ukunambitheka okuhle okumnandi. Isikhathi sokuvuna ngoSeptemba, impilo yesheluli yama-apula aqothulwe cishe izinyanga ezimbili.
Izithelo
Izici ezijwayelekile zezithelo ze-apula izinhlobo ezincane ezingaphansi komhlaba: ziyizilinganiso eziphakathi, kusukela ku-rounded to flattened. I-rind ivame ukushisa, eyomile futhi ekhanyayo. Umbala oyinhloko we-rind cishe zonke izithelo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isiqu se-apula sinyene futhi sinamaphuzu, umnsalo ojulile, ongenamathele. Inyama iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enamanzi, enesisindo, ukunambitheka kwesithelo kunomnandi futhi kumuncu, izinhlobo ezithile zinikwa ukunambitheka kwe-dessert. I-shelf encane yokuphila kwamaviki amabili, izinyanga ezingu-6 eziphakeme.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngokunakekelwa nokutshala izihlahla ze-apula.
Isihlahla
Izihlahla ze-apula ezikhulayo ziphansi, zinomqhele wokulinganisa isilinganiso. Amagatsha aphuma e-trunk endaweni engakwesokudla, amaphesenti awo aphansi. Umqhele wezihlahla ubushelelezi, ezihlukahlukene ezibomvu. Amahlumela emithi e-apula ephoqelekile ayigqinsi futhi eqondile, enombala obomvu, ewa phansi, amalenti amancane futhi ambalwa. Ukuma kwezinso kubonakala, futhi bacindezelwa kancane.
Amaqabunga akhulu, aphikisiwe, aphihliwe. Ipuleti enamagatsha ayi-concave, ephansi nge-wavy edge. Izimbali cishe zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ze-apula ezikhula kancane zinkulu nemiphetho ephakanyisiwe.
Izintandokazi
Izinzuzo imifula emifula emifushane:
-Izihlahla ze-Apple qala ukuthela izithelo ekuqaleni, ngokuvamile 2 noma 3 eminyakeni emva kokutshala. Futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva, baqala ukuletha isivuno esiphezulu. Izingadi ezithintekayo zibhekwa njengeziphumelela kakhulu ngokwezindleko zokulondoloza izindleko, ngoba izikhathi ezintathu izihlahla ze-apula ezinamathele zingatshalwa endaweni efanayo kuneziphuzo zezinhlobo ezejwayelekile.
-Izithelo ikhwalithi ephezulu, enkulu futhi ibe nekhasi elikhanyayo.
-Izihlahla zikhule ngamamitha amabili ukuphakama, okwenza kube lula ukunakekela izinga, ukusika izihlahla, ukuxuba ama-apula nokulula ukuvikela ngokumelene nezinambuzane.
- Ngezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla ze-apula ezincane ezinomoya ovuthiwe, isithelo asikwazi ukuphula, futhi asiphuli izihlahla.
-Uhlelo lomsuka Izihlahla ze-apula ezikhulayo azizesabi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngisho nalapho zisondelene kakhulu nomhlaba.
Ukungalungi
Izinsalela zezinhlobo ezincane ezikhulayo zifakazela ukuthi imithi idinga ukwesekwa nokuhlanganiswa, futhi umbuthano osondelene nawo uhlanganiswe ne-peat, umquba, i-humus, i-sawdust.
Ukuphila insimu encane ineminyaka engama-25 nje kuphela, kodwa kule nkathi emifushane izihlahla ze-apula zisithokozisa izitshalo ezinhle kanye nama-apula amnandi kakhulu. Eminyakeni yemvula nemvula, amaqabunga nezithelo ze-apula zingathinteka ngesikhumba.
Izici zokunakekelwa
Ukudubula
Ukutshala izinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla ze-apula ezikhula kancane ukuze kuqinisekiswe amahlumela amancane, ukwakha umqhele, ukwandisa inani lokuhamba amahlumela, ukususa amagatsha omile anesifo.
Ukusika izihlahla kwenziwa entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Entwasahlobo, amagatsha aqhwaqweyo asuswa, okuholela ekukhuleni komkhiqizo. Ngekuwa, amagatsha aqoshiwe aqoshwa, ngakho-ke izihlahla zilungiselela ukuphumula.
Ekwindla ukusika izihlahla kwenziwa ngale ndlela:
Okokuqala udinga ukususa amagatsha aphukile noomile.
Susa amahlumela abuthakathaka asondelene kakhulu komunye nomunye.
Zonke izinxeba ngemuva kokusika amagatsha kudingeka zimboze nge-pitch pitch.
Konke okususiwe kuyadingeka ukuthi kushise ukuze kuvikelwe ukusakazwa kwezifo ezitholakala ensimini yezithelo.
Ukutshala kufanele kube ngemuva kokutshala izithombo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukulinganisela phakathi kohlelo lwempande nomqhele wesihlahla, ngoba amagatsha akhulayo adla izakhi eziningi. Isihlahla esilandelayo senziwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-3, sisusa amahlumela omisiwe kanye nezifo kuphela.
Umquba
Ukunakekelwa okufanele kwezihlahla zezithelo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifanele kwamanyolo kanye nokudla kwezihlahla, kuthinta ukusungulwa kwezithelo zezithelo. Kuze kube maphakathi noJulayi, izinhlobo ze-apple ezinamahloni zondliwa nge-nitrogen.
Ithinta ukwanda okuthuthukisiwe kobumnyama obuhlaza, futhi emva kokuqala kwesibili, kusetshenziselwa umquba, okufaka okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphate nama-fertilizer, okuvumela izithombo ukuba zilungiselele isimo sezulu esibanda. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuyadingeka ukondla izitshalo ngomquba, sebenzisa umlotha ekupheleni kwesikhathi sehlobo, futhi usebenzise umquba wamaminerali endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukunisela
Izinhlobo ze-apula ezikhula kancane ziphuziswa cishe cishe wonke unyaka wekhalenda, ngaphandle kwebusika. Amanzi athululelwa emigodini noma emigodini. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunisela kucatshangelwa ukuchelela ukuchelela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokunisela, umanyolo usetshenziselwa futhi ukhulelwe.
Lapho kuqala ukwakhiwa kwekwindla, ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, kanye nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izihlahla zinamanzi amaningi, inhlabathi kufanele ibe nemanzi, kanti inhlabathi nezimpande akufanele zime. Isilinganiso sokunisela 3 amabhakede emthini owodwa, kuxhomeke lapho izihlahla ze-apula zikhula khona.
Ukuphuza i-apula esinezintambo kufanele kube izikhathi ezingu-3-4. Isikhathi sokuqala siphuziswa ngaphambi kokuba izihlahla ziqale izimbali, okulandelayo kuwukuqala kwehlobo, okwesithathu ngaphambi kokuba ama-apula aqale ukuvuthwa.
Ebusika
Ukulungiselela izinhlobo ze-apula ezikhula kancane liqukethe izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukudla izihlahla ze-apula i-phosphorus ne-potassium. Lezi zihlahla ziyakwazi ukuqinisa isihlahla bese zandisa ubunzima bayo obusika. Futhi umthelela omkhulu uthinta ukugqoka ama-foliar - ukuchithwa kwezihlahla ngesisombululo se-potassium monophosphate.
2. Ukuhlanza izihlahla ze-apula yenza ukuze ususe izinambuzane kanye nezifo eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukuhlanza ngommese obukhali yonke imifantu ekhona emagqumeni, bese uyishisa.
3. Ukugcoba insimu ekwindla ivikela izifo ezibangelwa izifo, futhi ivikela amagxolo ama-apula emisebeni yelanga, engabangela ukushisa kwayo, futhi ivimbele ukuqhuma kwemifucumfucu kusuka ekushintsheni kokushisa ebusika.
4. Ukunisela izihlahla, kufanele ube nesikhathi phakathi no-Okthoba.
5. Yenza ukuvimbela izifo ze-fungalisb. ukuphalaza izihlahla ngekhambi le-copper sulfate. Phonsa kangcono ngoNovemba, lapho wonke amaqabunga ewela futhi isihlahla somuthi sibonakala ngokucacile.
6. Ukuvikelwa kwezithelo ze-Apple kusuka kumagundane. Umgodi ozungeza umuthi ugcwele konke okutholakala: okusajingijolo owomile noma amagatsha e-currant, amagatsha e-pine ngesihlahla se-spruce, umhlanga noma ama-plastic gratings.
7. Ngokuba i-mulching sebenzisa konke okuseduze, ukukhetha okukhulu kungaba ukusebenzisa izinto ezomile. Ukusebenza ngokufanele ekulungiseleleni i-apula yezithelo ze-apula kuzokuvumela ukuba ukhuthaze ngokuphelele ebusika, futhi ukujabulisa abalimi abanezitshalo ezinhle kakhulu.
Izici zokufika
Izihlahla Abalimi bezitshalo batusa ukutshala izinhlobo ze-apula ezikhula kancane, izimpande zizoqina ngaphezu kwebusika, futhi lapho kufika entwasahlobo zizoqala ukukhula nokuthuthukisa ngokunamandla. Izihlahla ze-Apple zitshalwe entwasahlobo, kodwa kudingeka ube nesikhathi sokuqala ukuhluma, ngoba uma utshala kamuva noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izithombo zingagoma. Kungatshalwa kanye nezihlahla zonyaka nonyaka.
Ukutshala izihlahla ze-apula ngaphansi komzimba kuqala ngokulungiswa kwezimbobo zokutshala, ezibhekwe ukulimala. Ibude buyi-50 cm ububanzi futhi ububanzi obuyi-50 cm. Uma ugoba umgodi, ungqimba olungenhla luhambelana ngakwesokudla, futhi ungqimba olungezansi lomhlaba - ngakwesobunxele.
Ngaphansi komgodi, ibhakede elilodwa lama-humus, ngaphambi kokuguqula ngaphambi, lichithelwa, kanye nomanyolo obunzima wamaminerali, i-nitrophore iyanezelwa, futhi yonke ingxube ixubene nenhlabathi engaphezulu. Uma inhlabathi ingobumba futhi isindayo, faka isihlabathi esincane.
Manje ungaqala ukutshala insimu. Uhlelo lwempande lwe-apula lwemithi luqondiswe, lufakwe emgodini futhi lugcwele umhlaba, kuqala kusuka eseceleni esingaphansi, bese usuka ohlangothini olungezansi lubekelwe eceleni. Umhlaba wangcwatshwa unqanyuliwe phansi, kanti izithombo zidinga ukujuliswa ukuze imishanguzo isiphezulu se-5-7 cm emhlabathini.
Bese benza izimbobo ezungeze isiqu, futhi isitshalo esitshaliwe sinisela. Inhlabathi ezungeze izihlahla ze-apula ihlanganiswe nomhlaba noma i-humus. Uma umoya onamandla uvunguza, isiqu somuthi kumelwe siboshwe esikhwameni.
