Sorghum Grain - Enye yezolimo zasendulo kakhulu, ukudla kanye nezitshalo zokudla, okuyinto eyaziwa ngokuyinhloko njengesidlo sokudla esincane. Nokho, maduzane, lolu tshani seluthole ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabasekeli bokudla okunomsoco kanye nezondlo zokudla, okugqugquzela ukuthi amabele afakwe ekudleni kulabo ababuka isisindo sabo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukolweni nezinye izinhlobo zokudla ziqukethe iphrotheni ethile, i-gluten, engabangela ukuguquka kwemithi, ikhubaza ukuqubuka komzimba futhi ikhuthaze ukukhula kwamafutha emathisini. Kodwa amabele aqukethe inani elincane le-gluten kanye ne-fiber eminingi, ngakho-ke okusanhlamvu sekube yisisekelo sokudla okunempilo kuwo wonke umhlaba futhi sikhule cishe cishe wonke amazwe asezindaweni eziphakathi.
Faka endaweni yokujikeleza
Abakhiqizi bezinhlanzi bangahlolwa ngezinkomba ezintathu. Okungcono ngokuphathelene nokugcina umswakama emhlabathini - ukolweni webusika; ngama-debris - ama-oats nama-beetfuthi ngobuningi bezinsalela zezitshalo - entwasahlobo yasebusika, ukolweni webusika, ifolishi isithombo sebhitrudi. Ngakho-ke, abandulele bahamba ngokulandelayo:
- ukolweni webusika;
- ubhalika entwasahlobo nommbila;
- ifolishi isithombo sebhitrudi;
- i-oats;
- i-sunflower
Ummbila - futhi isandulela esivumelekile semifino, njengoba ishiya umswakama kanye nezakhi, okusiza ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ukuntuleka kommbila kulokhu kuyisabelo esiningi ngokwezitshalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlakulela inhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nokukhathalela okuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, uma ummbila usetshenziselwa ukuhamba phambili, khona-ke ngesikhathi sekwindla kufanele kuqashwe ngokukhethekile ukulinganisela izinsalela zezitshalo nokutshala. I-sunflower ingaba yinto eyandulele, kepha uma isisebenzisa, kubalulekile ukufeza ukubhujiswa kwezithombo zehla.Kukhona amaphethini alandelayo okushintshwa kwezitshalo zokujikeleza kwezitshalo:
I.
- Umusi omnyama;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- Ummbila (okusanhlamvu) + utshani ku-½;
- Ummbila we-silage;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- I-Pea;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- I-Sunflower
Ii.
- I-peas eluhlaza;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- Ummbila (okusanhlamvu);
- Ummbila we-silage;
- Ukolweni webusika;
- Isihlahla;
- Izitshalo zentshaka;
- I-Peas (okusanhlamvu);
- Ukolweni webusika;
- I-Sunflower
Uyazi? Lolu hlelo luyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zokukhiqiza. Isimo esisodwa esihlala njalo: emva kwemifino, izitshalo ezitshalo kuphela kufanele zihlwanyelwe.
Inhlabathi yommbila
Uhlelo lwezobuchwepheshe lokulima amabele luhlinzekela imisebenzi eminingana yokulungiselela inhlabathi: ukubhujiswa kokhula, ukulinganisa ubuso nomhlabathi umswakama. Imbiza emhlabathini ayifuni kakhulu, inhlabathi enzima, elula futhi enomsoco. Ukuphumelela kakhulu kumabhodlela yizwe elivulekile, elinomanzi, elifudumalayo nelithambile. Ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala kufanele kube nokulimaza inhlabathi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nokulima okulodwa noma amabili.
Umanyolo womanyolo womhlabathi
Izinhlanzi - isiko esidinga imifino, naphezu kokukwazi ukukhiqiza amabhethri emhlabathini ngokuzimela. Lesi sitshalo siphendula kahle kumanyolo wamaminerali kanye nezidakamizwa futhi siyidla kakhulu ngokwezomnotho.
Ummbila udinga cishe kabili, noma ngisho ne-nitrogen encane kathathu, i-phosphorus ne-potassium kunommbila. I-nitrojeni iyadingeka ukuze isiko sikhule ngokujulile futhi sikhulise indawo yokhuni oluqinile, ngakho-ke, ukuthola isivuno esihle, udinga ukwenza amanani amaningi we-nitrogen. I-phosphorus nayo ibalulekile empilweni yokuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu, inani layo kufanele libe yingxenye eyodwa nengxenye kuya kwezikhathi ezimbili ngaphansi kwe-nitrogen, cishe 90-100 kg / ha yokunisela. I-Potassium isiza ukuqoqwa ushukela ezinhlameni zemifino.
Ngomkhiqizo omncane wezitshalo (kufinyelela kumathani angu-5 ngehora elilodwa), ummbila udla i-potassium emhlabathini, ngaleyo ndlela uzihlinzekele le mineralali yedwa. Uma isivuno semabele sinamahektha angama-7-10 ngehora eli-1, kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-potassium, ngakho-ke kudingeka ukwenze ngokuhlanganiswa namanye umquba kumanyolo ka 40-60 kg ngehektha ngalinye.
Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi umquba we-nitrogen, uma usetshenziswa kanye nomanyolo we-phosphate, unomthelela omubi ekuhlungeni imbewu. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukwenza umanyolo endaweni yangakini kanye nembewu ehlwanyelayo yokuhlwanyela. Uma umanyolo usetshenziswa ngale ndlela, isivuno sizokhula ngezikhathi ezingu-3-3.5 kunalokho uma umanyolo ogcwele usebenza ukulima. Imfucumfucu ibuye iphande imifino ephilayo, njengomquba, ngesilinganiso samathani ayi-10-20 ehektheleni. Kungcono ukukwenza ekwindeni lapho ulungisa inhlabathi nasentwasahlobo, uyibeka ngaphandle kwembewu, indawo yangaphakathi nokujula kunokuhlwanyela.
Kubalulekile! Ungadluli umthamo ophakanyisiwe we-nitrogen fertilizer, okufakazela ukuqoqwa kwezidakamizwa ezinobuthi e-green mass of umquba, okuyinto eyingozi uma ukhula izitshalo zefolda eluhlaza.
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo nezinhlamvu zokugqoka
Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanzi, ngokusekelwe enjongweni ehlukene yezinhlobonhlobo zalesi sikhala emasiko. Ukulima okuvame kakhulu kwezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemifino: okusanhlamvu, ushukela nomshanelo. Uhlobo lokugcina lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezibhantshi nemifucumfucu, kanye noshukela ummbila - ngezinjongo zokudla kanye nokuthola ama-molasses avela eziqubeni.
Ummbila wezinhlamvu uhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ezitshalwa okusanhlamvu. Ukuphakama kweziqu zabo kuvela kumyingcele wamitha kuya kwesinye nengxenye, okusanhlamvu kukhona nxazonke futhi kungabonakali, kulula ukuwa. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zokusanhlamvu ezinezithelo eziphezulu, ukumelana okubandayo kanye nokumelana nesomiso, phuma Genichesky 11, Horizon, Krymdar 10, Saturn, Kuban Red 1677, Orange 450, Cactus, Odessa 205, kanye nezinhlamvu Stepnoy 5, Rossorg 4 noZernograd 8.
Kwaphela amasonto ambalwa, imbewu yokuhlwanyela isilungele ukuhlwanyela.. Zihloselwe ukugwema ukunqotshwa kwezifo ze-fungal ne-bacterial kanye nokubhubhisa i-microflora yangaphakathi, eyithinta kakhulu ukukhula. Kungcono ukusebenzisa abahlinzeki abahlanganisiwe, njenge "Fentiuram" ("TMTD" 40% + ye-trichlorophenolate yethusi 10% + gamma isomer GHTSG15%), isebenza kangcono kunamafungicides yedwa.
Namuhla, kunezidakamizwa zendawo yonke ezenza kube lula ukuphatha imbewu ngendlela eyomile. Ngokugqoka okunjalo, u-5-10 l wamanzi + ama-agent agqoka ama-1.5-2 kg + ingilazi engamanzi engama-150 g athathwe ithani elilodwa lembewu. Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi ngokukhipha okomile okumanzi okukhuphuka kwembewu kuyanda ku-1%.
Uyazi? Ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi kubonise ukuthi imbewu yokugqoka kwezinhlobo zeBuban Red 1677 kanye ne-Orange 450 izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela kwandisa ukuhluma kusuka ku-45 kuya ku-68%.
Isikhathi esihle sokuhlwanyela amabele
Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela kufanelekile lapho izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke elingaphansi kwamamitha ayishumi ububanzi bomhlabathi liyi + 14 ... +16 ° C. Ngokuhlwanyela kokuqala, izithombo azivamile futhi zikhula ngokhula. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi elihle kakhulu, izithombo zizovela ngosuku lweshumi nambili kuya ku-14 emva kokuhlwanyela, futhi uma izinga lokushisa likhuphukela ku-25 ... +28 ° ะก, - ngosuku lwama-5-6.
Kubalulekile! Akunconywa ngokucacile ukuthi amahlumela akhula kusukela enhlanhleni kwentwasahlobo. Uma kuhlwanyelwe enhlabathini ebandayo, imbewu ngeke ihlume futhi ibole.
Indlela yokutshala ummbila
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlanzi zasentwasahlobo zasentshaleni kunembewu encane kunazo zonke, naphezu kokuthi inhlamvu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zayo zihluke kakhulu emanzini amaningi. Njengoba ukujwayela kwamabele ku-bushiness okukhulu, kuzomele ucabangele izinga lokulinganisa isisindo, elibalwe ububanzi phakathi kwemigqa kanye nobukhulu bezitshalo ngehektare. Isilinganiso sokuhlwanyela sezitshalo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-160 kuya ku-170 ngehektha ngalinye eli-1 kunconywa. Ngokwesilinganiso, yi-10-14 kg ngehektha ngalinye.
Ukubala izinga lokuhlwanyela amabele, kufanele ucabangele ukuhluma kwembewu. Imbewu yezinhlamvu zanamuhla zekhwalithi enhle zinezilimo eziphezulu zokuvuthwa kwelabhoratri (kusuka ku-82% ukuya ku-95%), kodwa ukufana kwensimu ephansi - 12-19%.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu kudinga inhlabathi emanzi, ngenkathi ingaxhunyiwe ngokujulile. Njengoba imifino isitshalo esincane, lapho kuhlwanyela khona isikhathi sokudubula kuyokhula, izitshalo zizobonakala zibuthakathaka futhi zingabi nomthelela esimweni esibi sezulu. Ukujula okungcono ku-7 cm. Uma ungqimba olungaphezulu lwenhlabathi selomile, kungenzeka ukuthi ungene ngemvume ku-10-12 cm, ne-rollers igoqwe ngemva kokuhlwanyela. Uma nje ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imvula enzima, ungavumela ukujula kwe-4 cm. Ukujula kuyamukeleka kakhulu ezweni elisele.
Ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu okuvuthwa kwemifino kuyatholakala ngokubheka ububanzi obuncane bemigqa phakathi kwemigqa - 60 no-45 cm. Ukunciphisa ububanzi phakathi kwemigqa enobudlelwane obufanayo kukuvumela ukuba usakaze izitshalo ngokulinganayo emigqeni, kungcono ukubanika ukudla nokukhulisa isivuno.
Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo zommbila
Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo zokulima kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana emisiwe. Okokuqala emva kokuhlwanyela - Ukuqhaqhazela ngezingqungquthela ezinezintambo, emva kwalokho izitshalo eziqothulwe emhlabathini zakha ungqimba lwendwangu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-5 emva kokuhlwanyela, ukusabalala kwangaphambi kokuvela kwemifino nge-harrows ephakathi kwenziwa ukubhubhisa ukhula.
Uma ngemuva kokuhlwanyela ukushisa kwaphinde kwabuya, futhi amabele ngosuku lweshumi akazange afinyelele ngaphezu kuka 2-3 cm, ukulimaza kufanele kuphindwe. Ngenqubo yokuqala yokuqala, ukhula lubhujiswa ngamaphesenti angama-60, futhi emva kwesibili - ngo-85%. Ukukhwabanisa okwesikhashana nesikhathi esiphezulu kufaka indawo eyodwa yokulima.
Ngemuva kwemvula ende, amafomu e-crust ebusweni bomhlaba, kufanele abhujiswe ngesikhathi, ngoba kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamahlumela, i-crust ingaqothulwa ngokulimaza, kodwa uma isakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuhluma, kufanele isuswe ngezingodo ezijikelezayo ngesivinini esisheshayo (kufika ku-9 km / h). Ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kuhlanganisa ekuhlakuleleni abalimi abaphakathi, abavuthiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukulima kusiza ukususa ukhula, kugcwalise uhlelo lwempande nge-oksijeni, futhi kugcine umswakama ngaphambi kokutshala nokuvuthwa kwembewu.
Ukulima kuqala ngokushesha lapho imigqa yamabele ibonakala ngokucacile. Ukujula kokwelashwa kokuqala kufanele kube ngu-10-12 cm. Okulandelayo kwenziwa emavikini angu-2-3 ngokujula kwama-8-10 cm, kanti okwesithathu - emavikini ambalwa emva kwesibili kuya ku-6-8 cm.
Kubalulekile! Uma wenza ukwelashwa okuphakathi kwe-row nabalimi, kubalulekile ukugcina ububanzi bendawo yokuzivikela ngo-10-12 cm.
Ukulawulwa kokhula kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinambuzane nezifo
Ukhula oluyingozi kunazo zonke - lawa ama-crystal, ayenama-90-95% esisindo sonke sokhula. Zonakaliswa kalula yizinhlanzi ezinobungozi esigabeni sokuhluma. Ngemuva kokuhluma nokuhluma, ziba nokuphikisana nokulimaza nokunye okuncelisayo. Ungabhubhisa "i-Agritox" (0.7-1.7 kg ngehektare ngalinye), "2.4 D" (0.5-1 kg ngehektare), "2M-4X" (0.5-1.1 kg ngehektare ngalinye).
Ummbila wezinhlamvu ungaphazamisa izinambuzane ezinjalo njenge-aphid, i-cotton moth, inundu emhlophe, ama-wireworms, kanye nabalindi benethiwekhi. Lezi zinambuzane zibangela ukulimala okungenakuqhathaniswa nesitshalo ngokudla amaqabunga amancane, amaqabunga amaqabunga, izitshalo kanye nezinhlamvu. Ukulwa nokusabalalisa izinambuzane kakade, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhiphe ukwelashwa nge-Operkot (0.16 kg ngehektare ngalinye) kanye ne-systemic insecticide Zenit (0.2 l ngehektare ngalinye). Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezimbungu zezimbungu - ukufuthisa lesi sidakamizwa "Bi-58".
Uma izibungu eziningana zitholakala esitshalweni esisodwa, phinda uchithe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-15 ngezinhlelo zokwelapha "Hapelin" (0.8-1.0 kg hektare ngalinye), i-Dendrobatsillin (0.5-1.0 kg ngehektare ngalinye), kanye ne-Lepidocide ( 1.5-2.0 kg ngehektare ngalinye). Kuzo izifo zezinambuzane ezivezwe kakhulu amabala amaqabunga, i-smut, i-rust, i-stem rot, i-gelmintosporiozu, i-fusarium ne-alternariosis, okunciphisa isivuno.
Ukuze kuvikelwe lokhu, kubalulekile ukubhubhisa izinsalela zezitshalo ngesikhathi esifanele, ususe izindawo ezilimaziwe, uhlakulele inhlabathi, imbewu ye-pickle, futhi usebenzise umanyolo we-potash ne-phosphate, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukutshala isivuno esihle semifino ngaphandle kokubheka lezi zinyathelo ze-agrotechnical.
Ukuvunwa kwezitshalo
Ngokuvamile okusanhlamvu kakuncishisiwe; kuvuna lapho okusanhlamvu sekuvuthiwe ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphambi kokuhlanza unqume umswakama. Ubungqayizivele bokhukhula yilokho okusanhlamvu kuvame ukuvuthwa e-panicle, lapho yonke insimu eluhlaza isalokhu iluhlaza futhi inomswakama wamakhasi angama-60%, kanti iziqu zingama-70%. Umswakama wokusanhlamvu kumele ube ngu-25-30%, bese ungaqala ukuhlanza.
Ukuvuna ngokuqondile imishini yokuvuna. Ukuze ugweme ukuchoboza okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi sokubhula, ijubane linciphisa libe ngu-500-600 ngomzuzu. Ukuze uthole okusanhlamvu owomile, kudingekile ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlanzwa okuhlukene, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala. Isihloko se-ZHN-6 sisetshenziselwa ukusikwa okuphansi (kuze kufinyelele ku-15 cm) bese siwufaka emigqumeni.
Emasontweni amabili emva kokusanhlamvu nemifino kumiswe emigqumeni, ukubhula kwenziwa ngenhlanganisela. Imifino eluhlaza ivunwa ngenkathi i-panicle ilahliwe, ishiya ukusika kwe-10-12 cm.
Kubalulekile! Ukuqoqa ubukhulu obuluhlaza kufanele buyiswe ngemuva kokusebenza kwehora elilodwa ukuvimbela ukutholakala ubuthi nemithi ye-cyanide.
