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Izinhlobo zezifo zamagilebhisi nezinyathelo zokulawula

Umvini uhambisane nomuntu kuzo zonke izigaba zokuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukudweba amandla emhlabeni nasemini.

Futhi kuphela ekuguleni kwakudinga usizo lwabantu.

Siza umvini, ukwazi isifo kanye nenani lokusongela - okuqhubekayo enchazweni yezinhlamvu, izinyathelo zokulawula nezithombe zamagqabhagqabha aphethwe nezithelo zamagilebhisi.

Izifo zamagilebhisi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili: ezithathelwanayo futhi ezingenasifo. Ngamunye wabo, naye, uhlanganisa amaqembu angaphansi. Ngezansi sibheka ngokucophelela ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezibonakaliso zezifo zomvini.

Iziphi izifo zomvini zikhona?

Izifo ezithathelwanayo

  • Izifo ze-fungal zomvini.
    1. Yenza kahle (i-downy isikhutha).
    2. I-Oidium (i-pepelitsa, i-mealy dew).
    3. I-Alternaria (indawo yomnqumo).
    4. I-anthracnose (ibonakale, iso lenyoni).
    5. Grey (botrino).
    6. I-Aspergillosis iyabola.
    7. Ukubola okumhlophe (umlomo omhlophe, "isichotho isifo").
    8. Ukubola okumnyama (umlomo omnyama).
    9. I-pink moldy rot.
    10. I-Rubella.
    11. I-Verticillosis (i-wilt).
    12. I-apoplexy.
    13. I-Armillaria.
    14. Umsuka wokubola.
    15. I-Diplodioz.
    16. I-Penicillosis.
    17. I-Fusarium
    18. Monilioz.
    19. Cercosporiosis
    20. Indawo emnyama (i-escoriosis, i-fomopsis, i-screeching eyomile).
    21. Gelmintosporiosis
    22. I-septoriosis (i-melanosis).
    23. I-Esca (isifo se-trunk).
    24. I-Eutipiasis (isilonda esomile, imikhono yokufa).
  • Izilonda zamagciwane ezivini.
    1. Ukuphawula kwamagciwane.
    2. Ukubola (acetic) ukubola.
    3. I-necrosis yebhaktheriya (i-bacterial wilt, isifo se-Oleiron)
    4. Bacteriosis of amajikijolo.
    5. Izifo zikaPierce.
    6. Umdlavuza wesibindi.
Usizo: Akuzona zonke izifo zomvini eziphathekayo: ezinye (umdlavuza webhaktheriya) kuphela indlela enamandla kakhulu eyenzekayo - i-raskorchyovka elandelwa yi-quarantine.
  • Izifo ezilonda amagilebhisi.
    1. I-short-knot (ukuguqulwa okubhebhethekayo).
    2. Umdwebo ophuzi (chlorosis).
    3. I-veging veins.
    4. Umsakazo omhlophe (panashyur, variegation)
    5. I-chlorosis yomphakathi.
    6. Ukuphuziza kwegolide.
    7. Ibhulodi eline-flattened.
    8. Necrosis amahlumela.
    9. I-resius virus ye-resus, noma i-mosaic arabis.
    10. Umdwebo we-Asteroid (owenziwe ngenkanyezi).
    11. I-Virus wood stripping of grape.
    12. Ubomvu begciwane.
    13. Amaqabunga e-Virus ama-marbling.
    14. I-Necrosis yemithanjeni.
    15. Amahlamvu we-curling virus (yellow yellow).
Usizo: Kulolu hlu "Izifo ezivuthiwe zamagilebhisi" kuphela izikhundla ezine zokuqala ezichazwe ngokwesayensi. Ama-virus asele ayedwa, kodwa, ngokusho kwemiphumela yokubona, amelwa emvinini ngendlela evulekile.

Okungenasifo

Izifo ezivusa izimo ezikhulayo.

  1. Elementoses (izifo ezihambisana nokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco):
    • i-chlorosis (ukungabi nensimbi, i-zinc, i-manganese noma i-boron);
    • i-rubella (ukuntuleka kwe-potassium);
    • i-shrinkage yekhefu;
  2. Kuvutha amagilebhisi.
  3. Ukusakaza amajikijolo.
  4. I-Necrosis yemikhumbi yezinkuni.
  5. Ukukhubazeka kwama-crests.
  6. I-apoplexy ye-trunk.
Usizo: Kusukela ekuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo kwabalimi bezitshalo zasendaweni, kulandela ukuthi ingxenye kuphela yezifo zamagilebhisi ayaziwa ohlwini olubalwe ngenhla: isikhutha, i-oidium, i-anthracosis, i-chlorosis, i-rubella, i-bacterial carcinoma kanye neziqephu.

Isithombe










Indlela yokunquma uhlobo lwesilonda?

Isiqalo sokuqala sinikezwa ukuhlolwa okubukwayo kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhula, ukuphambuka okuncane okuvela esimweni esijwayelekile ekubukeni kwesitshalo. Ukuqaphelisisa izingadi kufanele futhi ulwazi mayelana nokuvela kwesifo esithathelwanayo endaweni eseduze. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu esingahle ngesikhathi sehlobo sasebusika sikwazi ukuveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lesi sifo esithathelwanayo siphume.

Izimpawu zokuqala zamagilebhisi ezempilo zingamaqabunga.

  1. Zingahle ziphuzi futhi zome. hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuntuleka kobumswakama ngesikhathi esomile (uhlobo lwe-edaphic lokuphulwa), umonakalo omshini emvinini noma ubudala bawo.

    Lesi sici siyisibonakaliso esihamba phambili se-elementosis, lapho isitshalo sine-nitrogen, insimbi noma amanye amaminerali abalulekile emhlabathini.

    • Ukushintsha kombala weqabunga lamaqabunga nakho kungaba isibonakaliso se-fungal noma i-viral lesion: i-chlorosis esithathelwanayo, i-yellowing, i-white (variegated) ne-yellow (chlorosis) mosaic, i-fusarium, i-escoriosis, i-septoria, nesifo esiwumphumela wesifo;
    • ukuphuza kwamaqabunga amancane entwasahlobo kusikisela i-necrosis esithathelwanayo;
    • Izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll zingagcinwa emaphethelweni weqabunga noma emithanjeni, ngezinye izikhathi kubonisa igciwane elingena emithanjeni noma esigabeni sokuqala somkhuhlane;
    • Ukomisa emaphethelweni epuleti leshidi - isifo sikaPierce;
    • i-leaf discoloration engxenyeni engezansi yehlathi iyabonakala esitshalweni esigula ngesimo esingapheli se-Eski (isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sefungi).
    2. Usizo: Ingxenye yalolu hlu - izifo zigcinwa kuphela ezindaweni ezithile ze-viticulture (e-Italy, eSpain, eMoldova, njll). Isibonelo: i-moniliosis, isifo sikaPierce.

  2. Ishidi elibomvu ngokuvamile ngenxa ye-elementosis (ukuntuleka kwe-phosphorus), ukuguquka kusengaphambili kuya esigabeni sekwindla yamagilebhisi abomvu noma ukutheleleka kwefungal ne-rubella;
    • ngokubola okumhlophe, amaqabunga angaphezulu kwama-brown annot spots kumahlumela abuye avuleke;
    • Ukubomvu kweqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi (ngaphandle kwemivamisa esemqoka) kubonakala lapho igciwane le-curl igciwane kanye neqabunga le-reddenning virus lilimazwa igciwane.
  3. Ukuthungwa kweshidi - uphawu lwe-Alternaria;
    • izilonda zeplanethi yeqabunga - indawo emnyama;
    • izindawo ezinkulu ezibomvu eziphakathi kwamaviva - ukubonakaliswa kwe-eski fungal.
  4. Ikhefu le-Leaf Njengomkhuba, unomvelo we-viral - ukuphuza kwegolide, umbala omhlophe, i-cortex noma i-fungal - oidium.
  5. Ukuphequlula kwamaLeaf emaphethelweni epuleti, isici sesifo se-gray mold, moniliozom, noma ukushisa - ukungabi khona kwe-potassium emhlabathini;
    • Amabala amnyama akhuluma ngo-septoria;
    • Amaqabunga ama-Brownish ayenzeka ne-chalcosporosis, i-verticillosis kanye ... nokushisa kwelanga.
  6. Leaf brown ejwayelekile ye-elementosis (ngokuntuleka kwe-potassium) nomonakalo omkhulu nge-oidium;
    • i-brown leaf spot plate - umthamo we-necrosis ebonakalayo.

  7. Ukubonakala kokuhlasela (mealy) engaphansi kweqabunga lithi mildews:
    • i-plaque ephosa kalula ephezulu nephansi-oidium;
    • i-plaque yemifino emhlophe emhlane ngemuva kweqabunga - cerkosporioz.
  8. Amabala emaqabunga kungase kube isandulela sesifo esibi kakhulu noma kubangelwa ukungabi nalutho kwezici ezitholakala emkhakheni wokudla:
    • Hlunga amabala obala - uphawu lwe-downy isikhutha;
    • uma izindawo ezinjalo zakha iphethini - sikhuluma nge-short-knot;
    • izindawo ezinemibala enemibala-rubber - uphawu lwe-rubella;
    • izindawo ezincane ezibomvu noma ezimnyama - indawo ehlonishwayo;
    • Ama-necrotic izindawo nomngcele omnyama avela nge-anthracosis;
    • izindawo ezicacile ezifana namachashazi yizibonakaliso zokuqala ze-septoria.
  9. Izimpawu nokukhula emaqabunga (galls) zakhiwe ngokunqotshwa kwe-rubella, i-anthracosis, isikhutha.
  10. Ukuqothula amaqabunga ngenxa yesizathu esicacile - umphumela wokunqotshwa kwesimiso sezithelo zomvini ezinezifo ezithathelwanayo.
  11. Ukunciphisa ngosayizi futhi ukuchithwa kwamagatsha amaqabunga kubonakala ku-fusarium;
    • ushiya kancane lapho u-eutypia;
    • Ukuhlelwa kwe-fan ye-veins yamaqabunga aguquliwe kubonakala ekuwohlokeni okusakazekayo okusakazekayo - ama-nodules amancane.
Funda ngezinye izifo nezinambuzane zezitshalo ongase uzihlangabezane ensimini: //selo.guru/ptitsa/bolezni-p/gribkovye/parsha.html, i-Rust, iBurnter Burn, i-Birch Sapwood, i-Apple, i-Lichen.

Izimpawu zesifo

Ngokujwayelekile isibonakaliso esisodwa, sibonakaliswe kuphela eshidi, asikwazi ukuthola ukuxilongwa okunembile.

Ngakho-ke, kuyisiko ukuqhathanisa izimpawu zesifo sesi-2-3 ukuze kusetshenziswe izinyathelo ezisetshenzisiwe.

  1. Izihlahla ze-Anomaly kubonakala ekubukeni kwendawo yayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene:
    • ihlumela lonke libalekela ngamabala obomvu noma amnyama esikhathini sokubukeka kwamaqabunga amahlanu okuqala, ngezinye izikhathi ahlangene, ayingcingo ngezindaba - yilokho indawo emnyama yamagilebhisi ivela ngesikhathi sokukhula;
    • izindawo ezimnyama esitsheni ziphendukela izilonda ezijulile - i-anthracnose;
    • izindawo ezibomvu ezinamahlumela phansi phansi amahlumela amancane - kungenzeka isikhutha;
    • izindawo ezimhlophe ezintsheni, ziphenduke zibe isikhumba esimhlophe - i-powdery isikhutha;
    • izindawo zesiliva noma ezimhlophe - i-alternarioz.
  2. Umvini uthola uboya obomvu ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezimnyama nezibomvu ezidubula ngaphansi kwe-anthracnose.
  3. Amahlumela asomile kuze kufike ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwehlathini ngokunqotshwa kwe-eskoy;
    • ukumiswa komvini kanye namagatsha omzimba kungaqeda inqubo yesifo;
    • emahlumela amancane ngokubola omnyama ngenxa yesikhumba eside se-necrosis esenziwe nge-longitudinal;
    • Ukuqothula amahlumela abanjwe igciwane lomsele wezinkuni nakho kuholela ekomeni nasekufeni kwesitshalo.
  4. Umbala obomvu ngokuvamile umvini uthola emva kwamaqhwa, kodwa uba uphawu olubuhlungu ngombala wamagxolo nombala we-putrefactive we-slice - ngalesi sisekelo, i-oidium noma i-eutipiasis ingahlakulela;
    • Amabala amnyama afaka phezu kwe-bast ngemuva kokubusika athola i-necrosis.
  5. Ukukhula kwe-Spring libhekene nobubi nokungahleliwe kwamahlumela - yilokho indlela i-necrosis yebhaktheriya ebonakala ngayo.

Esikhathini sokuqala somjikelezo wezitshalo, izibonakaliso zokuqala zokutheleleka kumagilebhisi zingavele zibonwe:

    • ukuchithwa okujulile kwezimbali kanye nama-ovari kungase kube umphumela wokuvuthwa kwempova okwanele kuhlobo olufanayo lwezocansi, noma isimo sezulu esibi ngesikhathi sokuvota, kodwa izimpawu ezifanayo zihambisana nesifo sikaPierce;
    • ama-inflorescences abuna ngaphansi kokuqhakaza okumhlophe - ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwe-downy isikhutha;
    • i-plaque ephuzi elimnyama elimboze phezulu kwe-inflorescence ibonisa ukubukeka kwe-gray gray;

Ukulinda isikhathi sokwakheka kwe-ovary nokuvuthwa kwesithelo, ungathola izinkomba ezimbalwa ezikhomba ukuxilongwa:

  1. Izithelo, kungabi nesikhathi sokugcwala ijusi, owomile, bayabuya, bathola umbala we-blue - lokhu kubonisa ukunqotshwa kwezifo, i-cricosporia;
    • uma lesi sitshalo sitheleleke nge-causative agent ye-black or white rot - amajikijolo, ukugubha, ukuguqula omnyama noma ukuguquka okumnyama nokumnyama;
    • uma kwenzeka i-verticillosis, ngemva kwamaqabunga omisiwe, ukuqala kwezithelo kuqala;
    • esigabeni esisebenzayo se-anthracosis, amagilebhisi awunaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa: amajikijolo anomile futhi aphume;
    • ngezinye izikhathi lapho ukhipha ngokweqile isihlahla, imbangela yokomisa amajikijolo ukugoqa kwekhefu, okuphazamisa ukunikezwa kwezakhi ezitshalweni.
  2. Ukuqothula amabhulashi ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kubonisa ukunqotshwa kwesikhutha noma i-oidium;
    • Ukubheka amajikijolo ngabanye ngokuthola ukunambitheka okunengekayo kuyisici sokutheleleka ngegciwane le-yellowing;
    • Izimo ze-Edaphiki nazo zingabangela imbangela yokushisa ukushisa, ukushisa ilanga, ukusweleka komswakama, ukunqwabelana kwesihlahla;
    • amajikijolo aphelela ekuvuthweni uma igciwane lesandulela-ngculazi selulelekile.
  3. Ukuchofoza amajikijolo amagilebhisi abathintekayo ukubola kwegrey, i-oidium, i-moniliasis;
    • ukubonakala kwezithelo izimpukane - izithelo izimpukane zibona acid ukubola;
    • ezimweni zesimo sezulu esishisayo, ukubola kwe-aspergillosis kukhula kakhulu, kuhlanganisa amaqoqo abe yinqwaba ye-spore-bearing bearing mass.
  4. Grey ziyaqhakaza i-oidium inikezwa ngamagilebhisi;
    • i-pink mold rot eyenziwe ngezithelo ngesikhatsi isitoreji futhi yindawo enezingubo ezimhlophe, ekunqunyweni kwesithelo - i-pink foci ye-sporulation;
    • I-plaque yomnqumo iyisibonakaliso se-chalcosporosis;
    • Ukuqhakaza okumhlophe okumboza yonke i-berry kufana nokutheleleka komzimba.
  5. Stains phezu amajikijolo ingaba obomvu nge-elemental (ukungabi nensimbi), imbobo emnyama emaphethelweni omnyama nge-anthracosis, imfucumfucu emnyama, cishe ekuxhumeni ne-stem - uma igula ngesikhutha;
    • i-rust ifaka lapho ishiswa ngamalungiselelo ethusi;
    • Izindawo ezimnyama kumagilebhisi zivela ngokubola;
    • obunzima obomvu obunzima obubonakalayo esigabeni sokuvuthwa nge-penitsiloze;
    • i-bacteriosis yamajikijolo iqala nge-beige indawo elula, ekhula ngaphakathi, njengokungathi "idla" i-berry ngaphakathi (isilonda esisodwa, amajikijolo ngabanye).
  6. Ama-berries omnyamaihlanganiswa ne-pycnidia (tubercles) ibonakala e-diplodioz.
  7. Uma izindawo ezimnyama Bakha i-crest namagatsha avela kuwo - ukukhubazeka kwama-crests kubonakala;
    • Ukuxubha okunye okwenziwa shrub kwenzeka lapho kuthinteka yi-downy powdery isikhutha nesifo sikaPierce.
Ukulwa nezifo eziningi ezihlukahlukene zamagilebhisi: Gourmet, Victoria, Bianca, Laura, Valentine, Cabernet, Timur, Rosmus, Attica, Platovsky, Pervozvanny, Memory of Teacher, Ruslan, Rosalinda, Kesha, New Century, Furor, Sponsor, Black Panther, Sphinx, Rusbol, Athos, Ruta, Tabor, uMarch.

Izinguquko ezijwayelekile esimweni sesihlahla

Okukholisayo ngokucacile ukuthi ukucabanga kwesifo somvini kungukushintsha okujwayelekile esimweni sesihlahla, i-morphology yayo, izinga lokukhula kanye nezigaba zokuthuthukiswa.

  1. Isihlahla sishaya ngaphandle kwezizathu zangaphandle: bheka imbangela emhlabathini - uhlelo lwempande luthinteka yi-verticillus;
    • ngenxa yesilonda nge verticillus, arillariasis, fusarium, ukufa kwesitshalo, ngaphandle kwalokho apoplexy; Iqiniso liwukuthi u-apoplexy womvini ungabangela isomiso eside, lapho isitshalo siphelile futhi singakwazi ukubhekana nesimo sezulu esishisayo;
    • Enye imbangela yokungazelelwe kungahle ibe yindlela elula ye-eski, indawo ye-bacterial spotting, i-necrosis ye-bacterial noma i-fusarium.
  2. Ukuguqula ingxenye enhle yamahlathi:
    • ukubhujiswa kwe-phallus phloem, lapho amafilimu e-mycelium atholakala ngaphansi kwegxolo - i-agent causative ye-armilliarosis, evukile ohlelweni lwempande;
    • umphumela ofanayo phezu kwesiqu somvini wezihlahla zomvini uzibole;
    • ukubola kwezingxenye ezithintekayo zezinkuni nokufa kwamagatsha onke kuyisici sokuqhwaba;
    • amaphuzu nemivimbo emagqabeni afile - ukuba khona kwe-gelmintosporioza;
    • Ukwenziwa kwe-necrotization kwezicubu zengxenye yesitshalo ngokubunjwa kokukhula, esikhundleni sokusika izihlahla zangaphambili kuyisibonakaliso esiqinisekisayo se-eutipiasis;
    • ukubonakala kwesisu esinomhlophe noma esimnyama emzimbeni womvini kusho ukunqotshwa kwesitshalo ngomdlavuza webhaktheriya.
  3. Ukuqhaqhazela, ukwehla kwezithelo, ukususwa kalula kwesitshalo kusuka emhlabathini kanye nezimpande zawo yizibonakaliso zokubola noma umdlavuza webhaktheriya;
    • ukubonakaliswa okufanayo kungabonakala ezihlahleni ezindala ezineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ubudala, imbangela izoba yinto encane.
  4. Ukutholakala kwesikhashana esifushane njengoba ushintsho kwifomu evamile emahlumela amancane kuchazwa yizimpande ezibola, i-fusarium, i-eutipiosis, isifo sikaPierce.
  5. Pasvy ukukhula amahlumela - esinye sezibonakaliso ze-fusarium;
    • i-lateral tillering yomvini kuyisimpawu sokungabi nesifo esithathelwanayo.

Isici esiyinhloko sezifo ezingenasifo ezithinta amagilebhisi yizindawo zendawo: izimpawu azidluliselwa ezitshalweni eziseduze.

Futhi, nakuba kubonakala kwangaphandle kunesimo esesabekayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo, akulula ukuqeda:

    • ukusiza isakhiwo somhlabathi;
    • ukwethulwa kokubunjwa kwawo kwamaminerali alahlekile;
    • ukusiza isitshalo ezikhathini ezinzima zezimo zezulu (isomiso, imvula ende);
    • ukumboza lesi sitshalo kusuka ekushiseni okuphansi (ebusuku, ebusika);
    • ukondla isitshalo esibuthakathaka ngezindaba eziphilayo;
    • ukushintsha yonke indawo yezolimo ukuze ibe ngcono.

Isitshalo esinamandla, esihlungiwe kahle sibhekana nanoma yisiphi isifo. Futhi uma izinyathelo zokuvimbela zokwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo, imishini kanye namakhemikhali zisekhona engadini, ke amathuba okuphila kwe-pathogenic aphansi nakakhulu.

Kodwa nje nje uhlobo lwama-hybrids olwakhiwe kamuva, esakhiweni sofuzo, lapho kusetshenziselwa ukukhethwa, ukuphikiswa kwamafungali nezinye izifo eziphilayo ze-bacterial and viral, unesiqinisekiso esigcwele. Ukukhethwa kwe-varietal ukuvikelwa okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Buka ividiyo mayelana nokuvikela amagilebhisi esiteshini entwasahlobo.

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