Izinkomo zitholakala yisifo sofuba, futhi lesi sifo sibangele ukulimala komnotho wabalimi. Ngokuvamile kunesimo esingapheli futhi kuvame ukungaqondakali. Ngokuvamile kuvame ukuphazamisa amaphaphu, amathumbu, ama-lymph nodes nezinye izitho nama-tissue e-parenchymal. Cabanga nge-pathogen, izimpawu, ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa nokuvimbela isifo sofuba ezinkomeni.
Isizinda semlando
Igama lezifo zesifo sofuba laqaliswa nguLaennec, udokotela waseFrance, kusukela ngo-1819.. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-1869, uVilmen uphenye futhi wabonisa ukuthi lesi sifo sithathelwana futhi singabangela izifo eziwumshayabhuqe.
Ngenkomo, lesi sifo sitholwa ngo-1828, noma kunjalo, izimpawu nezimpawu zachazwa kuphela ngo-1895 futhi zaqanjwa ngamasayense ososayensi, i-enteritis ye-paratubercular enteritis.
Ngo-Mashi 24, 1882, isazi sezinkanyezi esivela eJalimane, uRoch Koch, sodwa futhi sachaza i-causative agent ye-sifo, manje esaziwa ngokuthi i-wand yaKoch.
Ngemuva kokucwaninga okukhulu, wanikeza umhlaba nge-tuberculin, okwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi isifo sofuba sisesiguli. Kulezi zifundo, wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel ngo-1905.
Uyazi? EGrisi lasendulo, inkomo yayivame ukuboniswa ngethole elondla umbele, okufanekisela amandla aphezulu azinikela wona.
I-Pathogen, imithombo nemigwaqo yokutheleleka
Izindwangu ze-Koch zingeqembu lama-bacteria ahlobene we-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba. Lezi zinambuzane zesifo sofuba ziyi-aerobic, okungenayo i-spore-forming, i-microbes-resistant microbes. Ibukeka njengenduku eqondile noma ephihliwe enezilinganiso zika 1-10 microns kumamitha ayi-0.2-0.6.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinkozi zeKoch ezingatholakala ezinkomeni:
- uhlobo lwezinkomo. Izithwala ezisemqoka yizinkomo, kodwa zithunyelwa kalula kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise nabantu;
- ukucindezeleka komuntu. Ngaphandle komuntu, bahlushwa izinkomo, izingulube, nezilwane zasendle. Amakati nezinja akathinteki;
- izinkinga zezinyoni. Kuyabonakala ezinyoni zasendle nezifuywayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zingase zivele ezilwaneni (ngokuvamile kuvame izingulube). Abantu babhekwa kakhulu kakhulu.
Lezi zinhlobo zezinti zingashintshwa futhi zibe ezinye izinhlobo. Zizinzile futhi zinde zihlala zisebenza emvelweni wangaphandle.
Isibonelo, emhlabathini, lezi zinambuzane ziyaqhubeka ezinyangeni ezingu-6, endaweni yemvelo - kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingu-5, endaweni eyomile futhi ekhanyayo - kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili, futhi ekamelweni elimnyama nelomile noma ezifwini ezifuywayo ezingahlala zingakwazi ukuqhubeka unyaka.
Ngezimo zangaphandle ezihle kunazo zonke zokuphila (indawo emanzi, emnyama, efudumele), izifo ezifuywayo zesifo sofuba zingakwazi ukuhlala zingasebenza iminyaka engama-7.
Imishanguzo ese-sputum yezilwane ezifuywayo ezigulayo, ifa ngokuphelele ngokubilisa imizuzu emihlanu. Lezi zinambuzane zizwela izidakamizwa ezine-chlorine kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide.
Funda futhi ngalezi zifo zezinkomo njenge: pasteurellosis, teliasiosis, cysticercosis, brucellosis, aplasmosis, dictiocaulosis, babesiosis.
Kunezindlela ezilandelayo zokutheleleka ngesifo sofuba:
- ivela emoyeni. Umthombo wokutheleleka kulolu cala ngumuntu ogulayo odidekile futhi okhukhumele ngokulandelayo. Amathuba okutheleleka akhula ngezilwane ezinabantu abaningi nasezinqolobaneni ezingenawo umoya;
- feedary. Izinti ze-Koch zingena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokugaya. Isibonelo, lapho isilwane esigulayo nesiphilile sidliwa noma sidakiwe esifubeni esifanayo, umquba wenkomo enegciwane ufaka ukudla noma isiphuzo. Ithole lingatheleleka yenkomo egulayo ngokudla ubisi lwayo;
- pin. Kuhlangane njalo;
- ukungena kwe-intrauterine. Kuvela ngenxa yezilonda ze-placenta noma kwenzeka ngesikhathi kuzalwa inkomo ye-tubercular. Futhi ayingavamile.
Umthombo wokutheleleka ezinkomo ngokuvamile uyisilwane esigulayo - isiputum yayo, umquba, ubisi, umquba nomchamo. Njengoba i-causative agent yesifo sofuba iphikisana kakhulu, udoti olutshani emasimini, amadlelo, izindawo zokunisela ezivamile, izingubo zabasebenzi, amathuluzi okunakekela imfuyo kanye nezinye izinto eziye zaxhumana nabantu abagulayo zingasakazeka.
Izimpawu kanye nenkambo yesifo
Ngenkathi yokungena kokutheleleka emzimbeni, emva kwesikhathi sokugxilwa (amasonto amabili kuya kwangu-6), izimpawu ezilandelayo zingase zenzeke emgodini ogulayo:
- ukushisa komzimba okwandisiwe (kufika ku-40 ° C);
- ukukhwehlela up sputum;
- ukuphefumula; ukuphefumula okukhulu;
- ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo;
- isomile, isikhumba esivulekile.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nezindlela zokugcina izinkomo, okungukuthi: mayelana ne-tethered and loose.
Izimpawu nokutheleleka kwesifo sofuba kuncike endaweni yesikhumba. Ngokwale nqubo, lesi sifo sihlukaniswe ngalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- isifo sofuba. Kwenzeka njalo kaningi futhi izimpawu ezingenhla zihlobene ngokuyinhloko kuye. Ukwelashwa kwezilwane eziphilile kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngamaconsi amanzi nangomathe;
- ifomu lomathumbu. Uma kungumthombo wokutheleleka kwezinye izilwane kuyizinhlanzi. Izimpawu zihlanganisa isifo sohudo esixubene namaqabunga egazi kanye ne-pus, ukukhathala;
- isifo sofuba. Ukwelashwa kwenzeka ngobisi. Ukubelelwa kwenkomo egulayo engxenyeni yangemuva ikhula futhi iba nzima, kuyabuhlungu uma icindezelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-lymph node ngaphezu kwesibeletho nayo izokhuliswa, ama-nipples azobola, ubisi luyokwenziwa ngama-particle wegazi;
- i-intrauterine idivayisi. Ezimeni, leli fomu lihambisana nokukhipha isisu kanye nobungqabavu, nasezinkalweni, ngokuvuvukala nokuvuvukala kwezitho zangasese zangaphandle. Kungadluliselwa ngocansi;
- ifomu elijwayelekile. Ngalo, ukutheleleka kusakazeka ngegazi futhi kuthinta izitho ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zesilwane. Kubonakala nge-lymph nodes ekhulisiwe. Uma ukulimala kwengqondo kuvele esilwaneni, ukukhubazeka nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi kwengezwa izimpawu.
Kubalulekile! Njengoba isifo sofuba ezinkomo ngokuvamile siba nesimo esingapheli noma esingenasifo, izimpawu ezinjalo zingase zingabonakali ngokushesha. Kungathatha inyanga engaphezu kwenyanga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izimpawu zivela ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokutheleleka. Izilwane eziningi ezigulayo azifani nezezinempilo.Ezilwaneni ezincane, inkambo yesifo ingase ibe yinto enzima noma elula. Khona-ke, kulezi zimpawu ezingenhla, ukwanda kwama-lymph nodes kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugaya (ukudonsa noma isifo sohudo) kunganezelwa, ngoba isifo sofuba singakwazi ukukhiqizwa.
Ukuhlonza
Isifo sofuba sivame ukutholakala emva kokubulawa kwesilwane. Kubalulekile kubanikazi bangezimele ukuqapha izimpawu zesifo sofuba, futhi ekutholeni ukuhlolwa kwezifuba ezinkulu kanye naphakathi kumele kwenziwe njalo.
Izindlela nezivivinyo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa:
- indlela epizootological. Kuvela isimo se-epizootic epulazini, izinga lokusabalala kanye nendlela yokutheleleka;
- indlela yokwelashwa. Ukunakwa kudonsela ezinkomba zesifo. Le ndlela ibhekwa njengebalulekile, naphezu kokuthi isifo sofuba singase singabi nhlobo;
- indlela yokwelapha. Indlela evamile kakhulu yokuthola lesi sifo. Izilwane zijojowe nge-0.2 ml yomgomo ogcwele i-tuberculin phakathi kwentamo noma i-sub-tail fold (ukukhiqiza inkunzi) futhi ulinde izinsuku ezingu-3. Uma isayithi lokujova likhule ngamamitha angu-3 noma ngaphezulu, ukuzwela okubuhlungu kubonakala, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, khona-ke umphumela ubhekwa njengokuhle. Ukuhlolwa kwe-tuberculin kwenziwa kabili ngonyaka futhi kunomphumela omuhle, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lwenziwa futhi izinyathelo zithathwa;
- indlela ye-autopsy. I-autopsy eyenziwa ngesilwane esifikile. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa phambi kokuphendula okuhle noma okuphikisanayo ekuhlolweni kwe-tuberculin. Okokuqala, bafuna izinguquko ezibonakalayo zesifo sofuba, bese kuhlolwa izivivinyo.
Uma imiphumela yendlela yokwelapha ingaqondakali, ukuhlolwa kwesibili kwenziwa, imiphumela ehlolwe ngosuku ngemuva kokujola. Kungase kungabi yi-subcutaneous, kodwa okulandelayo:
- intraocular. Ukuze uhlolwe iso, ama-3-5 amaconsi omgogodla angcwatshwa ngaphansi kwejwabu leso eliphansi. Ukubonakala kwe-conjunctivitis emva kwamahora angu-8-9 kubhekwa njengesenzo esihle;
- kungenangqondo. Umjovo wenziwa umvuthwandaba, emva kwalokho isilwane silinganiselwa izinga lokushisa njalo amahora amathathu. Ukwanda kokushisa komzimba ka-0.9 ° C kubonisa umphumela omuhle wokuhlolwa.
Kubalulekile! Isilwane esigulayo noma umuntu onomphumela omuhle we-tuberculin kudingeke ukuba kuthunyelwe ukubulawa.
Izinguquko zesifo
Ekuvuleni kwesiguli ngesifo sofuba, lokhu okulandelayo kubonakala:
- ukubonakala kwezinyosi ezinhlotsheni nezicubu eziphakathi nosayizi kusuka kernel encane kuya eqanda inkukhu. Ngokuvamile izilonda zezinkomo ezithombeni esifubeni, amaphaphu, kaningi-isibindi, isilwane, umbele, amathumbu. Ama-tubercles anjalo anesakhiwo esinamahlumela obukhulu nesisindo sezinhlobo eziphephile phakathi, esizungezwe i-capsule ehlangene;
- kunezinguquko ezinhlanganisweni ze-serous zesiguli sesifuba ne-peritoneum (i-pearl oyster);
- ubuso obunamanzi obukhulu be-pharynx, ubumathumbu buqukethe izimpumputhe kanye nezilonda zamasayizi ahlukene, ezigcwele ubukhulu be-curd futhi ezinezansi eziqinile;
- ezilonda ezinzima, kukhona ukwephula ukushintshaniswa kwegesi emaphashini, i-anemia;
- ezifweni ezinzima zesifo, ukukhathala okukhulu kwenzeka;
- e-course engapheli, i-bronchopneumonia ibonakala.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nezifo zezinkomo.
Kungenzeka yini ukwelapha
Ngeshwa, izidakamizwa eziphumelelayo azikho namuhla, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwelashwa izinkomo ezinegciwane.
Kule ndaba, ukuhlonza kanye nezinyathelo ze-prophylactic zalesi sifo ezinkomeni kufanele ziphathwe ngokugcwele.
Isifo sofuba asikwazi ukukhula esilwaneni esinamasosha omzimba omzimba - kulokhu, i-tuberculosis pathogen ayikhule futhi ingafa ngendlela emele. Kodwa uma lesi sifo siqala ukuthuthuka ngokushesha, isilwane kumele sichithwe.
Uyazi? Unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe wasendulo wezulu, uNuth, waboniswa njengenkomo.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi uphuze ubisi oluvela ezinkomeni ezigciwane?
Ubisi lwezinkomo ezinegciwane lesifo sofuba luyingozi kubantu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, uma kuthiwa zidla, zingatheleleka ngalezi zifo ngo 90-100%.
Kuzoba usizo ukufunda ngezakhiwo zobisi, okungukuthi: ubungani, okuqukethwe kwamanoni, kanye nezakhiwo eziwusizo nezilimazayo zobisi.
I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba simelana nezindawo eziluhlaza. Ngakho-ke, ngobisi olumuncu balondoloza izindawo ezinobungozi izinsuku ezingu-20, emikhiqizo ye-cheese kanye nebhotela - kuze kube unyaka, nase-ayisikhilimu - kuze kube ngu-6.5 iminyaka.
Ezingeni lokushisa elingama-60 ° C, i-mycobacteria ingenele ngaphakathi kwengxenye yehora.
Ubisi obuvela ezifuyweni ezinamahlombe kufanele buphekwe imizuzu engaba ngu-10 bese kusetshenziselwa ukudla izilwane kuphela.
Funda ukuthi ungondla kanjani izinkomo zobisi ngendlela efanele.
Ubisi olutholakala ezinkomeni ezinempilo, kodwa endaweni engafanelekile yalesi sifo, kusetshenzwa ngokuguqulwa kwezinga lokushisa ekushiseni kwe-90 ° C imizuzu emihlanu, futhi ku-85 ° C - okungenani isigamu sehora.
Izitshalo zokucubungula ubisi zivunyelwe ukunikeza ukhilimu kuphela emva kwenqubo yokunakekelwa. Kusukela ezinkomeni ezinomphumela omuhle we-tuberculin, ubisi kumele kubiliswe futhi kusetshenziswe ngaphakathi kwamapulazi aqukethe wona, kodwa ukucubungula ubisi obunjalo kubhotela elicibilikile kuvunyelwe.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinkomo zobisi.
Ukuvimbela kanye nomgomo wokulwa nesifo sofuba
Ukuthuthukiswa kwengculazi kanye ne-prophylaxis ethile kusebenza ngokugonywa kwe-BCG, i-Calmette etholakele uGeren (1924).
Ngalesi sizathu, umgomo uhlinzekwa umjovo ngezikhathi zamasonto amabili ngokulandela imigomo elandelayo:
- i-tubercular toxoid - 0.05-0.07 mg / kg;
- Ukugoma kwe-BCG - 0.05-0.1 mg / kg isisindo somzimba wesilwane.
Ukuvimbela isifo sofuba senziwa ngokulandela imithetho elandelayo ye-sanitary kanye yezilwane:
- Uma uthenga izilwane, kumele ubhalise ngodokotela wezilwane, futhi uthole ithegi ngenombolo yokubhalisa. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamathegi anjalo;
- hlola izinkomo ze-tuberculin ukuhlolwa kabili ngonyaka;
- Yonke imisebenzi nezinkomo (ukuthenga, ukudayiswa, ukunyakaza, ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi nemikhiqizo) kumele kwenziwe kuphela ngemvume nolwazi lwezinhlaka zombuso wezinsiza zezilwane;
- ukuhlomisa izikhungo ezidingekayo zokuqondiswa kwezilwane nezokuhlanzeka;
- ukuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho ye-sanitary lapho ulungiselela ifolishi ukugwema izifo ezithathelwanayo;
- lapho uthola izilwane, kubalulekile ukuba uhlukaniswe phakathi nenyanga ukuthatha konke ukuhlolwa, ukugonywa kanye nokuvimbela amagciwane;
- azise izinsizakalo zezilwane zezifo ezifuywayo zezifo zemfuyo ngesifo sofuba (ukulahlekelwa isisindo, ukuphazamiseka kwesifo sofuba, ukuvuvukala kwe-lymph nodes);
- ukuqhuba izivivinyo zezilwane ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuhlolwa kanye nokwelapha;
- ekuqondeni kwezinsizakalo zezilwane, ukumemezela ukuhlukanisa izilwane nokugula izilwane ezigulayo ngezimali ezifanele;
- ukutholakala ngesikhathi esifanele futhi ususe zonke izithwali ezifihliwe zesifo sofuba. Ukuze wenze lokhu, inzalo yezilwane ezigulayo ivuselelwa kabusha, idliwe futhi ithengiswe inyama ngaphambi kokuba ibe yimithombo yokusakazeka kwesifo;
- gcina izinkomo emagumbini ahlanzekile, amile, njengokugcina emakamelweni amanzi namakhaza angenawo udoti, amathuba okugula ekhuphuka;
- ukuqapha ukudla okuphakeme, ukuwavuna kuphela ezindaweni ezicebileyo, unikeze amavithamini namaminerali adingekayo;
- ukukhomba isigaba sokuqala sesifo ukuthatha amasampula ukuze kuhlaziywe izidumbu emva kokuhlatshwa;
- ukugcina izindinganiso zokuhlanzeka endlini, ukuphulukisa isikhathi esilahlekile ekamelweni, ukubeka indawo yesikhumba, ukuveza zonke izitsha kanye nemishini ukuze ukhiphe kahle futhi ugcine uhlanzekile.
Uyazi? Ngokwesilinganiso, inkomo eyodwa ithola ubisi ngesamba sezinkomishi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200. Umhlambi wezinkomo, onamakhanda angama-60, unikeza ithani lobisi ngosuku olulodwa.Isifo sofuba emitholampilo asiphathwa futhi siyisifo esithathelwanayo. Kungenzeka ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezinzima, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukufeza izinyathelo zokuxilonga nokuzivikela ngesikhathi esifanele.
Le ngqungquthela imelana kakhulu nemvelo yangaphandle, futhi izilwane ezigulayo zibhujiswa, njengoba zingakwazi ukukhonza njengomthombo wokutheleleka kuzo zonke izinkomo kanye nabantu.
Ividiyo: Ukugonywa kwezinkomo zesifo sofuba
