Izinkomo (izinkomo) - enye yezinhlobo eziyigugu kakhulu zezilwane zasepulazini. Ngokwezigaba zezinkomo, kuhlongozwa njengezilwane ezincelisayo, umyalelo we-artiodactyls, i-suborder of ruminants, umndeni wama-bovids kanye ne-subfamily yezinkunzi.
Inhloso eyinhloko yalezi zilwane ukukhiqizwa kwenyama nobisi, ukuthola izicathulo, ngezinye izikhathi uboya, kanye nokudonsa amandla. Ezweni lanamuhla, ukuzalisa izinkomo kukhula ngokwengeziwe.
Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukutshela okuphelele nokufinyeleleka mayelana nezimfanelo zezomnotho nezemvelo zezinkomo.
Umthethosisekelo nangaphandle
Ukwakhiwa komzimba kommeleli wezinkomo kulungiselelwe ukuzalwa futhi kuxhomeke ezimweni zokuboshwa. Ezimayini nasezinkomeni zenkomo, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izilwane ngokwendlela ehlongozwa nguP. M. Kuleshov.
Usosayensi wezilwane wahlukanisa izinkomo zibe izinhlobo ezine zomthethosisekelo:
- Kude. Leli qembu lihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinkomo zokusebenza nokudala. Lesi silwane sibonakala ngenhloko enkulu enezimpondo ezinamandla kanye namasipha amakhulu. Isikhumba esinabantu abaningi ababoshwe izinwele ezinzima. Imisipha eqinile, nezicubu ezinamafutha zithuthukile ngokulinganisela.
- Ubumnene. Abantu ngabanye balolu hlobo babhekwa ngesikhumba esincane, izinwele ezibucayi, imisipha enokulinganisela namathambo alula. Isakhiwo esihle somzimba siyisici sezilwane, kokubili inyama kanye nobisi.
- Tight (eyomile). Izilwane zokwakha ezinomsoco zibhekwa ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu nokuqina okuhle. Isikhumba sincane futhi sinwebeka. I-fatty layer kanye ne-hypodermic cellulose ayitholakali kahle. Amasipha kanye nemisipha inamandla. Leli qembu libaluleke ngokukhethekile phakathi kwabalimi abanolwazi lapho bekhuphula imfuyo kanye nemfuyo yezilwane.
- Okuxekethile (okuluhlaza). Abantu bomthethosisekelo ovulekile banesikhumba esikhudlwana, basungula izicubu ezinamafutha angaphansi, ama-skeleton abuthakathaka, nemisipha enamandla enezwi elincishisiwe. Izinkomo ngokushesha zithola isisindo, okwenza kube lula ukuthola izingxenye zomnikelo wenyama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhiqiza ubisi kulesi simo akukhuliswa ngokwanele.
Kubalulekile! Kudingekile ukuthola ama-cubs phambi kochwepheshe. Umbelethi owaziwayo kuphela noma udokotela wezilwane angakwazi ukwahlulela impilo yedatha yangaphandle, i-gait nezinye izici.
Izinhlobo zomthethosisekelo "ifomu elihlanzekile" azivamile. Ngokuvamile, izici zamaqembu ahlukene zibonakala zihlukahluka. Izilwane ezinjalo zihlukaniswa njengehlobo oluxubene noma oluphakathi. 
Izinqubo ezintsha zezinkomo ezakhiwe ngu Yu. K. Svechin. Ngenxa yesigaba sakhe, usosayensi wathatha izinga lokukhula kanye nokwakhiwa kwe cub ibe umuntu omdala. I-Svechin ihlongozwa izinkomo ezihlukanisayo zibe izinhlobo ezintathu zomthethosisekelo: ngokushesha, ngokulinganisa noma ngokuzenzekelayo izinhlobo.
Kubantu abadala, i-dimorphism yezocansi ishiwo kahle. Izinkunzi zidlula izinkomo ngesisindo esibukhoma ngokwesilinganiso sama-40-50%. Abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngokukhula okuphawulekayo okukhulu, izingxenye zabo zangaphambili zomzimba zithuthuka kakhulu. Ubuningi besilisa noma obusifazana besifazane bubhekwa njengokwehlukana nokujwayelekile.
Izinkomo zibhekene nezinguquko ezihlobene nobudala ekwakheni umzimba. Ngakho-ke, ama-cubs azalwa enezindebe ezinde, umzimba omfushane nesigqamile, ophelile ekugcineni.
Uyazi? Inkomo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni inesisindo esingu-2,270 kilogram. Igama lakhe yiNtaba iKapadin. E-girth yayingamamitha angaba ngu-4, futhi lapho ibuna - imitha eyi-88 ngamasentimitha angu-88.
Isilinganiso esiphila ngesisindo somuntu osanda kuzalwa singama-6-8% esisisindo sesilwane lapho sikhulile, ubude bomkhawulo buba ngu-70%, ubude obunama-55%, ububanzi bomzimba buyi-30-35%, ukujula nobude bomzimba ngu-40-45% wezinto ezihambelana nazo ubukhulu besilwane esikhulile. Njengoba uneminyaka yobudala, ingaphandle iyakushintsha kancane kancane ngenxa yezinga elihlukile lokubunjwa kwamathambo, kanye nezitho kanye nezicubu zomuntu ngamunye. 
Uhlelo lokugaya nokucubungula kokudla
Imfuyo yezinkomo isetshenziselwa ukugaya inqwaba yokudla kwemifino. I-KRS ihlanganisiwe eqenjini lama-ruminants enezitho zamathambo amaningi. Lokhu kungenxa yalokhu okungajwayelekile ukuthi izilwane zingakwazi ukuqonda i-fiber, equkethe inqwaba yeziqu kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo.
Ipheshana lokugaya liqala ngokuvulwa komlomo okukhawulelwe ezindebe. Kulandelwa umlomo womlomo lapho ulimi lukhona khona. Izinsipho ezitholakalayo olimini zisiza ukuhlola ukudla kuze kube mnandi.
Amazinyo angaphambili (incisors) ezinkomo kuphela emhlathini ophansi. Ngesikhathi sokudla, isilwane esinama-incisors aphansi sinyathela utshani kuya emagunyeni omhlathi osenhla bese usikhipha. Emgodini womlomo, utshani bubekwe amazinyo futhi buhanjiswe ngamathe.
Kuzokusiza ukuba ufunde ngalokho okudingeka kwenziwe uma inkomo ibuthiwe noma idle inyama echotshoziwe.
Isisu sesisu sinekhampasi, inetha, incwadi kanye ne-abomasum (isisu sangempela), amanye amakamelo amathathu abizwa ngokuthi ama-foregutts. Kubantu abadala, umthamo wokulimala ulinganiselwa ku-80% wevolumu yomthamo wesisu. I-saliva isondlo esithambile ingena ebucayi.
Izinhlayiya eziphansi emhlabathini zibuyela emuva emgodini womlomo, zihlafuna futhi zigwinya. Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-microbiological zenzeka ku-rumen, ngenxa yokudla okuvutshiwe. 
Isakhiwo senkomo yokugaya inyama Kusukela ku-rumen ukudla kokudla kufaka inetha. I-membrane enamaqabunga e-mesh ifana ne-honeycomb: izinhlayiya ezinkulu zokudla zihlala lapha. Ukudla okungenamkhawulo okwephukile okwenziwe ngama-coarse feed kwenzeka engxenyeni yangaphambili yenetha, okuvuselela ukuhlaziya ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Kusuka egridi, i-gruel iyadlula kuqala encwadini, bese isetshenziselwa ukucubungula ama-mechanical kanye nama-biological. Ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwezakhi zomzimba kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nezilwane ezinesisu esisodwa esisodwa.
Okokuthi, izixuku zokudla ziwela e-abomasum, lapho zihlukaniswa khona yi-hydrochloric acid ne-pepsin. Khona-ke i-gruel emithini encane ifinyelela emathunjini amancane. Lapha i-villi ye-membrane yamangqamuzana idonsa imikhiqizo yokubola yezakhi.
Kubalulekile! Ukuzalanisa ngempumelelo izinkomo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ube nesisekelo sokudla okuqinile. Ukudla ngezikhathi ezithile emanzini ocebile ezitshalweni kusiza ukuzuza okuhle. Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa izithasiselo zokuphakelayo: feed, beet, amaqebelengwane, silage, okusanhlamvu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzeka ngesikhathi samanzi amasha.Izinto ezilula ezidlulele egazini namanzi zihamba esibindi, bese uhamba ngegazi enhliziyweni, emaphaphu bese usakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba. Isigaba sokugcina sokumunca kwezakhi ezitholakala emathunjini amakhulu.
Ividiyo: umsebenzi wesisu se-ruminants
Ukukhiqiza izinkomo
Namuhla izinkomo zikhiqiza kakhulu, izinhlobo ezifuywayo zezinkomo, izibungu, ama-yaks nezinye izilwane. Lapho ezalisa lezi zilwane zasemapulazini, umuntu uzinikela ngemikhiqizo yokudla ebalulekile (ubisi nenyama).
Ubisi
Emikhiqizweni yemifino yezimbuzi inenani elikhulu kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi kowesifazane kuboniswa izici zokulinganisa neziqu zobisi. Isikhathi esinikeza ubisi, okungukuthi, isikhathi esivela ku-calving kuze kube sekupheleni ubisi ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya ze-mammary, kubizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi se-lactation.
Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zezinkomo zobisi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana neYaroslavl, iKhommory, i-redppe, iDutch, i-Ayrshire ne-Holstein.
Isikhathi salesi sigaba ezinkomeni yizinyanga ezingu-10 (izinsuku ezingu-300-305). Inkomo yesimanje yenkomo ingakhiqiza cishe amalitha angama-80 ubisi obugcwele ngosuku, okuyizinkulungwane ezingu-24 zamalitha ubisi ngesikhathi sokulahlwa. Ukubaluleka kokubilisa kwebisi kudlula konke okunye okutholakala emvelweni. 
Ubisi lwezinyosi lufakwe ngumzimba womuntu ngo-95-98%. Iqukethe amaprotheni anenzuzo, lipids, ama-carbohydrate, amaminerali nezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo (amavithamini, ama-enzyme, amahomoni). Kodwa izingxenye ezinjalo zobisi njenge-casein nobisi ushukela awutholakali kwenye indawo emikhiqizweni yemvelo.
Izici eziningi zithonya umkhiqizo wezobisi, kokubili ezifa kanye nezingafa:
- Ezimweni eziningi, ubisi obuhle bukhiqizwa ngenxa yokudla okunekhwalithi ephakeme futhi ejwayelekile, kanye nokunakekelwa kahle kwesilwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukudla okulinganiselayo ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokudlelwa kanye nesikhathi esomile.
- Ubudala bezilwane bubathinta nokukhiqiza ubisi. Izinsizwa ezincane zikhiqiza ubisi obuncane kunabantu abaye baqeda ukukhula. Ezinkathini, isikhathi sokukhula sithatha iminyaka engaba ngu-5, ngakho-ke kuze kube yi-5th noma 6th lactation ukwandisa ubisi lwezinkomo kukhula, bese kuthi iminyaka eminingana ihlala ezingeni elifanayo, futhi kusukela ku-8th noma 9th lactation ithla kancane. Ngezimo zangaphandle ezikhangayo, ubisi obukhulu obunayo bungagcinwa uma uneminyaka engu-12-15.
- Isisindo esiphilayo sesilwane sinomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizeni ubisi. Ukunyuka kwesisindo semfuyo kuya ezingeni eliphezulu (kuye ngokuthi uhlanga) kunomthelela omuhle ekukhiqizeni ubisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudlula kwalesi sibonakaliso kubonisa ukuthambekela kokukhuluphala.
- Indima ebalulekile idlalwe yisikhathi sokuqedwa kokuqala. Izinkukhu kufanele zisatshenziswe ezinyangeni eziyi-16-18, kanti isisindo sabo esibukhoma kufanele sibe ngu-340-400 kg, okungukuthi, isisindo esibukhoma somuntu omdala esingu-70%. Ngakho-ke, ukukholisa izinkomo kufanele kwenzeke ezinyangeni ezingama-27 ezingakapheli.
Inyama
Ekuhlatshweni kwezinkomo, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunama-48-63%, ukukhiqizwa kwezicubu ze-adipose kusuka ku-2 ukuya ku-14% wesisindo esiphezulu sesidumbu, kanti ukuvunwa kwamathambo okuphakathi kuya 18-20%. Inani lokudla okunomsoco lilinganiswa ngokuqukethwe kwekhalori. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinyama, izinga lokunciphisa umzimba, kanye nezici zekhwalithi yezinyama ziyahlukahluka ngokuya kohlobo lwezilwane, ubudala, amanoni, nobulili.
Izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo zenyama ziveza imiphumela ephakeme kakhulu (isibonelo, isiKalmyk, i-Hereford, i-white-headed, i-Aberdeen-Angus, iLimuzinskaya, Shorthorn). Imfuyo yohlobo lwezobisi kanye ehlangene ayiphumeli kancane.
I-fattening ye-beef bull breed kakhulu inciphisa kokubili izindleko zesikhathi kanye nokudla izindleko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhishwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kusuka ekuhlatshweni komuntu oyisisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-500 ngu-65%. Izinkomba ezinjalo ziqinisekisa inzuzo ephezulu nenzuzo yebhizinisi.
Uyazi? Izinkomo zine-panoramic 360-degree view, ezivumela ukuba zibone indlela yomuntu noma umhlambi ovela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babona imibala emibili kuphela - obomvu nokuhlaza.Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kuthonywa kakhulu yizimo zokukhulisa izingane, nokudla nokugcina abantu abadala. Ukudla okunomsoco nokuphelele kuhlinzeka ngemali ephakeme nsuku zonke.
Uma izinkomo ezikhulile zikhulile, ukwanda kungu-850-1000 g, kanti izinga lokukhula lalabasha liyi-1200-1500 g. Uma izinkomo zithola izingxenye ezilinganisiwe zokudla, inzuzo ejwayelekile yansuku zonke ngeke idlulele ku-400-500 g.Ukuzingela ngokobulili nokuzingela ngokocansi
Emva kokuzala (ukubeletha), isiteji sokuzingela sowesifazane siqala kakade emva kwezinsuku ezingu-21-28, futhi kufanele sisetshenziswe ngalesi sikhathi. Ukuvuza (ukukhulelwa kwamanzi okugoma) kuqala cishe amahora angu-15 ngaphambi kokuqala kokuzingela (ukusabela okuhle kumuntu). Ngalesi sikhathi, umlomo wesibeletho ubonakala.
Ekupheleni kwe-estrus, izimfihlo ziba yi-turbid, okubonisa ukulahlwa kwamangqamuzana e-epithelial kumadivayisi okusebenza. I-estrus evamile kufanele ihlale emahoreni angu-30 (amahora angu-10 kuya ku-56). Kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, ukuzingelwa kwesifazane kungadlulela emahoreni amathathu kuya kwezinsuku eyodwa nengxenye.
Akunakwenzeka ukubona ukuzingelwa, i-estrus kuphela nokuvusa ngocansi kuyabonakala. Lesi sigaba singathathwa kuphela ngosizo lwesondlo sesilisa noma owesilisa ogcwele. Noma, ungakwazi cishe ukulinganisela ukuqala kokuzingela ngokusekelwe ezimpawu ezibonakalayo.
Zijwayeze ngezindlela zokuqothula izinkomo ekhaya.
Insikazi idla okubi kakhulu, ihlala ingenasiphelo, iyanciphisa ukuvunwa kisi, futhi izitho zangasese zangaphandle zibomvu futhi zivule. Insikazi ekuzingeleni ayibonisi nje isifiso sokusondelana nendoda, kodwa futhi imvumela ukuba enze isikhala. Ingxenye yesibili yokuzingela yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokusakaza.
Ividiyo: insemination yezinkomo I-sperm eyethulwa emgodini wokubeletha phakathi nalesi sikhathi yandisa ithuba lokukhulelwa kweqanda. Kungabonakala ukuthi owesifazane uyaphonsa emuva, aphakamise futhi akhiphe umsila eceleni. Kukhona ukuvuthwa okuvamile ngezigaba ezincane. Ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuphela kokuzingela, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lomama lihla nge-1-1.5 ° C.
Uyazi? Abalandeli benkolo yamaHindu babheka inkomo ukuba ibe isilwane esingcwele, ngakho-ke isilonda eNdiya sihlawuliswa ngezimali ezinhlelweni ezingu-10 000 zamaRiphili ($ 160). Futhi ngenxa yokubulawa kwalesi silwane umuntu angathola isigwebo sejele (kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu).
Ekuphetheni, izinkomo zibhekene nokukhuthazela, ukuzithoba nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukuze kuzalwe lezi zilwane kunenzuzo futhi kulula. Kodwa ngaphambi kokudinga ukufunda ngabo ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi unqume kusengaphambili ukuthi yikuphi okufunayo ukugcina izinkomo. Sithemba ukuthi isibuyekezo sethu esifushane siphendule imibuzo yakho.
