Bonke labo abathintekayo ekutshalweni kokulima kanye nokutshala minyaka yonke kwezitshalo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo babhekene nenkinga yokulahlekelwa kwenhlabathi, ukuchithwa kokubunjwa kwamaminerali kanye nokuhluleka ukukhiqiza izitshalo nje ngonyaka olandelayo emva kwesizini sokuqala segadi. Ukuqeda le nkinga, kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezakhiwe, kufaka phakathi ukukhulelwa, ukukhulula inhlabathi, kanye nokutshala izitshalo ezahlukene ze-sideratnyh ebusika. Futhi sizoxoxa ngendlela yokugcina kule ngqikithi, sibheke izinkomba ezihlukahlukene zale teknoloji.
Kungcono nini ukuhlala
Isikhathi lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhiqiza izimila ze-sideratny kubhekwa njengezinkathi ezine zonyaka: entwasahlobo, ehlobo, ekwindla nasebusika. 
Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abalimi nabalimi abanolwazi bavame ukusebenzisa izitshalo zasebusika njengomquba ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okubonisa ukuthi kulesi sikhathi ukuthi kunconywa ukutshala ukuze kulungiswe umhlaba ngenkathi entsha, okuqala entwasahlobo futhi iphele ekwindla.
Nokho, ebusika, izivande, njengoba umthetho, zingenalutho, futhi ngalesi sikhathi ungathatha izinyathelo ezidingekile zokugcina ukuzala nokulinganisela emhlabathini.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze siderata ingaphenduliwa ukhula, isiko kufanele sitshalwe kuze kube mzuzu imbewu ephuma ezindlebeni. Kulokhu, isiko somquba oluhlaza luyakwazi ukuhlwanyelwa uma selufinyelele ngamasentimitha angama-20 kuya ku-30 ukuphakama noma ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Izinto ezingasetshenziswa zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa noma ukwenza okuthiwa "oluhlaza" Umanyolo emhlabathini.
Izinzuzo kanye nezinkinga ezingenzeka zokuhlwanyela ekwindla
Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokutshala izitshalo kubhekwe njengekwindla sekwephuzile, ngemuva kokuba isivuno sesivunyiwe ngokugcwele, futhi ingadi isusiwe izitshalo futhi ilungele ukubusika. 
Le nkathi yokutshala ibhekwa njengenhle kakhulu ngoba inezinzuzo eziningana, okungukuthi:
- Ukhulula isikhathi lapho uhlwanyela futhi utshala izitshalo zasensimini ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (iklabishi yokuqala, izaqathe, amazambane nabanye);
- ludlulisa isikhathi sezingxenye zomhlabathi (kuze kufike ngoMeyi), okusiza ukukhulula uhlelo lwezitshalo zezitshalo, ukukhululwa okweziwe kwama-saleral amaminerali okudingekayo ukujikeleza kwezitshalo eziseduze;
- inqwaba eluhlaza eluhlaza iyisivikelo esihle ngokushisa kwelanga lokushisa nokushisa, futhi emva kokugaya futhi kuyisembozo sekhava.
Kulezi zimayini, kungenzeka ukuveza kuphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izitshalo ezivimbela amaqhwa anamandla asezindaweni ezisenyakatho, ngakho-ke ingxenye noma sonke isitshalo singafa futhi ngaphandle kokunikeza imiphumela ekulindelekile.
Izinzuzo ze-sideratov ebusika
I-subspecies ngayinye yezilimo zomquba ezihlaza zinezici ezinhle, kepha zonke ziyakwazi ukucwilisa inhlabathi nge nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezinto ezincane eziwusizo, okubalulekile ekukhuleni okuphumelelayo nokusebenzayo kwezitshalo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo nezensimu. 
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-siderata iyindlela enhle kakhulu yokulwa nezinambuzane ezingaphansi komhlaba nasemhlabathini.
I-Siderats ayinakuzithoba ekunakekeleni futhi imelana nokushisa kwamazinga okushisa kanye nokuxhaswa kwabo okujulile ekuqondeni kweqhwa nokushisa.
Uyazi? Umhlabathi kancane kancane uqoqa usawoti lapho kusetshenziselwa umquba wokufakelwa, okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukulima nokutshala okwenziwe ngcono ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno. Umphumela we-salinization enhlabathini ngokweqile ukwehla okukhulu kwekhwalithi yabo kanye nokukhiqiza okungalungile kwazo zonke izitshalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokucindezeleka kwemifino yemifino ngokwandisa ukulinganisa usawoti. Kodwa yizibungu ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuselelweni kwamaminerali ezakhiwa emkhakheni ophezulu wenhlabathi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala ubusika bezingxenye
Omunye wemithetho esemqoka lapho ukutshala izidakamizwa kuyisidingo sokuhlwanyela ngangokunokwenzeka ngangokunokwenzeka, ukujulisa imbewu, ngokuya ngobukhulu bezinhlamvu, amaminithi angu-2-4 emhlabathini. 
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezincomo eziningana ezifingqiwe ohlwini olulandelayo:
- Ngokuvamile, ukuhlwanyela kusebenza ngokukhiqiza izitshalo zokushisa zasebusika kwenziwa, kuhlakazwa izinhlamvu phezu kwendawo ngokungahleliwe. Ngezinye izikhathi futhi kusetshenziselwa izinsimbi zangaphambi kokugubha, ezihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ezinye izinhlanga ezitshalwe esikhathini esizayo zibekwa phakathi kwemigqa yezingxenye.
- Kungenzeka ukuthi uqale ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezimbiza enhlabathini ngokushesha, njengoba izitshalo zokugcina zensimu zisuswe ngasekupheleni kwekwindla.
- Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlwanyela, ukhula ngokucophelela endaweni, ususe ukhula kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo ezedlule (izintonga, ama-rhizomes, amaqabunga, njll.)
- Uma kwenzeka ukuthi isakhiwo sezwe siphelile kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuqala ukufaka umquba we-nitroammophos kanye ne-phosphorus-potassium ngesilinganiso sika-30-40 g / sq. m
- Uma umhlabathi udinga, ungakwazi ukumba indawo endaweni ye-bayonet. Le nqubo ingashintshwa ngokukhishwa okuvamile komhlabathi ngosizo lokususa kanye ne-rake.
- Uma umhlaba usuphelile, ukuchelela kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokutshala amasiko ase-sideratny.
- Uma ingadi ingenalutho ngaphambi kukaNovemba, khona-ke indlela yokutshala kabili izingxenye zingasetshenziswa. Umkhankaso wokuhlwanyela wokuqala kufanele wenziwe ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, usebenzisa izitshalo ngesikhashana esifushane sokukhula nentuthuko, njengezinambuzane, i-peas, ibhali kanye nabanye abaningi. Lapho nje amahlumela awo efinyelela ukuphakama kwama-20-25 amasentimitha, imifino kufanele ikhwekwe. Zonke iziqu kanye namahlamvu kufanele zicutshungulwe zibe yi-mulch, emva kwalokho umanyolo obangelwayo uhlakazekile kuyo yonke indawo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala kwama-pores abandayo, lokhu kuluhlaza kuzoba nesikhathi sokuguqula i-humus bese kutshalwa ingadi yemifino. Umanyolo onjalo uyokhipha inqwaba yamakhemikhali e-amaminerali enhlabathini futhi awunelise ngezindaba eziphilayo.
- Ukuhlwanyela kwesibili emva kokuvuna izitshalo zakuqala kufanele kwenziwe ngomquba obusika obusika eminyakeni eyishumi nambili ka-Okthoba. Izitshalo ezifana ne-clover, i-vetch, i-rye yebusika kanye nezinye izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukulimala. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa esinamandla, lezi zitshalo zinesikhathi sokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwempande olunamandla futhi zithole ukukhula namandla. Ngenxa yalesi sibopho somhlabathi, umhlaba uvikelwe emoyeni, futhi iqhwa, eliyisimungulu semvelo, liyagcinwa. Ngentwasahlobo, i-siderat ehluma kabusha isiza ukugcina umswakama emhlabeni futhi iyaqhubeka nokunikeza izingxenye ezingenhla zenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali, lapho i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokulima, ungafafaza insimu kanye nezinsalela ze-mulch. Ngenxa ye-mulching, izimo ezamukelekayo kakhulu zizokwenziwa ukuchithwa ngempumelelo komsuka wezimpande, okuhlala emhlabathini. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, ungaqala ukuhlwanyela ngezithelo zakudala nezitshalo ze-horticultural.
Kubalulekile! Lapho entwasahlobo ulima umhlaba kanye nezinsalela zemifino eluhlaza ebusika, kubalulekile ukuthi ungalutholi umhlabathi. Uma ubukhulu obuhlaza obuningi buhlala emhlabathini, buzobola lapho kutholakala umswakama nokushisa, kukhishwa iphunga elimnandi elimuncu futhi lisetshe inhlabathi. Kungcono ukususa ikhava eluhlaza ye-sideratov ehlume ngaphambi kokulima, ukuze kungabonakali wonke umsebenzi owenziwe. Imifino ingafakwa phezu kwenqwaba yokwakha umquba: ngakho ungasebenzisa isiko lomquba oluhlaza kuwo wonke amafomu afanelekayo.
Ngomuthi ojwayelekile (kulisny) ohlwanyela entwasahlobo, inqwaba ephezulu ingeniswa, iphonswe esiteshini, ihlanganiswe kahle emhlabathini, futhi emva kwamasonto amabili izitshalo eziyinhloko zemifino zihlwanyelwe noma zihlwanyelwe endaweni.
Amasiko okuhlwanyela ngaphansi kwebusika njenge-sideratov
Kuye ngokuthi yimaphi imigomo okudingayo ukunquma ngesakhiwo sakho siqu, kufanele ukhethe isiko, izinzuzo ezizosiza ukubhekana nale nkinga. 
Ngakho, ukuze ukhulule inhlabathi kuzodingeka usebenzise i-rye noma isinaphi, i-rapeseed izokusiza ukunqoba izilonda ezibolile nokuqhuma kwesikhumba, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwayo nama-oats noma ama-marigold kuzosebenza ngempumelelo nakakhulu.
I-clover, i-vetch, isardard noma i-alfalfa inqwabelana kakhulu nenhlabathi, kodwa ngezinambuzane ezicasulayo ezithinta engadini, i-calendula noma i-phacelia ikwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo.
I-buckwheat, i-alfalfa, i-clover enhle, i-phacelia, ne-lupine nayo isetshenziswa njenge-siderata.
Ake sibheke ngokucophelela ngezinhlobo eziningi ezithandwa kakhulu emanzini omdabu ebusika.
Winter rye
I-Rye ibhekwa njengomunye wemifantu eluhlaza kakhulu ebusika obuhlaza kakhulu. Uma uhlwanyela imbewu yayo ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma phakathi kwekwindla, khona-ke yiqhwa kuyoba nesikhathi sokuthola amandla anele nokwandisa uhlelo lwayo lwempande ukuze kube nobusika obuphumelelayo. 
Entwasahlobo, izitshalo zalo zizohamba masinyane isithwathwa kanye nesonto ngemuva kokushisa kwesimo sezulu, isayithi lakho lizophendulela elihlaza nge amahlumela amancane ka-rye. Uma ukuphakama kwabo kufinyelela kuma-20-25 amasentimitha, ungasebenzisa umcibisholo noma umcibisholo wensimbi ukuze uhlele indawo futhi uyenze ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ungabamba isakhiwo nge-rye, uguqule izitshalo phansi ukuze utshale inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala ingadi yemifino. Phakathi kwezinzuzo ze rye ryebusika, ungafaka ukunganaki uhlobo lomhlabathi nokunganakwa okuphelele ekunakekeleni.
Ibuye inikeze inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, elibuye libe nethonya elikhiqizayo engadini. Phakathi kokushiyeka yiqiniso lokuthi i-rye ayiyondli inhlabathi nge-nitrogen.
Ukuhlwanyela i-siderat enjalo akufanele kube mnandi kakhulu, ngoba kuyobe kunzima ukumba isakhiwo esinjalo. Kungcono ukuhlwanyela i-rye ngemigqa, ukujulisa imbewu ngamamentimitha angu-4-5 emhlabathini. Ibanga eliphakathi kwemifula kufanele libe ngamasentimitha angu-15. 
Oats
Phakathi kwezinzuzo zalo ezingenakunqotshwa yilokhu: ukukhulula inhlabathi, ukulawula izinambuzane kanye nokhula, kugcwalisa umhlaba ngezici ezilandelanayo eziwusizo, kuhlanganise ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium, kanye nokucindezela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithi yokuguquka kwenhlabathi.
Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhlwanyela ama-oats sizoba ngekwindla kusenesikhathi, ngakho-ke isitshalo sinesikhathi sokuthola amandla ngaphambi kokushisa kwezulu. Ukushisa ama-oats kahle, ukugcina zonke izakhi zokulandelela ezidingekayo emhlabathini futhi ubambe isembozo seqhwa.
Esikhathini samasiko entwasahlobo ngokushesha siqala ukuhluma. Ibuye isebenzise ukulawulwa kokuphakama kwamasentimitha angu-20, emva kwalokho okudingekayo okuluhlaza okweluhlaza. I-oat yindlela ehle kakhulu yokugcina yonke indawo ensimini.
Ingahlanganiswa nanoma yiziphi ezinye izici ze-sideratny, ngaleyo ndlela zandisa izinzuzo zayo. 
Ungatshala ama-oats emikhawulweni, okufanele ibe khona, njengokwesimo se-rye, ebangeni elingamamitha angu-15. Ukujula kwemifula enjalo akumele kudlule u-5-7 amasentimitha. I-oats ayikhethi ngokuphathelene nenhlabathi nokunakekelwa okwengeziwe.
Ukudlwengulwa kwebusika
Ukudlwengulwa kwebusika kungcono kakhulu futhi kungenakuguquguquka ekushintsheni kokushisa okutshala ukwedlula u-rye. Futhi kuye kuyoba yingozi ikakhulukazi ukuba ne-umswakama ngokweqile, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukutshala indawo enjalo kuphela emhlabathini owomile.
Kunconywa ukutshala ezindaweni ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme, njengoba izingxenye eziphansi zivame ukukhukhula ngesikhathi sokuqhaqhazela kweqhwa, futhi umswakama ngokweqile uzoholela ekuqotheni kwe-rhizome nokufa kwazo zonke izitshalo.
Futhi, uma ubusika bebukhuni kakhulu, kufanele uphonsa iqhwa eliningi epulazini elitshalwe ngodlwengulo ukuze izimpande zalo zingafaki. 
Kukhona ukudlwengulwa kanye nezinzuzo zayo - kuthuthukisa umhlaba nge nitrogen, phosphorus kanye ne-potassium, okubalulekile ekukhuleni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo.
Hlwanyela isidingo esinjalo esingaba ngamasentimitha angu-2-3 ububanzi, noma umane ususe indawo ngendlela ecasulayo. Lesi siko sinezimpande ezingenakuphazamisa ukumba entwasahlobo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala kwalesi nqubo, udlwengulo kufanele lugwetshwe, lungashiyi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-3-5 emifino engaphezulu komhlaba. Noma yini ehlwanyelwe ingasetshenziswa njenge-mulch noma ifakwe enqwabeni yokwakha umquba.
Uyazi? Ngokusho kochwepheshe be-World Health Organization, izwe minyaka yonke lilahlekelwa amahektha angu-6-7 wezizwe ezivundile. Ngokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu (becabanga ukuthi umuntu oyedwa udinga amahektare angu-0.3), kufanele kuhlungwe amahektha angu-18-21 wezigidi ngonyaka, ngaphandle kwaleyo mhlabathi ephuma esikhwameni sezolimo. Ngakho, ukuzala kwenhlabathi etholakalayo kwanele iminyaka engu-30-35. Ngoba kubalulekile ukunganaki isidingo sokugcina umhlaba ngendlela efanele.
I-winter vetch
Ubusika obusika obuvela emndenini we-legumes yi-siderarat enhle kakhulu, ekwazi ukubhekana nezinambuzane eziningana ezicasulayo, njengebheyi noma ama-aphid, kanye nokunikeza usizo olusebenzayo ekulawuleni ukhula. 
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Vika yisisombululo esiphezulu sokunciphisa umhlaba: kuyogcwalisa insimu nge nitrogen, phosphorus kanye ne-potassium, kanye nezinye izici ezilandelanayo ezibalulekile.
Phakathi kokungalungi kukhona isidingo sokutshala enhlabathini enomanzi bese ulondoloza kulesi simo. I-Vika ayibekezelelani inhlabathi eyomile, ngokungafani nokudlwengulwa kwebusika. Enye yezinzuzo zebusika i-wiki yikhona elihle kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo namanye ama-sideratami.
Kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nama-oats, i-rye, i-superkitsey namanye amakhambi. I-Vika inikela ekutshalweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zensimu, ngaphandle kwezihlobo zazo, ezihlanganisa zonke izidakamizwa zezitshalo.
I-vetch ye-Plant kufanele ibe indlela evulekile, ijulise imbewu ngamasentimitha angu-1-3. Udinga ukutshala enhlabathini enomanzi iminyaka emibili kuya kwezingu-2-2.5 ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibanda, okungukuthi, ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti noma ekuqaleni kuka-Septhemba. 
Entwasahlobo, isiko sitshalwe lapho sifinyelela emaqabunga awo ama-20 cm ubude, bese sigubha. Amahlamvu awo ayi-fertilizer ehle kakhulu kuwo wonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi.
Njengomanyolo ophilayo, utshani, amathambo nesidlo sezinhlanzi, amasondo obisi, amazambane amazambane, amaqanda amaqanda, i-anyanisi ikhasi, izinambuzane nazo ziyasetshenziswa.
I-Colza
Ukuvuna ukutshala izitshalo ezinomzimba kunezici eziningi ezinhle njenge-siderat futhi ezingenakuzithoba ezimweni zokulima. Into esemqoka okufanele inakekelwe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela i-colza, iyinani elanele elungile lomhlabathi.
Kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo, hhayi uhlobo lomhlabathi, noma ibhalansi ye-asidi, noma ukutholakala nokhula noma ezinye izinambuzane ezinambuzane ezisabisa ukudlwengulwa.
Lo mquba ohlaza okwakhukhula kahle emhlabeni, ususa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo, futhi uyondla inhlabathi ngamaminerali nezakhi ezibalulekile. Ukudlwengula kungcono ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuvuna, maphakathi no-Okthoba. 
Ubuningi bayo obuhlaza buthola amandla ngokushesha, ngakho-ke luzobe luqinile futhi luqine yi-frosts yokuqala engathí sina. Ukutshala kwenziwa emigqeni, ukujulisa imbewu ezingeni eliphakathi kwamamitha angu-5-6.
Ngemuva komsele kumele kuhlanganiswe umhlaba ovulekile futhi uhambisane ne-roller ekhethekile, isitshalo noma ukucindezela okuncane ngendiza yesikhwama sezinyawo. Ngentwasahlobo, izithombo zitshalwe, emva kwalokho zilima umhlabathi, zijulise izitshalo zibe semhlabathini njengomanyolo ophilayo.
Umvalo omhlophe
Umasipha omhlophe ungomunye wezimbambo ezimbalwa ezingadingi ukulima okunye emhlabathini. Iqiniso liwukuthi amahlumela nezimpande zawo ziyafa ngesikhathi seqhwa ebusika, kodwa zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wazo, zigcina izinto eziwusizo enhlabathini futhi zigcwalise nge nitrogen.
Into kuphela okudingeka ihlolwe ngayo ukungabekezelelani kwemasipha omhlophe kuya enhlabathini enomsoco futhi enomhlabathi, kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo, kufanelana ngokuphelele. Futhi, le ngxenye ihlangene ngokuphelele nenani labanye, kuhlanganise nabo bonke abalwe kusihloko sethu. 
Umasipha omhlophe kufanele utshalwe ekujuleni kuka-3-4 cm, ukusabalalisa komzimba nakho kuvunyelwe. Njengenye i-sideratam, isinaphi kufanele isitshalwe kuze kube yilapho iqala ukuqhakaza bese imbewu iqala ukuvuthwa. Isikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza komhlaba siwukuphela kuka-Agasti.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ungalondoloza kanjani ukwakhiwa kwamaminerali enhlabathi ngokutshala izitshalo ze-sideratnyh emhlabathini ngaphambi kokuqala kwasebusika futhi uzilungiselele inkathi entsha yensimu.
Isiko ngasinye esichazwe kulesi sihloko sinamathuba nezinzuzo, kepha kuzo zonke kuzosiza ukubhekana nenkinga yokuvuselelwa kokubunjwa kwenhlabathi kusukela ngenkathi kuze kube yonyaka.
