Noma ubani ongaqondi amakhowe, unomkhawulo ekuthengeni kwakhe esitolo. Phela, ama-mushroom nama-oyster amakhowe, akhule ngaphansi kwelanga elenziweyo, avuselela ukuzethemba ngaphezu kwezipho ezingokwemvelo ezingaziwa. Kodwa abaqoqi be-mushroom beqiniso ngeke bakwazi ukwaneliswa ukunambitheka kwezithelo okungabheki izinaliti futhi hhayi ukugezwa emazolo amasa. Yebo, futhi uziphike ukuhamba kwamahlathi ngosuku olucacile kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho ake sihlolisise izibonakaliso zangaphandle zamakhowe adumile adla esifundeni sethu.
Izici eziyinhloko zamakhowe ezidliwayo
Zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo neziphilayo ze-planetary scale fungi akunakwenzeka ukuba zifinyelele. Lokhu kungenye yeqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke eziphilayo eziphilayo, okuye kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni nasemanzini. Ososayensi banamuhla bayazazi izinhlobo eziningi zombuso wama-mushroom, kodwa namuhla ayikho inombolo eqondile kunoma imuphi umthombo wesayensi. Ezincwadini ezehlukene, inani lezinhlobo zamakhowe lihluka kusuka ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 kuya ku-1.5. Kuyisici ukuthi izinhlobo zonke zihlukaniswe ngezigaba, imiyalelo, futhi kunezinkulungwane zamagama ajwayelekile kanye nezilinganiso. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa lapha kulula nje njengasehlathini.
Uyazi? I-fungus engavamile kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele ibuka i-plasmodium, ekhula ephakathi neRussia. Lesi sidalwa semvelo singahamba. Iqiniso, lihamba ngesivinini se-1 imitha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.Amakhowe adlawayo acatshangwa ukuthi yilowo ma-specimens avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa futhi angabi nengozi empilweni yabantu. Zihlukile izithelo zehlathi ezinobuthi ngesakhiwo se-hymenophore, umbala nesimo somzimba wesithelo, kanye nokuhogela nokunambitha. Ukuzikhethela kwabo yizindawo eziphezulu ze-gastronomic. Akumangalisi ukuthi phakathi kwabaqoqi be-mushroom kunegama elifanayo lamakhowe - "inyama yemifino" kanye "ne-squirrel ehlathini".
Ukuhlangabezana nezinhlobo ezidliwayo zamakhowe.Kuvunywa ngokwesayensi ukuthi izipho ezinjalo zemvelo zicebile:
- amaprotheni;
- amino acids;
- i-mycosis ne-glycogen (ushukela othize we-fungal);
- i-potassium;
- i-phosphorus;
- isibabule;
- i-magnesium;
- i-sodium;
- i-calcium;
- i-chlorine;
- amavithamini (A, C, PP, D, lonke iqembu B);
- ama-enzyme (amelelwa yi-amylase, i-lactase, i-oxidase, i-zymase, i-protease, i-cytase, ebaluleke ngokukhethekile ngoba ithuthukisa ukungenisa ukudla).
Ngenxa yokudla kwabo okunomsoco, izinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe zincintisana netafula lendabuko lase-Ukraine lamazambane, imifino nezithelo. Ukwehluleka kwabo okuphawulekayo kuyinto igobolondo elibi kakhulu lama-mushroom. Yingakho izithelo ezomile futhi zihlaselwa othulini ziletha inzuzo enkulu emzimbeni womuntu.Uyazi? Kuwo wonke umbuso wama-mushroom, i-Chorioactis i-geaster mushroom ibhekwa njenge-specimen ye-rarest, okusho ukuthi "i-devil cigar". Itholakala ezindaweni ezikude kuphela ezindaweni ezingaphakathi zaseTexas nasezinye iziqhingi zaseJapane. Isici esiyingqayizivele salesi simangaliso semvelo ngumsindo othile, ozwakalayo uma amakhowe ekhishwa izinhlamvu..Ngokusho kwezici zokudla zamakhowe, ososayensi baseSoviet bahlukanisa iqembu elidliwayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezine:
- Ama-boletus amakhowe, amakhowe namakhowe.
- Ama-mushroom ama-Boletus, amakhowe ase-aspen, ama-duboviki, ama-oilers, amagagasi, i-whitegrass nama-mushroom.
- I-Mokhovikov, i-valui, i-russula, i-chanterelles, i-morels ne-autumn uju agarics.
- I-Ryadovki, ama-raincoats nezinye izinto ezingaziwa, ezingavamile ukuqoqwa.
Namuhla lolu hlu lubhekwa njengengakapheli yisikhathi. Izitshalo zamabhodlela zanamuhla ziyavuma ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhowe zibe yizigaba zokudla akusebenzi kahle futhi incazelo ngayinye yezinhlobo zonke zinikezwa ezincwadini zesayensi.Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukufunda ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani ama-toadstool aphuzi kanye namakhowe anobuthi ekhula ezihlahleni, kusukela emazazini adla kanye nama-boletus.Abaqashi be-mushroom bokuqala kufanele bafunde umthetho wegolide wokuzingela "okuthulile": i-mushroom eyodwa enobuthi ingonakalisa wonke ama-trophies ehlathini ebhasikisini. Ngakho-ke, uma uthola izithelo ezingenakutholakala phakathi kwezitshalo ezivunyiwe, thumela konke okuqukethwe kudoti ngaphandle kokuzisola. Phela, izingozi zokudakwa azifakiwe kunoma yikuphi ukuqhathaniswa nesikhathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi.
Amakhowe adlayo: izithombe namagama
Kuzo zonke izinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe ezidliwayo ezaziwayo isintu, kuphela izinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezibalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isabelo sezingonyama sazo sasiya kubamele be-micromycetes enamafutha. Cabanga ngezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu.
Uyazi? Ama-giant real mushrooms atholakala yiMelika ngo-1985 emazweni aseWisconsin nase-Oregon. Ukutholwa kokuthoma kugxilile ngamakhilogremu angu-140, kanti kwesibili - ngendawo ye-mycelium, eyathatha cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane.
Amakhowe amhlophe
Encwadini yezitshalo le-trophy ibizwa ngokuthi yi-boletus noma cep (Boletus edulis). Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuthiwa iPravdivtsev, Dubrovnik, Shchirik noBelas. 
Izinhlobonhlobo zingokwezihlobo zeBolettov futhi kubhekwa njengento engcono kakhulu kuwo wonke amakhowe adliwayo. E-Ukraine, kuyinto evamile futhi kwenzeka esikhathini esukela ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuze kube phakathi kwekwindla ezinhlathini ezinamaqabunga nezihlahla ze-coniferous. Ngokuvamile, ama-mushroom ama-boletus angatholakala ngaphansi kwama-birches, ama-oki, ama-hornbeams, izihlahla ze-hazel, izihlahla ze-fir kanye neziphayini.
Zijwayele ngamakhowe anjenge: amakhowe kaSathane, ingulube kanye nokunye.Kuyisici ukuthi ungathola zombili izicathulo ze-squat ngesikhumbana esincane, ne-razlapistye, lapho umlenze ube mncane izikhathi ezine ngaphezu kwengxenye engenhla. Ukuhluka okuvamile kwe-boletus yilokhu:
- isigqoko esinamaphesenti angu-3 kuya kwangu-20, isithunzi se-hemispherical, esine-hemispherical, esine-hemispherical, enombala obomvu ngotshani obomvu noma obomvu (umbala wekhanda uxhomeke ikakhulukazi endaweni yokukhula kwefungus: ngaphansi kwezimpapini kunombala obomvu, ngaphansi kwemithi yama-oak - i-chestnut noma i-oliva eluhlaza, ukukhanya okukhanyayo);
- umlenze wesine 4 kuya ku-15 cm ubude obunombhalo we-2-6 cm owodwa owenziwe ngeklabhu, ukhilimu obunemibala enombala obomvu noma obomvu;
- igridi yombala omhlophe engxenyeni engenhla yomlenze;
- i-pulp isinyene, enamanzi-enamafutha, emhlophe, engashintshi uma kunqunywa;
- umbala womnqumo ohlotshisiwe obunamahlamvu wesibindi, cishe amamitha ayi-15-18 ngobukhulu;
- isendlalelo esibulalayo sethani elikhanyayo neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (kuncike eminyakeni yobukhulu befungus), ehlukaniswa kalula ne-cap;
- iphunga e-cut is elimnandi.
Kubalulekile! I-Borovik ivame ukudideka ngokufutheka. Lawa amakhowe angenakulungiswa, ahlukaniswa nezinhlamvu ezibomvu, izimpande ezimnyama esihlahleni nasenyama enomuncu.
Kumele uqaphele ukuthi amakhowe amhlophe amhlophe, ikhasi elivela ku-cap alizange lisuswe. E-Ukraine, ukuvunwa kwezimboni kulezi zindawo ze-Forest kwenziwa kuphela esifundeni saseCarpathi nasePolesie. Zifanele ukusetshenziswa okusha, ngokumiswa, ukulondolozwa, ukusawoti, ukukhethwa. Umuthi wendabuko weluleka ukwethulwa kukaBelas ekudleni nge-angina, isifo sofuba, ama-frostbite, ukulahlekelwa amandla kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwegazi.Wolf
Lezi zingqimba zibhekwa njengezidliwayo. Zidliwa kuphela izakhamuzi zasenyakatho yezwe, futhi abaseYurophu ababazi ukuthi bayokudla. Ama-botanists abiza lawa amakhowe uLactárius torminósus, nabaqashi be-mushroom - amakhowe, ama-broth kanye no-rubella. Zimelela umndeni wakwaSeraezhkov umndeni waseMlechnik, zibomvu futhi zimhlophe.
Funda indlela yokomisa amakhowe ama-oyster, ama-pickle chanterelles, amaqanda amaqanda, amakhowe asendle, ama-chanterelles, ama-mushroom ama-oyster namakhowe amhlophe.Amagagasi ama-pink ayingqayizivele:
- i-cap enesisindo esingu-4 kuya kwezingu-12 cm, ene-recess ejulile phakathi nendawo ne-convex, emaphethelweni we-pubescent, i-pink pin noma i-gray tint, ephosa uma ithintekile;
- ukuphakama komlenze okungaba ngu-3-6 cm ububanzi obuyi-1 kuya ku-2 cm, ukuma kwe-cylindrical, isakhiwo esinamandla nesokunwetshiwe nge-pubescence ethile ebusweni obubomvu obomvu;
- ukhilimu noma ama-spores amhlophe;
- amacwecwe ajwayelekile futhi alula, ahlala egcwele izibungu eziphakathi;
- inyama isinyene futhi ilukhuni, imbala emhlophe, ayishintshi uma igawulwa, futhi ibonakala inqwaba, ukunambitheka okubabayo, i-juicing.
Kubalulekile! Abaqoqi be-mushroom kufanele baqaphele ukuthi i-windiness ibonakala ngokuhlukahluka, okuhambisana nesikhathi sabo. Isibonelo, ama-caps angashintsha umbala wabo kusuka ophuzi-orange noma okhanyayo, futhi amapulethi - kusuka ku-pinkish kuya kuphuzi.Amagagasi amhlophe ahlukile:
- i-cap enobubanzi obungama-4 kuya ku-8 cm ngesikhumba esimhlophe esiphezulu (ebusweni besikhathi esidala ubuso bayo bushelelezi futhi buphuzi);
- ukuphakama komlenze kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-4 cm ngevolumu efika ku-2 cm, ukuma kwe-cylindrical nge-hairiness ephansi, isakhiwo esinomsoco nombala ofanayo;
- inyama inomnandi, inombala omhlophe, isakhiwo esiqinile kodwa esincane;
- izinhlamvu zembala omhlophe noma ukhilimu;
- amacwecwe amancane futhi avamile;
- ijusi elimhlophe elimhlophe, elingashintshi lapho lihambisana ne-oksijeni futhi libhekwa ngomtholo.
Izimpisi zivame ukukhula ngamaqembu ngaphansi kwama-birches, emaphethelweni ehlathi, ezingavamile emahlathini e-coniferous. Qoqa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti kuya phakathi kwekwindla. Noma yikuphi ukupheka kudinga ukuthungwa nokugqwaza ngokugcwele. Lawa amakhowe asetshenziselwa ukulondolozwa, ukomisa, u-salting.Kubalulekile! Kulula ukuhlukanisa amagagasi adlekile kwamanye ama-mushroom ama-mushroom nge-hairiness kwi-cap.Kodwa kule nguqulo yokugcina, inyama iyaba mnyama ngombala, engabonakali ejabulisayo. Izibonelo ezingenamvubelo ziyingozi, zingabangela ukuphazamiseka komgogodla wokugaya nokucasula kwezingqimba zamangcwaba. Ngohlobo lwakasawoti, kuvunyelwe ukuba kudliwe hhayi ngaphambi kwehora elilodwa ngemuva kokusawoti.
Layisha
Lezi zinhlobo nazo zimelela umndeni waseSraezhkov weMlechnikov. Emithonjeni yesayensi, i-mushroom ikhethwe i-Lactárius résimus, futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuthiwa yizithelo zangempela. 
Ngaphandle, leli khowa libhekwa yi:
- i-cap enesisindo semifula engu-5 kuya kwezingu-20 enamapulangwe angaphakathi ngaphakathi, enezikhumba ezimanzi ezinombala omhlophe noma ophuzi;
- umlenze kuze kufike ku-7 cm nge volume kuze kufike ku-5 cm, i-cylindrical, i-yellow, ene-smooth surface kanye ne-inside;
- I-pulp ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ngesithelo esithile esiphunga;
- izinhlamvu zombala ophuzi;
- amapulethi ajwayelekile futhi ajwayelekile, aphuzi-aphuzi;
- ijusi elimnandi liyabangela ukunambitheka, umbala omhlophe, osesendaweni yezingcezu kuguquka okwesibhakabhaka esingcolile.
Kubalulekile! Ukuhamba kubonakala ngokuhlukahluka: amakhowe amadala angenawo ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, amapulethi awo aphuzi, futhi ukubonakala okubomvu kungabonakala ku-cap.
Chanterelle
Le amakhowe aqhakazile anefomu ehlukile itholakala ezitembu zokuthunyelwa zaseRomania, eMoldova, eBelarus. Le chanterelle (uCantharellus cibarius) imelela uhlobo lwe-Cantarelova. 
Abaningi bayomqaphela ngo:
- i-cap - enobubanzi obuphakathi kuka-2.5 kuya ku-5 cm, ekhonjiswe ngamaprotheni asymmetrical emaphethelweni kanye nokucindezeleka okunjenge-leuke phakathi nendawo, ukukhanya okuphuzi nokubusheleleka kwendawo;
- umlenze - omfishane (kufika ku-4 cm ubude), obushelelezi futhi obuqinile, obufana nombala ku-cap;
- izingxabano - ubukhulu bawo abudluli amamitha ayizi-9,5;
- amapuleti - imibala emincane ephuzi, eminyene, ehlungwe.
- I-pulp - ukuhluka okuhlukene nokuqina, okumhlophe noma okuphuzi kancane, ngephunga elimnandi nokunambitha.
Kubalulekile! Ama-chanterelles wangempela avame ukudideka namawele abo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uvunwa udinga ukunaka ngokukhethekile umbala we-pulp ye-trophy. Psevdolisichek kuyinto pink ophuzi-orange noma ophaphathekile pink.Kulesi simo, inothi elikulolu hlobo lwamahlathi alukho. Ekuphekeni, ama-chanterelles ngokuvamile adliwe amasha, aqoshiwe, ayilisiwe futhi anomile. Zibonakala ngephunga elithile kanye nokunambitheka. Ochwepheshe baqaphele ukuthi lezi zinhlobonhlobo zidlula zonke izifungi ezaziwa isintu ngokubunjwa kwe-carotene, kodwa ayinconywa ngobuningi obukhulu ngoba kunzima ukugaya emzimbeni.
Oyster
Ezincwadini zesayensi, ama-oyster amakhowe afana nawo abizwa ngokuthi ama-oyster amakhowe (i-Pleurotus ostreatu) futhi ayingxenye yezilwane ezidliwayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ama-spores azo akwazi ukukhubazeka nokugaya ama-nematodes ahlala enhlabathini. Ngale ndlela, umzimba uhlaziya izidingo zayo ze-nitrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo zibhekwa njengezinkuni-ezibhubhisa, njengoba zikhula ngamaqembu ezithombeni nasezintweni zezitshalo zokuphila ezibuthakathaka, kanye nase-deadwood. 
Ama-mushroom e-Oyster angatholakala kakhulu ema-oki, ama-birches, i-mountain ash, i-willows, kanye nezihlahla ze-aspen. Njengomthetho, lezi zingxube ezinamaphesenti angama-30 noma ngaphezulu ezikhula ndawonye phansi futhi zakha ukukhula okuhlukahlukene. Kulula ukuqaphela ama-oyster amakhowe ngezici ezilandelayo:
- i-hat in ububanzi ifinyelela cishe ngo-5-30 cm, enomzimba kakhulu, enomlomo ohlotshiswe ngezindwangu ze-wavy (ama-young specimens ane-convexity, futhi lapho umuntu ekhulile ehlala phansi), ubuso obushelelezi obukhanyayo kanye ne-tonal eyinqaba engaqondakali ehambisana ne-ashen, i-violet-brown futhi kwaphuma ama-shadow shades angcolile;
- i-mycelial plaque ikhona kuphela esikhumbeni samakhowe ekhula endaweni enomanzi;
- umlenze kuze kube ngu-5 cm ubude futhi ubude obuyi-0.8-3 cm, ngezinye izikhathi uphahlameze, ukhululekile, isakhiwo se-cylindrical;
- amacwecwe amancane, afinyelele ku-15 mm ububanzi, abe ne-jumpers eduze nemilenze, umbala wabo uhluka kusuka ezimhlophe kuya ophuzi;
- izinhlamvu zibushelelezi, zingenambala, zihlangene, zifike kumamitha ayi-13 ngesayizi;
- i-pulp eneminyaka yobudala iyanwebeka kakhulu futhi ilahlekelwa ama-juiciness, fibrous, ayiphunga, ine-flavour anise.
Uyazi? I-mycelium yase-Ukraine esuka ku-Volyn-Nina Danilyuk - ngo-2000, yakwazi ukuthola i-giant boletus, engafanele ebhakedeni futhi isilinganiselwa ku-3 kg. Umlenze wakhe ufinyelela ku-40 cm, futhi umjikelezo we-cap - 94 cm.Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqina kobunjwa be-oyster omdala kuyisici, amakhowe amancane kuphela afaneleka ukudla, ama-caps angadluli ngo-10 cm ububanzi. Kulesi simo, imilenze isuswa kuwo wonke ama-trophies. Inkathi yokuzingela entwasahlobo iqala ngoSepthemba futhi iqhubeka kuze kufike Unyaka Omusha, ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimnandi. Lokhu okuhlukahlukene ezindaweni zethu akukwazi ukudideka nganoma yini, kepha kuma-Australia kukhona ingozi yokufaka i-omphalotus enobuthi ebhasikisini.
I-Garland
Uju lwe-agarics igama lesizwe leqembu elithile lama-mushroom elikhulayo ekukhuleni noma ekhuni. Bangabanikazi bemindeni kanye nesigodi, futhi baphinde bahluke ekuthandweni kwezimo zokuphila. 
Amakhowe e-Autumn ukudla ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukudla. (I-Armillaria mellea), engumndeni we-Fizalacria. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene zososayensi, zifaneleke njengezidliwayo noma ezingenakwenzeka. Isibonelo, phakathi kwamaGourmets aseNtshonalanga, ama-casts awadingeki futhi abhekwa njengomkhiqizo ophansi. Futhi eMpumalanga Yurophu - lena ngenye yezintandokazi ezithandayo zama-mushroom pickers.
Kubalulekile! Amakhowe aphekiwe angabangela ukusabela okubangelwa ukwelapha nokukhathazeka okukhulu kwezidakamizwa kubantu..Amakhowe athathwa kalula yizimpawu zangaphandle. Unayo:
- i-cap in diameter ifika ku-10 cm, ekhonjiswe yi-bulge esemncane futhi indiza ekuvuthiwe, inombala obushelelekile nombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- i-stem iqinile, i-yellow-brown, kusuka ku-8 kuya ku-10 cm ubude ngevolumu ye-2 cm, enezilinganiso ezincane ezingenalutho;
- amacwecwe amancane, amhlophe-ayisikhilimu, amnyama nge-age shades-brown shades;
- ama-spores amhlophe, kufika kumamitha ayi-6 ngosayizi, abe nokuma kwe-ellipse ebanzi;
- inyama iyamhlophe, iyamanzi, iphunga elimnandi futhi linambitheka, linomsoco futhi linamafutha ngama-caps, futhi linamafutha futhi linamaqabunga esiqwini.
Bathanda izinkuni ezisele ezivela ku-birch, i-elm, i-oki, i-pine, i-alder ne-aspen. Eminyakeni ekhethekile kakhulu, ubusuku obukhanyayo buqaphele, okukhishwa yiziqephu zeqembu lezidleke ezivulekile. Ngezinhloso zokudla okunomsoco, izithelo zenziwe usawoti, ziqoshiwe, zithosiwe, zibilisiwe futhi zomisiwe.Kubalulekile! Lapho ukhetha amakhowe amakhowe, qaphela. Umbala wesikhumba sabo uncike enhlabathini abakhulile kuyo. Isibonelo, lezo zitshalo ezivela poplar, amameriyamu kanye umtholo zihlukaniswa amathoni aphuzi-uju, labo abakhulile kusuka elderberry kukhona grey emnyama, kusuka izitshalo coniferous zinombala obomvu, futhi kusukela oki kukhona brown. Ngokuvamile izidakamizwa ezidliwayo zididekile ngamanga. Ngakho-ke, ebhasikisini udinga ukubeka kuphela lezo zithelo ezinezindandatho emlenzeni.
Mokhovik
Большинство грибников отдают предпочтение зеленым моховикам (Xerócomus subtomentósus), которые являются самыми распространенными в своем роде. Некоторые ботаники их зачисляют к боровикам. 
Этим плодам свойственны:
- i-cap enesisindo esiphezulu samasentimitha angu-16, ububanzi obunjengomkhumbi, ubuso obunamafutha nombala womnqumo oshisayo;
- umlenze we-cylindrical shape, kuze kube ngu-10 cm ubude kuze kube ngu-2 cm ubukhulu obukhulu, obukhulu obunzima obubomvu obubomvu;
- izinhlamvu ezibomvu ezimnyama kuze kube yi-microns ayi-12;
- inyama iyimhlophe eqhwa, ehlangene ne-oksijeni, ingase ithole kancane okwesibhakabhaka.
Uyazi? Nakuba i-fly agaric ibhekwa njengento enobuthi, kodwa izinto ezinobuthi kuzo zingaphansi kakhulu kunesifo se-toadstool. Isibonelo, ukuthola ukuxilongwa okubulalayo kwe-mushroom ubuthi, udinga ukudla ama-4 kg ama-amanita agaric. Futhi i-toadstool eyodwa yanele ukufaka ubuthi abantu abane..
Oiler
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezidliwayo ze-bolet, ezimhlophe, ama-marsh, aphuzi, ama-Bollini, izinhlobo ze-larch zithandwa. Ezingxenyeni zethu, ukuhluka kokugcina kuthandwa kakhulu. 
Kubonakala nge:
- cap up 15 cm ububanzi, convex in shape, ngenhla ebusweni, okunamathelayo lemon ophuzi noma ogcwele yellow-orange umbala;
- ifika ku-12 cm ubude nobubanzi obuyi-3 cm, okwenziwe ngeklabhu, enezingxenye ze-grainy-mesh phezulu, kanye nesendandatho, umbala wayo uhambelana kahle ne-tonality ye-cap;
- izinhlamvu zibushelelezi, ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-elliptical in shape, kufika kumamitha ayi-10 ngesayizi;
- inyama iphuzi ene-lemon tint, ngaphansi kwesikhumba i-brownish, elula, enamanzi anezintambo ezinzima, kumakhowe amadala izigaba ziphenduka kancane kancane.
Uyazi? Ama-truffles abhekwa njengamakhowe abizayo kakhulu emhlabeni. E-France, intengo ngayinye ye-kilogram ayizange iwele ngaphansi kwama-euro ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.
I-Boletus
Kubantu lawa amakhowe abizwa ngokuthi iChernogolovik neBerezovik. Ezincwadini zezitshalo ezitshengiswayo kuthiwa yiLéccinum scábrum futhi limele uhlobo lwe-Obabok. 
Bamqaphela ngokuthi:
- isigqoko esinombala othize, ohluka kusuka kumhlophe kuya kumnyama;
- isiqu esine-knob, esinezilinganiso ezibomvu nezilula;
- umphala wombala omhlophe, ongashintshi lapho uxhumane ne-oxygen.
Russula
Ibeka umndeni wakwaSyroezhkov nezinkokhelo mayelana nezinhlobo ezingamashumi amahlanu. Eziningi zazo zibhekwa njengezidliwayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezikhathi ezimbi ezimbi, ezilahlekelwa izipho eziphambili zokugcoba nokupheka. 
Kuwo wonke ama-mushroom russula umbuso avele:
- ngekhanda eliyindilinga noma eligobile (kwezinye izibonelo okungenzeka kube ngesimo somngcwabo), ngamaphethelo ahlanganisiwe, nangesikhumba esomile sombala ohlukile;
- umlenze uyisimo se-cylindrical, ngesakhiwo esingenalutho noma esiqinile, esimhlophe noma embala;
- amacwecwe ajwayelekile, aphikisayo, aphuzi;
- izinhlamvu zamathoni amhlophe namnyama aphuzi;
- I-pulp i-spongy futhi ihluleka kakhulu, imhlophe ngesikhunta esincane futhi imnyama, futhi ibomvu kulabo asebekhulile.
Kubalulekile! I-Russulae ene-acrid evuthayo yama-pulp ayinobuthi. Isiqephu esincane sezithelo eziluhlaza singabangela ukucasuka okukhulu kwezinambuzane ezinamanzi, ukuhlanza kanye nesizungu..
I-Boletus
Ukuvuthwa kwalaba abameli be-Obabok uqala ekuqaleni kwehlobo futhi kuqhubeka kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Zenzeka kaningi ezindaweni ezimanzi ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-shady. I-trophy enjalo ngokuvamile ingatholakala emahlathini e-coniferous. Ukutshala amakhowe kuvame eRussia, e-Estonia, eLatvia, eBelarus, eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika. 
Izimpawu zalesi sithelo sehlathi ziyizi:
- i-cap ye-hemispherical shape, nge-circumference ye-25 cm, ene-white or pink surface engenabala noma eyisikebhe (ngezinye izikhathi kunezibonelo ezinama-brown, ama-blue and tones of the skin);
- isiqu esenziwe nge-knob, esinde, esimhlophe ngezikali ezinombala obomvu ezivela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi;
- izinhlamvu ezimnyama;
- Umbhede we-tubular umhlophe-ophuzi noma obomvu;
- inyama iyamanzi futhi iyinyama, imhlophe noma iphuzi, ngezinye izikhathi iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lapho ihlangana ne-oksijini maduzane iba yintambo eluhlaza, ngemva kwalokho iphendulela emnyama (emlenzeni uphendukela ngezwi).
Uyazi? Kuye kwafakazelwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi amakhowe ayekhona cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-400 edlule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bavele phambi kwama-dinosaurs. Njengama-ferns, lezi zipho zemvelo zaziphakathi kwezakhamuzi zakudala kakhulu zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano zabo zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane, kuze kube manje zigcina zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zasendulo.
I-Redhead
Lezi zinhlobo ezidliwayo ze-Syrfasor genus zanqoba wonke abaqoqi be-mushroom ngomusa wabo othize. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kubizwa ngokuthi kufundwa noma ukuphindwa, nasezincwadini zesayensi - Lactarius deliciosus. 
Ukuvuna kufanele kuthunyelwe kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngokuvamile, lawa ma-trophies asezindaweni zehlathi ezimanzi. E-Ukraine, lokhu yiPolesie neParkarpatye. Izimpawu zamakhowe ziyi:
- i-cap enobubanzi obuyi-3 kuya ku-12 cm, ukuma kwe-leuciform, okunamathele ekuthinteni, imfucumfucu-i-orange enemibala, nemigqa ecacile;
- amacwecwe ayinandi elicwebezelayo, aqala ukuphenduka eluhlaza uma ethinteka;
- ama-spores a-warty, ama-microns angu-7;
- i-stem isinyene kakhulu, umbala uhambelana nekhanda ngokunembile, ufinyelela ubude obufinyelela ku-7 cm, futhi ngevolumu efika ku-2.5 cm, iba yinto engavamile ngobudala;
- inyama iphuzi ku-cap futhi imhlophe emlenzeni, uma ixhumana ne-oksijeni, izindawo ezinqunyiwe ziphendukile;
- Ijusi elimhlophe liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-orange (emva kwamahora ambalwa lingaba ngcolile-oluhlaza), linomnandi futhi kunambitheka.
Uyazi? I-antibiotic lactaric acid yemvelo.
Champignon
EFrance, amakhowe abizwa ngokuthi wonke amakhowe. Ngakho-ke, izazi zezilimi zivame ukucabanga ukuthi igama lesiSlavvic lalo lonke uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezisuka emndenini we-Agarikov livela kumFulentshi. 
Ama-champignon ane:
- i-cap isisindo esikhulu futhi esinyene, isimo se-hemispherical, esinobudala obumhlophe, obumhlophe noma obumnyama, obunamaphesenti angu-20;
- amapuleti ekuqaleni asemhlophe, aphendulela ngeminyaka;
- umlenze ufike ku-5 cm high, ukhululekile, uhlelwe yiqembu, njalo unesindandatho esisodwa noma esinezintambo ezimbili;
- inyama, ene-shades ehlukahlukene emhlophe, lapho ivulekile emoyeni iphenduka ophuzi obomvu, i-juicy, enephunga elimnandi le-mushroom.
Kubalulekile! Ukuqoqa ama-mushroom, qaphela amapuleti abo. Lesi yisici esibalulekile kuphela esingabonakala ngaso kwabameleli abanobudlova bomndeni wama-Amanite. Ekugcineni, le ngxenye ihlala ingumhlophe noma ilemoni kuyo yonke impilo..Esimweni sezwe lase-Eurasia, kunezinhlobo ezincane ezihlukahlukene zezintambo ezinjalo. Abaqashi be-mushroom kufanele baqaphele kuphela ama-mushroom aphuzi (Agaricus xanthodermus) kanye nama-variegated (Agaricus meleagris). Zonke ezinye izinhlobo azizona ezinobuthi. Zizohlonywa ngokuphindaphindiwe ezingeni lezimboni.
I-Truffle
Ngaphandle, lezi zithelo azijabulisi kakhulu, kodwa ekuthandeni kwabo, zibhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ama-truffles abizwa ngokuthi "inhliziyo yodaka," ngoba angatholakala ngaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni kwemitha. Futhi lena "amadayimane amnyama okupheka." Ama-botanists afaka ama-truffles kuhlobo oluhlukile lwe-fungi le-marsupial nomzimba ongaphansi komhlaba onosizi namanzi. Ekuphekeni, ukubukwa kwe-Italian, iPerigord nokubusika okubaluleke kakhulu. 
Ngokuyinhloko zikhula emahlathini e-oak ne-beech eningizimu yeFrance nasenyakatho ye-Italy. EYurophu, ngoba "ukuzingela okuthule" sebenzisa izinja eziqeqeshiwe kanye nezingulube eziqeqeshiwe. Abaqashi be-mushroom abahlangenwe nakho bayalulekwa ukuba banake izimpukane - ezindaweni lapho baqhuma khona, ngaphansi kwamahlamvu ngokuqinisekile kuyoba yinhliziyo yombumba.
Ukuqaphela isithelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke kungaba ngezizathu ezinjalo:
- i-body-fruit like body body, enobubanzi obuphakathi kuka 2.5 kuya ku-8 cm, nephunga elimnandi elimnandi kanye ne-pyramidal enkulu enamaphesenti angaba ngu-10 mm, umbala omnyama ombala;
- inyama inombala omhlophe noma ophuzi nge-streaks light light, ithanda njengokunambitheka kwe-sunflower noma amantongomane;
- izinhlamvu zesimo se-ellipsoidal, zithuthukise kuphela endaweni ye-humus.
Uyazi? Ngokusho kwezibalo, ukuvunwa kwe-world truffle kuncishiswa njalo ngonyaka. Ngokwesilinganiso, ayidluli amathani ayi-50.
Shiitake
Lona uhlobo lwamakhowe adlekayo avela ku-genre Lentinula. Zivamile kakhulu e-East Asia. Uthole igama labo ngenxa yokukhula kuma-chestnuts. Ukuhunyushwa kusuka egameni lesiJapane elithi "shiitake" lisho "i-mushroom ye-chestnut." Ekuphekeni, lisetshenziselwa ukudla okuyizinsizi zaseJapan, zesiChina, zaseKorea, zaseVietnam kanye naseThai. Emazweni aseMpumalanga, kunezindlela zokupheka eziningi zokuphatha lezi zithelo. 
Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, i-fungus ibizwa nangokuthi i-oak, ebusika, emnyama. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi emakethe yomhlaba wonke shiitake kuthathwa njengesibili samakhowe ebalulekile etshalwa embonini. Ukwandisa ukudla okumnandi kunengqondo ngempela ezimweni zezulu zase-Ukraine. Ngenxa yalokhu, kubalulekile ukuthola i-mushroom substrate yokufakelwa.
Uma ukuqoqa shiitake kudinga ukugxila ezintweni ezilandelayo zefungus:
- i-cap ye-hemispherical shape, ene-diameter kuze kufike ku-29 cm, enekhasi elomile elinomsoco noma umbala omnyama obomvu;
- amacwecwe amhlophe, amancane futhi aminyene; emasimini amancane avikelwe yi-embrase futhi ebohlaza emnyama uma ephoqelelwe;
- umlenze wesigubhu, u-cylindrical shape, kuze kube ngu-20 cm ubude futhi ubukhulu obuyi-1.5 cm, obunobuso obukhanyayo obukhanyayo;
- izinhlamvu ze-ellipsoidal white shape;
- i-pulp isisindo esinamandla, esinamafutha, esinamanzi, esicwebezelayo noma seqhwa elimhlophe, elinomnandi omuhle kanye nomusa ocacile.
Uyazi? Intshisekelo eyengeziwe kwi shiitake emakethe yomhlaba ngenxa yomphumela wayo wokunciphisa. Umthengi oyinhloko walolu daba yiJapane, okuyinto engenisa cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezimbili zomkhiqizo ngonyaka.
I-Dubovik
I-mushroom ingeyomndeni wakwaBolettov. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kubizwa ngokuthi ukulimaza, ngaphansi kwe-underbird, okungcolile-brown. Inkathi ye-fruiting iqala ngoJulayi futhi ihlala kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla. U-Agasti kubhekwa njengenzuzo kakhulu. Ekufuneni kumele kuhambe emahlathini, lapho kukhona ama-oki, ama-hornbeams, ama-beeches, ama-birches. I-Duboviki iphinda ikhethe inhlabathi ebalalayo nezindawo ezikhanyisiwe. Lezi zithelo zehlathi ziyaziwa eCaucasus, eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ekude. 
Izimpawu zefungus ziyi:
- i-cap enobubanzi obuyi-5 kuya kwezingu-20 cm, isakhiwo semisipha, esinesikhumba somnqumo esinesibhakabhaka esimnyama esimnyama lapho sithinteka;
- i-pulp isinyene, ingenasiphelo, enambitheka kancane, ephuzi (ephuzi ephansi kwesitembu);
- amapulethi aphuzi, cishe u-2.5-3 cm ubude, umbala ohlaza noma omnqumo;
- i-stem-shaped, kuze kufinyelele ku-15 cm ubude ngevolumu ye-6 cm, umthunzi ophuzi no-orange;
- izinhlamvu zi-brown-brown, zibushelelezi, zifusiform.
Kubalulekile! Uma udla i-dubovik engavuthiwe noma i-rawbovu, ubuthi obubi bungenzeka. Kuhlanganiswa ngokweqile ukuhlanganisa lo mkhiqizo kwanoma yiliphi izinga lokupheka ngeziphuzo ezidakayo.
I-Talker
Izinhlobo ezidliwayo zalezi zithelo kufanele ziphekwe kahle. Zihlukile ezinhlobonhlobo ezinobuthi ezinemibala ekhanyayo futhi hhayi iphunga elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile i-govorushki isetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ama-pie, futhi isetshenziswe kwifomu elungisiwe. 
Abaqoqi be-mushroom abanokuhlangenwe nakho bacebisa ukuba bahambe "ngokuzingela okuthulile" kusukela ekuqaleni kukaJulayi kuya kuhhafu wesibili ka-Okthoba. Ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwe-govovushek ukudla, kuphela izinhloko zezithelo ezincane ezisetshenziswayo. Ungazifunda ngo:
- i-cap enombuthano ohlotshwe ngebhembo kufika ku-22 cm, enezingqimba ezigobile kanye ne-tubercle phakathi, enobuso obushelelezi bombala noma obomvu;
- umlenze ufike ku-15 cm high, ngesakhiwo esiqinile, isakhiwo se-cylindrical nesilinganiso sombala esifana ne-cap (kune-shadow shades phansi);
- amapuleti amnyama aphakathi;
- inyama yinyama, eyomile, nephunga elimnandi eli-almond, elimhlophe, elingaguquki kwizigaba.
Kubalulekile! Nakani isikhumba somkhwa wenkulumo. Isithelo esinobuthi kuwo ngaso sonke isikhathi sinesici se-mealy patina.
Golovach
Abaqashi abaningi be-mushroom abamnandi bahlale behlaba umxhwele ngokubonakala kwamakhanda. Lezi zingqungquthela zibonakala kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nabangane babo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo nobujamo babo obuhle. 
Unayo:
- Umzimba wezithelo usayizi omkhulu, ububanzi bungaba ngamasentimitha angama-20, okungafani nesigcawu, esingafani kahle nemibono evunyelwe ngokuvamile ngamakhowe;
- unyawo lungabuye lufike ku-20 cm ukuphakama, lungaba ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwekhanda, ngombala kuhambisana nephezulu;
- inyama evulekile, umbala omhlophe.
Uyazi? Amakhowe angaphila endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngaphezu kolwandle, amelane nokushisa kwemisebe nokucindezela kwama-atmospheres angu-8. Zibuye zibe nezimpande kalula ebusweni be-sulfuric acid..
I-mushroom emhlophe emhlophe
Ingabe ummeli we-genus Borovikov. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kubizwa ngokuthi i-galer noma i-boletus ephuzi. Ejwayelekile kakhulu ePolesie, eCarpathian naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kuthathwa njengenguqulo ye-thermophilic ye-Boletovs. Ingatholakala ku-oki, i-hornbeam, i-beech plantings ene-humidity ephakeme ne-clay substrate. 
Ngaphandle, i-fungus ibonakala yi:
- isigqoko esinomkhawulo wamasentimitha angu-5 ukuya ku-20, isakhiwo se-convex, esiba nesibalo seminyaka yobudala, sinombala obushelelezi bombala wobumba;
- inyama isindayo, ngesakhiwo esinomsoco, umbala omhlophe noma ophuzi ophuzi, ongashintshi uma unqunywe, ngomunwe omnandi, omnandi kakhulu kanye nephunga elithile elifana ne-iodoform;
- umlenze onobuso obukhulu, kuze kufike ku-16 cm high, kuze kube ngu-6 cm ngevolumu, okwenziwe ngebhulabhu, ngaphandle kwemifino;
- uhlaka olungama-3 cm ngosayizi, oluphuzi lapho selukhulile, ne-olimon elimvuthiwe;
- izinhlamvu zombala ophuzi omnqumo, kufika kumamitha ayi-6 ngobukhulu, i-fusiform nebushelelezi.
Uyazi? Umlando wama-mushroom uthathwe yiqiniso lokuthi abaqoqi be-mushroom baseSwitzerland bahlaselwa ngengozi emotweni enkulu eyakhula eminyakeni engaphezu kweyinkulungwane. Lezi zinyosi ezinkulu zazinamamitha angu-800 ubude nobubanzi bamamitha amahlanu ububanzi, kanti i-mycelium yayo yahlala emahektha angu-35 epaki kazwelonke yendawo edolobheni lase-Ofenpass.
Imithetho eyisisekelo yokuqoqa amakhowe
Ukuzingela ngamakhompi kunezingozi zayo. Ukuze ungabonakali kubo, udinga ukuqonda ngokucacile ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi ukukhetha amakhowe nokuqonda izinhlobo zabo. 
Ukuvuna okuphephile kwama-trophies ehlathi kufanele ulandele le mithetho:
- Ezisesheni zokuya ezindaweni ezingenemvelo, kude nemigwaqo enomsindo kanye nempahla yokukhiqiza.
- Ungalokothi ufake izinto kudoti ongaqiniseki ngakho. Kulesi simo, kungcono ukufuna usizo kulabo abaqoqiwe be-mushroom abanolwazi.
- Ungasusi ama-sampuli kusuka ezintweni eziluhlaza.
- Ngesikhathi "ukuzingela okuthulile" ukunciphisa ukuxhumana kwezandla emlonyeni nasebusweni.
- Ungathathi amakhowe anesakhiwo esimhlophe se-tuber esisekelweni.
- Qhathanisa ama-trophies atholakale nomlingani wabo onobuthi.
- Zihlolisise zonke izithelo: umlenze, ipuleti, i-cap, inyama.
- Ungalibali ukulungiselela ukuvuna. Kungcono ukufeza ngokushesha ukuhlelwa okuhleliwe, ngoba ngehora ngalinye elidlulayo ama-mushroom alahlekelwa inani lawo.
- Ungalokothi udle amanzi lapho amakhowe abilisiwe khona. Kungenzeka kube nezinto eziningi ezinobuthi.
- Susa izibonelo ze-wormhole ezimele, kanye nalabo abanomonakalo.
- Esikhathini esitokisini se-mushroom picker kufanele nje siwe izithelo ezincane.
- Wonke ama-trophies adinga ukunqunyulwa, hhayi ukudonsa.
- Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuthi "ukuzingela okuthulile" kubhekwa njengokusa.
- Uma uhamba ngamakhowe nezingane, ungawaqapheli futhi uchazele izingane kusengaphambili mayelana nengozi engaba khona yezipho zehlathi.
Uyazi? Ama-mushroom ama-mushroom amancane angadabula i-asphalt, ukhonkolo, i-marble nensimbi.
Ividiyo: imithetho yokuqoqa amakhowe
Первая помощь при отравлении
О грибном отравлении свидетельствуют:
- тошнота;
- рвота;
- головная боль;
- спазмы в животе;
- диарея (до 15 раз в сутки);
- ukushaya kwenhliziyo okubuthakathaka;
- izindlu;
- iziphetho ezibandayo.
Ngeke kube buhlungu ukusula umuthi wezinsikazi nge-enema kanye nesisu esiswini ngaphambi kokufika kukadokotela (uphuze mayelana no-2 amalitha yesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate ukuze wenze ukuhlanza). Ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa okwanele kwenzeka ngosuku. Ngesikhathi "ukuzingela okuthulile" ungaphelelwa amandla, hlola ngokucophelela ama-trophies futhi, uma kukhona ukungabaza ngokubukeka kwabo, kungcono ukungabi nawo.
