Indlela yokwenza uphahla lokugeza

Ukugubha i-Roofing yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwanoma yisiphi isakhiwo. Futhi ukugeza akuhlukile. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukucabanga ngalokho ophahleni lwesakhiwo kuzoba khona esigabeni sokuhlela. Inhloso yokusebenza yalesi sakhiwo akugcini nje ukuvikelwa endaweni yangaphandle. Inani elikhulu lokushisa lilahlekile ngokusebenzisa ukuphahla, ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka kugezwa, kufanele kubhekelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile ukufaka uphahla, ngoba kudinga ukushisa okungeziwe nokuvinjelwa kwamanzi. Uzofunda ngazo zonke izici zokwakha uphahla lokugeza kulesi sihloko.

Ukukhethwa kwehlobo lomgodi

Ngokusekelwe kuzici zesakhiwo, ungayikhetha okukodwa noma uphahla lwegable.

Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zisebenza kakhulu futhi azidingi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ake sibheke izinzuzo nezinsalela zomhlaba ophahleni olulodwa nolunye.

Ividiyo: ukuvakasha indlela yokwakha uphahla ebhodini

Ibha elilodwa

Uma ibhuku liyisandiso kwesinye isakhiwo noma kuyadingeka ukunciphisa izindleko, khona-ke ukhetho oluhle lokuphahla luphahla. It is design more ukonga futhi ezingokoqobo, ayidingi amakhono akhethekile ukudala. Kuphahla oluchithekile lungasetshenziswa noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okuphahleni.

Umthamo wephahla elinjalo lwakhiwa umehluko ekuphakameni kwezindonga. I-angle of inclination ingahluka kuye ngokuthi inani leqhwa nome amandla emoyeni. Uma uhlala esifundeni lapho kukhona khona iqhwa elikhulu, kungcono ukwenza uphahla oluthekile-umthamo wezindiza ezingu-15.

Ezindaweni ezinemimoya enamandla, kungcono ukunikeza ukuthanda ophahleni olunzulu. Uhlaka lokugeza ngephahla elichithekile Le design ingenziwa noma ngaphandle kwe-attic. Uma ukwenza ngaphandle kwe-attic, udinga ukunakekelwa kokungenelela kokushisa okungeziwe kanye nesibindi.

Ukuphahlazeka nge-attic kudinga ukufakwa kwezigxobo ezingenhla. Uma ubude bomthambeka abukho ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu, khona-ke ungakhetha uphahla olunamafutha ngaphandle kwe-attic. Uma kungenjalo, ukuze kube nokuzinza kophahla, ukufakwa okungeziwe kwe-subrafter kusekela kuyadingeka.

Uyazi? Amabhati okuqala eRussia, okuthiwa "abamnyama", ayehlomele kakhulu. Phakathi nendawo, umlilo wawushiswa ngokuvulekile, ukufudumala igumbi lonke, futhi intuthu yayiphumelela ngaphandle kwesigcawu noma ngqo emnyango. Ukugeza okunjalo kwakuthandwa kakhulu eSiberia.

Izinzuzo zalolu hlobo zifaka:

umklamo wezomnotho, ukwakhiwa okudinga izinto eziphindwe kabili izikhathi kanye nesikhathi kunedluvukatnuyu;
isisindo esincane, ngenxa yalokho imishini ekhethekile engadingeki ngesikhathi sokufakwa;
ukulula nokusheshisa ukwakhiwa, ngoba akudingi amakhono akhethekile nolwazi oluvela kumnikazi;
uphahla luqinile kahle ngesikhathi sokulungiswa nokugcinwa.

Uma ubeka uphahla oluchithekile ne-attic, isikhala esengeziwe singasetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa, okwandisa isikhala esisebenzayo sakhiwo. Ezindaweni eziqhwayo, isakhiwo sophahla esinjalo singamelana nokushayela phezulu kumamitha amabili phezulu. Ibhuku elivela ebhaleni elinophahla olulodwa olulodwa Kodwa, lo mklamo unezinselelo zawo, nakuba zingabalulekile.

Uphahla lwalolu fomu alukwazi ukusetshenziselwa izakhiwo zezindawo ezinkulu.
Ngokhetho olufanele ukwakhiwa kwezinto zokwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungaba nokubonakala okukhangayo, ngoba lokhu kungcono ukusebenzisa i-ondulin. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwephepha lobuchwepheshe kuzokwenza ukugeza kwakho kubonakale njengenqolobane.
Uphahleni olunomthambeko omncane oludinga ukuhlanzwa ngesikhathi seqhwa.

Dvukhskatnaya

Ngezakhiwo ezixhunyiwe, lapho uhlangothi lwendlela yokuhlola lubalulekile, uphahla namagundane amabili kufanelekile. Ngakho-ke, uma indawo yokugezela ingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12 square. m, ukuphahla kungcono ukhethe umdwebo we-dvuhskatnuyu.

Ihlinzekela i-attic, okuyinto ngokucela komnikazi ingahlonyelwa izindawo zokuhlala noma zokuhlala. Uphahla olunjalo lunomumo okhangayo kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa okunamandla nokunethezeka kwempahla. Uphahla lwe-Sauna dvukhskatnaya Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamapulangwe e-dvukhskatnyh ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kanye nokulula kwemiklamo, ukusebenza kanye nezindleko ezingabizi zokwakha kanye nomsebenzi.

Umthamo walolu hlobo lophahla luhlukahluka emazingeni angama-20-60. Ukusetshenziswa kophahla oluyizintambo nge angle elibukhali kukuvumela ukuba ugweme ukuqoqwa kwezingqimba zeqhwa.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ungenza kanjani uphahla lwama-gable wendlu, umgodla negaraji.

Isakhiwo sophahla luyisigxathu se-isosceles; Izigqoko zinomumo ofanayo futhi zifakwe endaweni ethile ukusuka komunye nomunye. Zifakwe endizeni efanayo kulo lonke uhlangothi lwendlu.

Ikhoneni eliphezulu lezinsika libizwa ngokuthi i-ridge. Ukuqinisa isakhiwo sophahla, kusetshenziswe ibhuloho, okuyisigxobo sezinkuni esifakwe ngaphansi komgwaqo. Ukwakha uphahla olunjalo, imishini ekhethekile kanye nezikhala.

Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa lokwakha uphahla yizi:

ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe;
ukulula kokuhlelwa kwezindlu zangasese noma i-attic;
isikhalo sokubukwa;
intengo enengqondo yokwakha impahla;
kungenzeka ukuthi isicelo sokugeza noma yisiphi isayizi.

Izinkinga zihlanganisa izindleko eziphakeme zokuphahla uma kuqhathaniswa nophahla olulodwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungaqondakali kwendawo yonke. Isibonelo sokugeza ngophahla olunamaceleni amabili Uma ufaka uphahla olunezinhlangothi ezimbili, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukulinganisa okufanele komthwalo ezintabeni ezimbili ezithwala imithwalo ezisekela izakhiwo ezifakiwe.

Funda indlela yokwakha nokuhlomisa ibhuku lokugeza, futhi uthole ukuthi iyiphi into engcono kakhulu yokwakha ibhuku lokugeza.

Ukulinganisa

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwakhiwa okuqondile kwephahla ngokwalo, kubalulekile ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokulungiselela. Kuhilela ukuqaliswa kokulinganisa nokubala kwesakhiwo sokuphahla esizayo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi.

Okokuqala kudingeka uthathe isinqumo ngokuma kwephahla - akuxhomeki kuphela ngobukhulu bokugeza, kodwa futhi nangenhloso yokusebenza yendawo yonke. Izindlela zokwakha izakhiwo zokuphahla olulodwa olulodwa. Ngesikhathi sokulungiselela, kubalulekile ukukala ubude nobubanzi besisekelo. Ukwazi le datha, kungenzeka ukubala inani lezinto ezidingekayo kokubili ophahleni ngokwayo nangokuzikhandla.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi

Kubalulekile ukuqala ukwakha uphahla ngokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi walo. Ukuze uthole ukuklama, ungasebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile zekhompyutha noma uxhumane nochwepheshe.

Uma ukhetha ukhetho lwesibili, khona-ke ungahlinzeka ngemiklamo eyenziwe ngomumo. Kodwa-ke, uma wenza lokhu usebenza ngokwakho, udinga ukwazi ukuklama kwendlu. Ukuba nokuqonda okubi kwalolu daba, awukwazi ukwakha uphahla ngokufanele.

Isakhiwo sezindlu

Ukuklama kwanoma yikuphi ukuphahla kunezici ezilandelayo:

Mauerlat - ama-slats alungisa uhlaka lokugeza kanye nesistimu yokuphahla, kanye nokusekelwa kwezigqoko.
Ama-Rafters - izinkuni zisekela ophahleni oluzayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: ukumiswe okwesikhashana nokulenga. Ama-rafters ase-Hanging asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezingenasendonga ezithwele ukulayisha ngaphakathi. Ukumiswa kusetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezinezinsiza ezincane, lapho kunesidonga esithwala imithwalo esithwele imithwalo noma esisekelweni esiphakathi.
Ridge - ibhande elide ne-cross section-section ehlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezigamu ezimbili.
Ukusekela kwangaphakathi - setha ukusabalalisa umthwalo ohambisana nayo yonke indawo.
I-crate - ama-slats amancane anamatheli. Yisisekelo socingo lokugxila.
Izibopho ezixubile noma ama-braces - kuhloswe ukugxilwa kwe-mauerlat ne-rafters.
Izinto zokugqoka - ukumboza kwangaphandle kwephahla, okuvikela isakhiwo kusuka kwendawo yangaphandle, futhi wenza umsebenzi wokuhlobisa.

Izinto zokwakha

Izinkuni zivame ukusetshenziselwa uphahla, nakuba kunezakhi ezenziwe ngensimbi.

Kudingeka ukhethe izinto eziphezulu zekhwalithi. Ubukhulu bawo nezigaba ezihambayo kuxhomeke emkhatsini wezinsizakalo, izici zokuklama kanye nomthwalo wokuklama.

Kuzoba usizo kuwe ukuthi ufunde ukuthi ungakha kanjani uphahla lwama-mansard, nokuthi ungayifaka kanjani uphahla nge-ondulin noma tile yensimbi.

Ngesikhathi sokudweba iphrojekthi, kubalulekile futhi ukuba ucabangele indaba okuzobekwa ngayo uphahla. Njengoba kusetshenziswe izinto zokuphahla:

isilayidi;
insimbi;
ukuhlenga;
umhlanga, umhlanga noma utshani;
i-tile yensimbi;
shingle lokhuni;
iphrofayli yensimbi;
i-ruberoid.

Umthamo wezintaba

Hlola umthamo wephahla ngokuhlukanisa ukuphakama kophahla ngehora lesikhathi. Le nzuzo iyadingeka ukuzela inani leqhwa nomoya.

Ukwenza izibalo zalezi zinkomba kubaluleke kakhulu ekufakweni okufanele kwephahla. Kukhona ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwe-angle of inclination kanye nezinto ezizosetshenziselwa ukuphahla. Uma umthamo ungadluli ama-degree angama-25, kungcono ukusebenzisa umqulu wezinhlamvu. Kumthambeko we-12-25 ° ungasebenzisa ukwaziswa ngokugcwalisa noma okunye okukodwa.

Ishidi elinamakhemikhali le-asbestos samente lisetshenziselwa ukuphahla nge-bevel engaphansi kuka-28º, kepha isithombo siphumelele kulokhu. Ukuze uphahla nomthamo ongaphezu kwama-33 ° sebenzisa i-tile. Isigqoko sensimbi sidinga ukugoba okuyi-14-27º, futhi uphahla ngaphandle kwe-attic, umthamo we-10º uzothola.

Kubalulekile! Njengoba kuncipha ekuthambekeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukubhebhetheka kobuso bezinto zokuphahla kuyashintsha. Lokhu kuvumela ukunciphisa ukuqoqwa kobumswakama emajoyini, okwandisa ukuphila kwephahla.

Ukunqunywa kwemithwalo yeqhwa nomoya

Uhlelo lwe-Rafter lunikeza ukuqina kwesakhiwo sophahla. Ukuthembeka kophahla futhi ikhono layo lokubhekana nemithwalo ehlukahlukene kuyoxhomeka ekutheni izibalo zenziwa kanjani ohlelweni lwe-truss.

Ukubala uhlelo lwephahla, kuyadingeka ukunquma imithwalo yeqhwa nomoya ozophazamisa uphahla lwesakhiwo esizayo.

Idatha evela kulezi zinkomba ingahluka ngesifunda.

Umthwalo weqhwa (S) uchazwa njengomkhiqizo wekhava elijwayelekile leqhwa (Sg) kanye ne-coefficient kuye ngokuthi umthambeko ophahleni (μ). Isiqondiso esiphezulu semimoya nomthamo wephahla Inani leqhwa leqhwa ezindaweni ezihlukene lithathwa inani leqhwa ngehora elilodwa lesikwele. Leli nani libalwe edolobheni ngalinye futhi lingathathwa kumqulu olawulayo DBN V1.2.-2: 2006 "Imithwalo nemithwalo".

I-coefficient of dependence engxenyeni yokuthambekela inenani elilinganiselwe futhi linqunywe ifomula μ = 0.033 * (60-α), lapho i-angle yokuthambekela kwephahla. Ngokubala umthwalo weqhwa (S), unquma inani eliphakeme leqhwa eliyophazamisa uphahla lwakho.

Ngakho-ke, ku-Kiev, leli xabiso lizoba yi-184.8 kg ngamitha yendawo ngayinye. m ukuthambekela kwephahla lika-25 °, no-Odessa enokuthambekela okufanayo kwophahla - 115.5 kg imitha ngayinye. m

Lapho uphahla luhamba kancane, umoya usebenza kwenye yezinhlangothi zawo futhi ufuna ukuwuguqula - yiyo indlela ukuguqulwa kwephahla kuyathinta ngayo. Kule ndaba, ezindaweni eziphefumulayo, bazama ukufaka uphahla olunomusa.

Kodwa lapha kuvela inkinga entsha: ngokufisa kancane kwendlu, kuvela amandla aerodynamic, okubangela ingxabano endaweni enkulu. Ngakho umoya uzama ukushaya uphahla.

Ukunquma umthwalo womoya (Wm), osebenza endaweni ephakeme (Z) ngaphezulu komhlaba, usebenzisa ifomula:

Wm = Wo * K * Ckuphi:

Wo - inani elijwayelekile lokucindezela umoya;
K - i-coefficient ebheka ukuguqulwa kwengcindezi yomoya kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama Z;
C - coefficient aerodynamic.

Imithwalo yemimoya Inani elijwayelekile lokucindezela komoya lingaqondiswa kalula ngokusebenzisa idokhumenti yokulawula i-DBN V1.2.-2: 2006 "Imithwalo nemithwalo".

I-coefficient K ayincike kuphela ekuphakameni kwesakhiwo, kodwa futhi endaweni.

Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, izakhiwo ezifika kumamitha angu-5 phezulu endaweni evaliwe, yi-0.5, futhi izakhiwo zisuka ku-5 m kuya ku-10 m-0.65. I-coefficient C e-Aerodynamic ingaba nenani elivela ku--1.8 (kulokhu, umoya uvame ukwephula uphahla) +0.8 (umoya uzama ukushaya phezu kophahla).

Ngombhalo owenziwe lula, leli xabiso lilingana no -0.8.

Umoya womoya wokugeza kuze kufike kumamitha angu-5 eKiev uzoba ngamakhilomitha ayisithupha ngesikwele ngasinye. m, naku-Odessa - 20 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m

Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi uma umoya uzothinta ukuphela kwesakhiwo ngamandla ka-33.6 kg ngomitha wesikwele ngasinye. M nangaphansi, uzama ukudiliza uphahla.

Uyazi? I-classic yokugeza yaseRussia yayiyindawo encane yokubamba ngamapulangwe, enefasitela elilodwa - ngakwesokudla ngaphansi kwelayili.

Isisindo sokwephahla, ukukhwabanisa, isistimu ye-truss nokusika okumnyama

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi isisindo sophahla ngokwayo sisisindo. Kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuphahla, yilokhu:

i-ondulin - 4-6 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
slate - 10-15 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
amathayili e-ceramic - 35-50 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
i-tile tile - 40-50 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
amathayili we-bituminous - 8-12 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
tile yensimbi - 4-5 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
ukukhohlisa - 4-5 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m

Kubalulekile ukucabangela izinkomba ezifana nesisindo sesakhiwo ngokwazo kanye nemininingwane eyengeziwe:

isisindo se-truss system sinamitha ayi-15-20 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m;
i-crate - 8-10 kg nge-sq. m. m;
umhlabathi omnyama - 18-20 kg ngesikwele ngasinye. m

Uma kuqhubeka ukubalwa, yonke imithwalo ohlelweni lwe-rafter kufanele ifingqwe.

Isibonelo, ukugeza ku-Kiev ngokuphakama kwamamitha angu-4.5, umthwalo ophelele uzoba ngu-255.8 kg ngomitha wesikwele. m, uma uphahla lwenziwa ngensimbi.

Ukubalwa kwesistimu ye-truss

Lapho sibhekene nomthwalo ophelele ophahleni, siyaqhubeka nokubala kwendlela yokugqoka, okungukuthi, ekubalweni komthwalo kumuntu ngamunye ngezinyawo. Okokuqala, noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezifakwe imilenze yokugqoka.

Ibanga eliphakathi kwezigqoko lixhomeke ekuphatheni okuphahleni. I-pitch ephezulu ye-truss system, efakwe ngaphansi kwe-slate, okungenani i-800 mm.

Uphahla lwama-slate ludinga i-lathing, eyenziwe ngeplanki noma nge-cross nge-cross mm 30 mm. I-pitch ejwayelekile phakathi kwezigqoko zetsimbi zensimbi ingama-600-900 mm.

Kodwa-ke, igebe laloluhlobo lwezinto zokuphahla lihleleke kangcono kuze kube ububanzi be-roll noma ishidi lokushisa kweshidi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesakhiwo sebhodi eliboshiwe besebenzisa i-pitch 600-900 mm.

Sithola umthwalo osatshalaliswa osebenza emitha yemitha yezinyawo:

Qr = A * Q

kuphi

A - izinyathelo zokuqeda, okuzoba yi-0.8 m;
Q - umthwalo ophelele, owenza on 1 square. m roof.

I-pitch ye-truss system for the roofing of softing flooring is 600-1000 mm. Ibanga elifanayo phakathi kwama-rafters lisetshenziselwa ukuphahla kwe-ondulin.

Ukunqunywa kwebanga phakathi kwama-raft (isinyathelo sokuhlanza) Isibonelo, umthwalo osatshalaliswa wokugeza ku-Kiev uzoba ngu-204.64 kg / m.

Hlela ingxenye yesiphambano slingxube. Ukwenza lokhu, hlela ububanzi besigaba ngokuhambisana nobukhulu obujwayelekile bokulinganisela okulinganiselwe.

Khona-ke ukuphakama kwesigaba esiphambano kungathathwa ngefomula:

H ≥ 8.6 * Lmax * sqrt (Qr / (B * Rizg)) ye-α <30º

noma

H ≥ 9.5 * Lmax * sqrt (Qr / (B * Rizg)) ye-α> 30º

kuphi:

H - ukuphakama kwesigaba, cm;
Lmax - isigaba sokusebenza sokuhlenga ubude obude m;
Qr - umthwalo osatshalaliswa ngamamitha olayini we-rafter, kg / m;
B - isigaba ububanzi, cm;
Ingozi - ukumelana kwezinkuni ukuguqa, kg ngesikwele ngasinye. cm;
i-sqrt - izimpande zesikwele.

Kubalulekile! Ukuze uphahla olunzulu, isinyathelo esiphakathi kwezingodo singakhetha ukuba sikhulu, esichazwa ukusatshalaliswa kwemithwalo eminingi engekho ophahleni, kodwa ezindongeni ezisekelayo zesakhiwo.

Ngokwezibalo, sithatha i-Lmax = 2.8 m, B = 5 cm, R = 140 kg imitha ngayinye. cm, ehambisana nokuphikiswa kwebanga le-pine 1st.

Ukuphakama kwesigaba esiphambanweni sokugeza ngamakhilomitha angu-25 kuyoba H ≥ 13.02 cm.

Ngokukhetha okulungile kwesigaba se-rafter, ukungalingani okulandelayo kufanele kugcinwe:

3.125 * Qr * (Lmax) ³ / (B * H³) ≤ 1

kuphi:

Qr - ukusabalalisa umthwalo, kg / m;
Lmax - isigaba sokusebenza sezinsimbi zokuphakama okuphezulu;
B - isigaba ububanzi, cm;
H - ukuphakama kwesigaba, bheka

Uma izinga lokuziphendulela lingatholakali, bese unciphisa inani le-B no-H.

Ku-Kiev dacha sihlola ukuhambisana nokungalingani mayelana nokuphakama kwesigaba se-15 cm: 3.125 * 204.64 * (2.8) ³ / (5 * 15³) = 0.831. Izakhiwo zesiphahla sephahleni lwokhuni. Leli xabiso lingaphansi kwe-1, futhi ngokufanele, ukukhetha kwesigaba sezinto zokwakha kwenziwa ngendlela efanele.

Njengoba sekuqedile ingxenye yokuhlala, kungaphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lwezinsika ezigcwele ingxenye engu-50 * 150 mm, olufakwe ngokungaphezulu kuka-800 mm, luzobhekana nomthwalo wezingu-255.8 kg ngomitha wesikwele ngasinye. m

Uma ufaka uphahla olunjalo kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto zebanga lokuqala. I-pin noma i-spruce, engavumelani kakhulu nokuguqa, iyayifaneleka.

Njengoba unqume ngesigaba esinqunyiwe sezingxenye zomgoqo we-truss truss, thola inani lemilenze edinga ukufakwa. Ukwenza lokhu, ulinganise ubude bomthamo ophahleni bese uhlukanisa ngesinyathelo esasikhetha.

Inani elibangela liyakhuliswa futhi lihlanganiswe. Lokhu kunquma inani elifanele lezintambo zokuphahla.

Ubude bezinyawo zomgwaqo kunoma yikuphi ukuphahla kubalwa njengomkhiqizo wokuphakama kwebhande lomgwaqo kanye ne-sine ye-angle of inclination. Ukunquma ubude bezinyawo zomgwaqo Njengoba wenze ukubalwa kwazo zonke izakhi eziyisisekelo ophahleni, ungaqala ukuyifaka.

Ukulungiswa kwempahla namathuluzi

Lapho ukwakha uphahla, kusetshenziswe umklamo oningiliziwe lapho isigaba nobude bazo zonke izinto ezibalwe khona kubalwa. Ukufaka uphahla, kufanele usebenzise ukhuni oluphakeme kakhulu nokuqukethwe okumswakama okuphansi futhi akukho ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo..

Ukukhetha okunamandla kwezinto kuzosusa izinkinga ezingenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqhubeka.

Uhlaka lwesopha luvame ukwakhiwa kusuka enkuni ye-coniferous, ehlukaniswa namandla ayo aphezulu, impilo yesikhathi eside, ukumelana nokubola nokudilika.

Ukuze uvikele ifreyimu emiphumeleni yamagciwane ezincane, le ndaba ingaphathwa nge-agent ekhethekile ye-antifungal, futhi ukwandisa ukumelana nomlilo, kungaba yinkinga.

Lezi zimali zisebenza emigqeni emibili, kodwa isendlalelo sesibili sisetshenziselwa kuphela ukufakwa okuphelele noma ukomiswa kocingo lokuqala. Ukwelashwa kwempahla ngezindlela ezikhethekile Uma izinto ziphathwa ngezitho ezivikelayo, ukufakwa kwazo kungaqaliswa kuphela emva kokuma.

Uma ufaka uhlelo lwe-truss, ama-angles neziteshi zingasetshenziswa. Noma kunjalo, izinto ezinjalo azivame ukusetshenziswa ukuzakhela uphahla, ngoba zidinga umsebenzi nge-welding equipment.

Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi wokulungiselela awugcini kuphela ekucubungulweni kwezinkuni.

Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe futhi ukuze wonke amathuluzi adingekayo. Ukwakha uphahla uzodinga:

umshini wokugesi;
isikebheli;
i-circular saw kanye ne-jigsaw;
izikhali zensimbi;
ibhulashi;
umaka kanye nomthamo wokulinganisa.

Kubalulekile! Ukuqapha okukhethekile kubhalwa ezakhiweni ze-cornice ngenkathi kusetshenziselwa ukuqhutshwa okwengeziwe, njengoba zivezwe ngokujulile emvelweni wangaphandle.

Njengoba usuqedile wonke umsebenzi wokulungiselela, uhlola ikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo nokutholakala kwamathuluzi adingekayo, ungaqala ukwakha isakhiwo sephahla ngokwayo.

Khweza intaba

Lapho kulungiswa uphahla, indima ebophayo kanye nokwakhiwa okuyinhloko kokugeza ibenziwa yi-mauerlat noma ithwala ibhulogi, ebeka eceleni kwendonga yezindonga. Emabhati okugeza, ezenziwe ngemigoqo yamapulangwe, le ndima ithatha emgqeni wabo ophezulu.

Ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloki noma izitini kudinga ukufakwa okuhlukile kwepulethi yamandla. Ukuze ulungise igoli lezintambo usebenzisa ucingo lensimbi, izakhi zokwakha noma amabhotela we-anchor.

Izindwangu zokwakha zisetshenziselwa ukwakha uphahla olulodwa, ngoba yiyona ndlela elula kunazo zonke zokufaka izinsimbi.

Emgqeni ongaphezulu wezingcweti ezihleliwe ezinamaphesenti angu-60-70 phakathi kwabo. Ukufakwa kwabo kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze kungabikho isisombululo. Uma ufaka lesi sifo kuyadingeka ukuba ucabange ukuphakama kwe-mauerlat ukuze izimpukane zikhuphuke ibanga elingenani lika-3 cm. Ukuze kube nokulungiswa okungcono, izimpande zijuliswe odongeni kude no-45 cm. UMauerlat Ngaphambi kokufaka i-mauerlat eceleni komdonga, ukuphahlazeka kwazizwa kwabekwa, ngemuva kokusika imidwebo ngaphesheya kwodonga, futhi kumaphuzu okulungisa ezakhiweni zokwakha zilula nje.

Ngaphambi kokubeka i-borrow, kudingekile ukushayela amaphuzu okuqinisa we-spire, ngoba lokhu kufakwa kusayithi lokufaka esikhathini esizayo. Maka indawo yokugaya ngokusebenzisa isando, esishaya endaweni yesikhumba sezintambo.

Iphuzu le-spire lishiya uphawu emkhatsini we-borrow, emva kwalokho ungakwazi ukubeka kalula izindawo ezibekiwe. Ukubeka ibhande elizungeze umjikelezo, lilungiswe ngamantongomane.

Ividiyo: indlela yokunamathisela ipuleti yamandla bese ufaka uhlelo lwe-truss.

Ukufaka ama-racks nokugijima

Amakhonksi ayesekela ukusekela uhlelo lwe-truss olufakwe ngokuqondile. Ibhande liyisigxobo esibekwe eceleni, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izinsika. Ugijima, njengomthetho, ulala emagqumeni, kufana ne-mauerlat.

Ngaphambi kokuthi ufake i-rack, udinga ukwenza umaka ofanele. Ama-rack ama-pitch angalinganiswa ne-pitch rack. Okungukuthi, i-pair of rafters kuyoba ne-rack. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi baqondile. Ungahlola lokhu ngezinga.

Ungaqinisa umklamo usebenzisa i-metal lining.

Okokuqala, lungiselela ama-racks angaphezu kwezinguquko ngosizo lwamakona. Bese ubeka ibhande, elikhishwa ngezikhwama. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubeka yonke indawo, kodwa akufanele iqondiswe ngokushesha ku-100%, njengokungathi ukufakwa okuqhubekayo kwezingodo, kungadingeka ukuthi uhambise i-rack kancane. Zingalungiswa kuze kube sekugcineni kamuva.

Ividiyo: ukuthi ungafaka kanjani ama-racks nokuphahla okwenzayo

Hlela ukubeka

Yakha ama-trus lula ngama-wood noma amabhodi. Ukuze uqale ukwakha uhlaka lwephahla oluthambile olwenziwe kabili kufanele lwenziwe ngokufakwa kwezintambo ezimbili zokuphahla kwangaphambili. Phakathi kwabo badonsela intambo ukulawula.

Ukuze uzinze, izintambo zengxantathu zilinganiselwe ngama-braces okwesikhashana afakwe epulazini yamandla.

I-Rafters i-oblique futhi ilandelana.

Isikhathi esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphahla okukodwa. Amapulangwe wezintambo zokubeka ayadingeki. Umlenze wokugqoka ufakwe emgwaqeni ohlangothini olulodwa futhi unamathele epulazini yamandla kwenye.

Uma ububanzi bekamelo akudluli u-4.5 m, izitshalo azikwazi ukufaka. Uma isakhiwo sakho singekho sikhulu kunama-5-6 m, khona-ke ubuningi obengeziwe buyadingeka.

Ukuze kube nokugeza okungaphezu kuka-6 m, uhlelo oluqukethe okuyisisekelo, ama-struts ne-headstock lakhiwe.

Ama-rafters e-hangings axhunyiwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ye-ridge, futhi emaphethelweni omjikelezo asekelwa ezisekelweni.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uhlelo olunjalo lunomthwalo obalulekile. Ngakho-ke, wonke amalunga kufanele ayenze aqine, futhi umphumela womoya unganciphisa ngokufaka ama-diagonal braces. Izinhlobo zokugubha Ngomoya oqinile, ingxenye engezansi yezinyawo zomgwaqo ingagcinwa epulazini yamandla usebenzisa ucingo lwensimbi ngobubanzi obuyi-6 mm.

Uhlelo lwe-truss lophahla olunjalo lube uchungechunge lwe-truss lugweba olunesimo se-isosceles triangles. Kuye ngesilinganiso sobude besistimu, uhlelo lungaqiniswa ngama-struts, imishayo yokusekela noma intukuthelo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukwakha izibopho ezinzima.

Kubalulekile! Ukufakwa kwama-trusses ophahleni kulawulwa yi-plummets.

Uma ukubala indawo yezinto ezakhiwe ohlelweni lwe-truss kufanele kuthathwe ngokucabangela isikhundla se-chimney. Ibanga elilingana nalo liyi-12 cm.

Ifilimu ye-Hydroprotective akufanele ibe endaweni yokuhamba kwepayipi. Esikhundleni somgoqo we-hydraulic, kufakwe ishidi lensimbi. Zonke izinto ezivuthayo kufanele zisuswe emlilweni wokuphuza umlilo futhi ziphathwe nge-anti-foam. Igebe, ngokusho kwamakhodi wokwakha, lingu-0.6 m.

Ukuqinisa uphahla

Ukuze kube nokuthembeka okukhulu, ukugubha imilenze ukuqinisa kwabo. Kuze kube sekugcineni, faka imigoqo eyengeziwe namachungechunge, okusabalalisa kabusha umthwalo. Isigxobo sokusekela izinkuni sisezintweni eziphansi ezisezingeni eliphakathi kwezinyawo ze-trunnion kanye ne-plate plate.

Namathisela lezi zinsizakalo kufanele zifake amapulethi ensimbi.

Eqinisweni, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ububanzi bomlenze we-truss ekugcineni lapho umzuzu wokugoba unenani elikhulu. Uma ama-rafters asevele eqiniswa yi-atop, ithulwe futhi ihanjiswe ekugcineni kwesekelo kwi-strut. Ngakho-ke, akugcini nje ukuvikela i-borrow ekungcoleni, kepha futhi iqinisa i-unit esekelayo. Ukuqiniswa kophahla ngosizo lwamacwecwe ensimbi aphefumulayo ukuvimbela izithuba zokusekela ezivela ekuqhumeni, sebenzisa okuthiwa. izinhlangothi. Zibekwa ngokuzungezile. Emgwaqweni wokulwa nama-racks asekela ibhande eligijima, liboshwe ngezipikili.

Eqinisweni, isikram isici esiphuthumayo esisebenza lapho uphahla lingaphansi komthwalo omkhulu. Emikhawulweni ye-truss, isikram sinciphisa ukusakazeka ezindongeni. Kungasusa ngokuphelele uma kuhleliwe phakathi kwemikhawulo yama-rafters. Kulesi simo, kuthiwa yi-puff.

Ukuze unciphise umphumela wokuqubuzela ku-mauerlat, imilenze yemigqa ihlanganiswe kanye nemishayo, okuthiwa ama-bolts. Ziboshwe ngezipikili.

Uyazi? Emasontweni amaSlav, kukhona umoya ohlala ebhodini - bannik. Ukuze aniphathe kahle, udinga ukushiya ucezu lwesinkwa se-rye, insipho nomshanelo.

I-crate

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukufaka i-batten, lapho uphahla luzobe selunamathiselwe khona. Yakhele kuqala kusukela emgodini kuya emagcekeni. Uma izinto eziluhlaza (isibonelo, ukuphahlazeka zizwa) zisetshenziselwa ukugqoka, khona-ke izakhi ze-batten zizohlelwa ngobuningi obukhulu.

Uma uphahla luzobe luhlanganiswe ngamashiza okuthutha (isibonelo, isithebe), ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhodi lingasethwa kufinyelele ku-40 cm. Ukwakha i-curtain line overhang, i-crate isuswa emgqeni wesigqila esiphezulu ngo-15-20 cm. Njengoba impahla yamakhilethi asebenzisa amabhodi aqinile ngokhuni. Kubalulekile ukuthi ayikho imifantu noma ama-chips.

Ukubeka isikhwama semfucumfucu yomswakama, ukugxilisa, ukungena kwamanzi

Ukukhathazeka kakhulu emva kokwakhiwa kwephahla kufanele kunikezwe ukushisa nokuvimbela ukuphazamisa uphahla. Ezakhiweni ezihlukaniswa umswakama ophezulu, ngaphezu kokufaka ukushisa okushisayo nokuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi, kuyadingeka umkhawulo womoya.

Uhlaka lokungena kwamanzi luvikela isakhiwo kusuka emswakalweni osuka emvelweni wangaphandle, futhi uhlaka lokushisa lokushisa luvimbela ukushisa kokushisa.

I-membrane ye-barrier membrane ivimbela ukuxubha kwe-insulation futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo zayo zokuvimba. I-ambulance kufanele ibekwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Ekufakweni kuyadingeka ukukhetha izinto nge-coefficient encane yokuphambana nomoya.

Abakhiqizi banikela ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemfucumfucu yokuvimbela umfutho:

ifilimu yeplastiki;
ifilimu ye-polyethylene eqinisiwe;
i-aluminium foil ifilimu;
ifilimu ene-anti-condensation coating.

Zonke lezi zinambuzane zinendawo yazo yokusebenza, kodwa ifilimu kuphela e-aluminium-foil yasungulwa ngokukhethekile ekusetshenzisweni okugeza nase-saunas. Uma ukhetha, kungcono ukukhetha ifilimu ngobukhulu obungenani ama-microns angu-140.

Uma ufaka izinto zokuvikela umfutho, kufanele uhambisane nemithetho ethile. Ukuze kuvikelwe ukugxila emanzini, umswakama ubeka eceleni kwesakhiwo, ngaleyo ndlela uhlukanise ukugxila kanye nokufaka ngaphakathi.

Faka umlenze wesibhakela omswakama ngqo emigodini ngaphakathi kwephahla. Yinamathise ngezipikili noma isitifiketi sokwakha, ngenkathi uvala ungqimba wokuqapha.

Lezi ziqephu zibekwa ngokuzungezile kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, ziqubuke okungenani ngamasentimitha angu-15. Ukuze kube nomkhawulo ongcono wephunga, lo mqulu uhlanganiswa kanye ne-tape ekhethekile. I-membrane yokuvimbela umfutho ifihliwe ngaphansi kwezingxenye zangaphakathi zekamelo.

Kubalulekile! Uma ufaka umgoqo womoya emaphakathi ekamelweni, ubeke ngaphandle kwezikhala.

Ukubeka izinto zokufaka izinto zokufaka izinto usebenzisa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko. Ukufaka ukufakwa kungafakwa:

ngaphansi kwesistimu ye-rafter;
ohlelweni lwesigxobo;
ezikhaleni zalo.

Okukhethwa kukho kokugcina yiyona elula, eyonothile futhi esheshayo. Kodwa noma yikuphi indlela yokunamathiselwe, ukutholakala kwezikhala noma izikhala akuvumelekile.

Izinto ezivame kakhulu zokufudumala uphahla lokugeza kukhona uboya obunamaminerali. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa izindleko eziphansi, ubungane bemvelo kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokususa okushisa. Ukufudumala kwelayili lokugeza kanye noboya obunamaminerali Ezinkathini eziphakathi kwezinto zokushisa, izinto zokushisa ukushisa zibekwa, futhi emva kokufakwa kwayo zonke izikhala zigcwele iphunga.

Uhlaka lwe-insulation luvaliwe ukungena kwamanzi. Izinto ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukuvikela uphahla emanzini:

izithiyo ze-polyethylene ezihlanganisiwe ezinezintambo ezihlanganisiwe;
imfucumfucu ye-polyethylene;
izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamatumin;
izingxube ze-polymer ne-bitumen-rubber;
ingilazi yamanzi.

Uma usebenzisa i-hydro-barriers ehlanganisiwe, kunconywa ukuba uwabeke phezu kwezendlalelo ezimbili, okuvumela ukuvikelwa okuhle ekungcoleni umswakama endaweni yangaphandle.

Umqulu wokubeka amanzi ukungena kwamanzi uqala kusukela phansi ophahleni, uguqa kuwo wonke ama-rafters futhi ungadonseli. Ngemuva kokungqimba kwamanzi, kuhlanganiswe izinto zokuphahla.

Ukufaka ama-drippers

Esikhathini sezulu sezulu, amaconsi amanzi ajwayele ukugobhoza phansi ophahleni, futhi akuwona wonke awela phansi ngqo.

Ezinye zazo ziwela ezindaweni ezingavimbelwe zohlelo lokuphahla. Isibonelo, amanzi aphuma emaphethelweni ogwadule ophahleni angangena ezikhungweni bese eholela ekukhuleni kwefungi, kanye nokubola kwesakhiwo sonke.

Ukuvikela isisekelo sophahla ekungeneni komswakama okungafuneki kuzosiza ama-eve aqhube, okuyinto engxenyeni ephihliwe yensimbi. Inhloso yomsebenzi we-dropper ukususwa komswakama oshisayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwesakhiwo sophahla kusukela emthelela omubi, ukuqondiswa kwamanzi emigodini yesistimu yokudonsa amanzi.

IKapelnik ekuklanyeni kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: zangaphambili kanye nama-aves.

Amahlamvu ahamba ekubukeni kwayo kanye nesimiso sesenzo kufana ne-window ebb, kodwa kunesikhumba esikhulu. Ifakwe ngokuqondile emaphethelweni ohlaka lwesakhiwo, okukuvumela ukuba uvikele isakhiwo esisekelwe emanzini. I-Kapelnik inezinsimbi ezimbili ezisebenzela ukuguqulwa kwamanzi okuqondisiwe. Amahlamvu ahamba Ukungena kwangaphambili esetshenziselwa uphahla olwenziwe ngama-shingles. Ekubukeni, kuyishidi eligobile le-tin elisehlangothini langaphambili lophahla. Iqondisa ukunyakaza kwamanzi phansi, kungavumeli ukuba ungene ngaphakathi kwephahla. Ukufakwa kwe-front drip Ukufakwa kwe-drip kwenzeka ngaphambi kokufaka izinto zokuphahla. Izintaba zezintaba zihamba kusukela kunoma iyiphi inqenqema elula emthambekeni. Faka ukudonsa kokuqala ngaphandle kokusika izihlahla, ugxile ekugobeni kokuqala, ukuyihlaba ngebhodi lokuqala lokubheja.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo phakathi kwebhande le-dropper kanye nokuphela komthambeka kukhona igebe elilinganiselwa ku-1 cm ohlangothini ngalunye. I-kapelnik elandelayo ifaka ngokufanayo, kuphela ngama-nuances amabili. Owokuqala - ukufakwa kuhlanganiswa, okwesibili - kuxhumene nesikhwama sokuzibamba.

Emva kokufaka ama-eves drip aqala ukuqhubekela phambili. Isimiso sokunamathisela sinjengama-aves, kodwa ukufakwa kwalo kuqala kusukela phansi kwesigamu. I-frontal yangakwesobunxele igoqa ngama-aves.

Isimiso sokufakwa kwe-drips silula, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kukuvumela ukuba uvikele isakhiwo sophahla isikhathi eside.

Ividiyo: ukufaka ngokwakho ukukhipha

Ukufakwa kwesembozo

Manje ungaqhubeka nesigaba sokugcina, okungukuthi, ekubekeni kokuphahleni. Njengoba sesivele sisazi, kuye ngokuthi indawo yokuthambekela, izakhiwo zokuphahla eziphambene nezintambo zihlukile. Uhlobo lokuhlanganisa lubuye lusekelwe ngeceleni.

Vala i-angle	Uhlobo lokusabalalisa
kusuka ku-0 degrees	Ukwaziswa okuphahleni okwenziwe nge-Euroruberoid noma ezine-ungqimba (ukumbozwa okuphazamise kunazo zonke).
kusuka ku-1.5 °	Izikhwama noma izinto zokuqhafaza ezintathu zokuqamba ngokuvikelwa.
kusuka ku-5º	Izinto eziphathekayo zokubopha ezintathu.
kusuka ku-15º	I-slate, i-bitulin, i-ondulin noma i-eurolate.
kusuka ku-20º	I-tile evulekile elayini.
kusuka ku-30º	Ukukhishwa kwephepha, njenge-tile yensimbi, iphrofayili yensimbi kanye nokunye ukusika kwensimbi.
kusuka ku-50º	I-tile yemvelo.
kusuka ku-80º	Ama-Chips, ama-shingles noma ama-shingles.

Ividiyo: indlela yokwenza uphahla oluthembekile ekugezeni I-Keramoplast ingasetshenziswa kokubili uphahla oluphambene nophahla.

Ukufakwa kwento yokuphahla kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqondile ekuziphatheni ngokwayo, futhi kungcono ukuhamba ukusuka phansi. Ukuze ulungise ama-shingles sebenzisa i-glue nezipikili, nezikhwama, islate, isanda noma isitrikhi zingene kangcono ngokukhiya nezikrini.

Ishidi leshidi liboshwe ngamalokhi, futhi ukugqoka kwamasayizi amakhulu kulungiswe izipikili zesikhumba.

Okufakiwe - okukhethwa kukho okukhethwa kukho ukuphahla. Ngoba ukufakwa kwalo kuyadingeka:

isikebheli;
izikhali zensimbi;
i-jigsaw;
ama-rivets;
izikrini zokuzibamba;
abicah sealant.

Uphahla lwebhuku lokugcoba lubekwe kanje:

Ukubeka ikhompuyutha kuqala ngokuphezu, lapho kufakwe khona izikrini ze-crate.
Ama-Screws screwed at angle angama-90º, ngenkathi engavumeli ukuphazamiseka kwe-flooring.
Ukukhishwa kwezimpahla ezibushelelezi kuqale kuhlanganiswe ngesisindo esisodwa, futhi emva kokulinganisa sekuvele kungenzeka ukuba uqine ngokuqinile ishidi kuwo wonke umjikelezo.
Namathisela izikrini kufanele zibe njalo phansi kwegagasi, futhi ishidi elilodwa lilungiswe okungenani izikuluvu ezingu-8.
AmaSpredishithi ane-overlap ezinyathelweni zegagasi elilodwa.

Ividiyo: ukufakwa kophahla lwe-corrugated

I-Skate mount

Ukuvikela uphahla lwe-gable endaweni ephakeme kakhulu usethe i-ridge, okuyishidi lesensimbi esakhiwe. Iphrofayili ye-ridge ihlanganisa indawo yokuxhuma phakathi kwamajoyini amabili ophahleni. Ibuye isebenze umsebenzi wokuhlobisa.

Kubalulekile! Ama-Skate kufanele ahlangane.

Le ngxenye yenxenye iphakanyiswe esigabeni sokugcina sokuphahlazeka. Ngaphambi kokuba uyibeke, kubalulekile ukubeka ungqimba ovimbayo ozovikela isakhiwo ekungeneni komswakama kanye nokungena kwezinambuzane egodini.

Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuhanjiswe umoya omuhle, isikhala ngaphansi komgwaqo akufanele sigcwaliswe ngokuqinile.

Ngaphambi kokufaka lo mgwaqo, kufanele uhlole ukuhanjiswa kwezintambo zomhlaba. Kumele bahlangane ngqo, nakuba ukuphambuka okuncane okungama-20 mm kuvunyelwe. Ukuze ulungise i-ridge, ibha ekhethekile efakwe ngesigaba esiphambene sokungenani okungama-70 ngo-90 mm.Ngemuva kokufaka i-borrow, amathrekhi angu-2 we-crate afakwe ezinhlangothini zombili zegoli.

Ukuze ukufakwa kusetshenziswe i-ridge emibili ehambisanayo, ehlangene nomunye umkhawulo kuya emthambekeni ophahleni ohlangothini lwesigxobo ngezigxobo, kanti enye - emgodini we-ridge, efakwe eceleni komgwaqo wezintambo.

Ukugqoka izikebhe kuzo zonke izingxenyana zemithambeka kwenziwa nge-screws, futhi ukuphakama kwawo kuhlelwe ebangeni elingama 200-300 mm.

Siphakamisa ukuthi ufunde ukuthi ungasusa kanjani upende kusuka ezindongeni, ukugcoba kusukela ophahleni, ukubamba iphepha lodonga, ukubamba amapayipi endlini yangasese, indlela yokufaka isikhwama kanye nomshini wokushintsha, indlela yokwenza isahluko se-plasterboard nomnyango noma indlela yokugcoba izindonga nge-plasterboard.

Ukuzulazula kuyinkinga enzima kakhulu edinga ukulungiswa okuphelele. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi wakho uzokhokha uma usondela ngalokhu konke okungathí sina.

Akufanele ulondoloze ezintweni ezisetshenzisiwe, futhi ukukhetha kwazo, izibalo ezilungile nokufakwa okulungile kuzokuvumela ukuba ugweme izinkinga eziningi esikhathini esizayo.