Izimo zabantu ezibhekiswe eMaca zihlale ziyinto emangalisa, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi, kuyilapho abanye bebheka njengesitshalo esimnandi nje nokuhlanganisa amaqebelengwane, abanye bakhuluma ngezinto ze-opium nokusetshenziswa okungathandeki cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo. Ingabe kuyingozi ngempela i-opium poppy futhi singazuza kuyo, sizozama ukuthola.
I-opium (i-hypnotic) i-poppy: incazelo ye-botanical
Namuhla isitshalo sonyaka esotshani, esifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-1-1.2, kubizwa ngokuthi i-poppy elele.. Cishe zonke izingxenye zalo zihamba ngokuphelele noma zimbozwe izinwele ezilodwa, ngokuyinhloko kwi-peduncles nasemithanjeni yamapuleti amaqabunga. 
Uhlelo lomsuka
Uhlelo lwe-opium poppy lumiwe yi-taproot, engena emhlabathini m 1 noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Amaqabunga e-basal ahlukaniswe kancane afakwa endaweni yokuvunguza futhi akhulele ku-20-30 cm ubude.
Uyazi? Kukholelwa ukuthi i-poppy ikhula njalo ngobuningi empini. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kwakungumbala obomvu wezimbali.
Izitshalo namaqabunga
I-blue bluish-green of the poppy hypnotic iqondile, iyabushelela futhi igxume kancane phezulu. Amaqabunga, ngesisekelo sezici zawo zangaphandle, angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: aphansi afakwa kuma-petioles amancane futhi kancane kancane adlulisele epuleti ngokwayo, futhi phezulu kukhona issile ngokugcwele, ne-bluish ne-oblong, ipulangwe elincane elide (ubude balo buyi-10-30 cm).
Unomphetho ogobekile noma ukuphela kokuphelelwa phansi. 
Izimbali nezithelo
I-Actinomorphic, izimbali ezinkulu zalesi sitshalo zitholakala emigqumeni ende futhi ende, engaba yinto evulekile, noma nge-bristles encane.
Zonke zazo zingashadile futhi zitholakala phezulu kakhulu kwamagatsha ase-stem. Kuze kube yilapho ukudalulwa, amaqabunga amaqanda anamaqabunga futhi enesikhumba asesimweni sokudonsa. Ubude bezimbali zesikhathi esizayo yi-1.5-3 cm. Ngaphambi kokuvula, konke kuqondisa, futhi izimpande ezimbili zesikhumba ngaphakathi kwendebe ziyawa.
I-corolla yesentimitha eyishumi isakhiwe nxazonke ezine noma ngokubanzi ovate amagundane ombala obomvu, obomvu, omhlophe noma obomvu obunombala obomvu noma obomvu ofanayo osesisekelo.
Ama-stamens amaningi athathwa ngokukhululekile emibuthanweni eminingana. Izintambo zazo zingaba mnyama futhi zilula, ngokuqina ngaphezu kwephakathi.
Ama-Anthers - ahlukaniswe kancane, ama-gynetsy-coenycarpic, adalwe kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo ze-carpels eziqondisiwe. I-ovary ngokuvamile iphezulu, ene-ovules amaningi. 
I-opium poppy izimbali zingabonwa kusukela ngoMeyi kuze ku-Agasti, futhi ekupheleni kwalokhu inqubo izithelo zivela ezitshalweni, ezimelelwa ngamabhokisi amancane ama-cylindrical noma acishe abe siphezulu cishe u-2-7 cm ubude. Ibhokisi elinjalo lincane futhi liphenduka ibe umlenze omakwe kakhulu, kunomlenze omude.
Ngaphakathi kwesithelo kunomuntu oyedwa-obala, ngezingxenye ezithile kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ezincane. I-lamina dis is flat, ngamazinyo abizwayo kanye 8-12 imisebe.
Yonke imbewu equkethwe ngaphakathi isenele ngokwanele, ne-endosperm yamafutha. Zifinyelela ku-1-1.5 mm ububanzi futhi zibhekwa njengokuvuthwa ngokugcwele ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Septhemba.
Funda futhi mayelana nezici zokulima kwama-poppies aseMpumalanga naseCalifornia.
Ukusakazeka kwesiko
Kuze kube manje, akukho ukuvumelana mayelana nezwe lakubo opium poppy. Eminye imithombo ikhuluma ngokuntuleka kwedatha ekukhuleni kwayo emasimini futhi kungenzeka ukukhula kuphela emasikweni, kanti abanye (isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-GRIN) lwazibiza ngeCanary Islands, Crete, Cyprus, Italy, Greece, enyakatho ye-Algeria, I-Libya neTunisia.
Mayelana nokuzaliswa kwamasiko, i-Asia Minor, iGrisi, iNdiya, i-Iran, i-China neTurkey, lapho isitshalo sesitshalwe khona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kubhekwa njengamaphayona kulokhu.
Esikhathini sangaphambili se-USSR, i-opium poppy yatshalwe ngenjongo yokwelapha ema-70s ekhulwini lokugcina, futhi ukulima kwayo kwaqala eKyrgyzstan. Ngaleso sikhathi, izitshalo ezisemqoka zalesi sitshalo zazigxilwe eKazakhstan naseKyrgyzstan, ngenkathi zisensimini yesimanje se-Ukraine nasesifundazweni saseVoronezh sakhula ngokukhula ngezikhathi zangaphambi kokuguqula. 
Ungathola futhi i-poppy elalayo esifundeni saseSamara, eBashkiria naseningizimu ye-Western Siberia. Namuhla, lesi sitshalo asivunyelwe ukukhula cishe yonke indawo, futhi okuwukuphela kwendawo eNingizimu-West China, Thailand naseBurma.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nokusetshenziswa kwe-opium poppy
Zonke izindawo ze-opium poppy zithathwa yi-chemical composition, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngezinhloso zezokwelapha kwaqala ngokutadisha lezi zici.
Funda futhi ukuthi zisetshenziselwa kanjani ukwelashwa ngezinhloso ezifana nalezi: i-clover ebomvu, i-pelargonium, i-mullein, i-shiksha yokwelapha, i-salsola yaseSiberia, i-gravy, inambuzane, i-hemlock, izimpande ze-calgan, isitimela, i-ephedra horsetail kanye ne-peony evuna.
Ukufunda ukwakheka
Phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuthuthukiswa, ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali we-poppy echazwe kungahlukahluka. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokuqala, cishe amaphesenti angu-20 ejusi elomile elomile, elaziwa ngokuthi i-opium, likhona engxenyeni engenhla yesitshalo. Kuyinto ekubunjweni kwayo ukuthi u-10-25% we-total of isoquinoline alkaloids iqukethe, ingxenye yayo yizinto ze-morphine ze-narcotic.
Ezinye ezinye ziyi-papaverine, i-codeine, i-thebaine nezinye izithako ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha namuhla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuphela i-morphine engu-0.3-0.5% kuphela engatholakala emabhokisini avuthiwe e-Shrovetide poppy, okuncane kakhulu kunezigaba zokuqala zezithelo.
Sebenzisa kanye nesicelo emithi
I-Morphine, i-codeine ne-thebaine eseceleni kwe-opium iyasetshenziswa kakhulu emthini osemthethweni wezikhathi zanamuhla, ngoba banezinto ezilandelayo:
- i-morphine kungabhekana nokubonakaliswa okubuhlungu kakhulu futhi kubhekwa njenge-narcotic analgesic (ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulungile uma kwenzeka ukuthola ukulimala okunzulu, izifo ezingokwemvelo kanye nezinkinga zenhliziyo);
- ikhodididi kuncishisa ukucasula isikhungo sezinzwa futhi sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukudala izidakamizwa eziphikisayo;
- Thebaine, njenge-morphine, i-analgesic ye-narcotic origin, ngaleyo ndlela isiza ukubhekana nokuhlaselwa okubuhlungu okubuhlungu.
Phakathi kwemikhiqizo ethandwa kakhulu nge-morphine, isisombululo se-percent-percent injecting Morphine Hydrochloride, i-Morfilong injection solutions (0.5%) kanye ne-Omnopon (1% noma 2%) ingahlukaniswa. Zonke zazo zisetshenziselwa ukuphulukisa okuqinile. I-Codeine iyingxenye ebalulekile yezidakamizwa "Codelac", "Codeterpin" nemithi kaBechterew.Kubalulekile! Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezidakamizwa nge-poppy alkaloids kungabangela ukulutha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kokulutha izidakamizwa.
Umehluko we-opium kusuka ku-poppy ehlobisa
Ngeshwa, abantu abaningi ekuqoqeni imbewu ye-poppy abazibuze ngemvelaphi nezinhlobonhlobo zesitshalo, bathatha noma yikuphi imbewu njengezinto zokudla zokudla.
Yiqiniso, imikhiqizo enjalo izohlale ikhonjwe ngamafutha amaningi okuthiwa ama-poppy, kodwa ukuze zizivikele ekusebenziseni ama-opiates, kuhle ukuba ukwazi ngokungafani kwangaphandle kokudla kanye namaphilisi okulala.
Izitshalo zokuhlobisa ezivame ukutholakala ensimini yezwe lethu zibandakanya i-poppy yesikhathi eside saseMpumalanga kanye ne-Shirley poppy, ebizwa nangokuthi inzalo. Zombili izinhlobonhlobo zibhekene nezimbali ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo, i-palette yayo eqala kusuka kumathoni e-orange futhi iphelela ezinhlobonhlobo ezibomvu ezicebile. 
Uma uqhathanisa, izimpondo zezitshalo ze-opium ziphaphathekile, i-blue-violet. Kwezinye izinhlobo zokuhlobisa, amaqabunga amaqabunga afana nokufana nepilisi yokulala, kodwa izimbali ziyokhanya kakhulu futhi zibonakale noma kunjalo.
Kungenzeka yini ukuba ukhule i-poppy njengesivuno sehlobiso?
Isitshalo esichazweyo asivunyelwe ukulima emazweni amaningi, futhi e-Ukraine, eBelarus naseRussia ngokutshalwa kwayo ezindaweni ezikudacha kunikezela umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ake sibheke ama-nuances alo magazini ngokusondele kakhulu.
E-Ukraine
Ukucabangela izakhiwo ze-narcotic ze-poppy, ukulima kwayo ngenhloso yokuthengisa (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzobhaka ama-pie noma unenhloso enonya) inikeza ukukhishwa kwelayisensi efanelekile. Lokhu kuchazwe kusiGaba sesi-7 soMthetho "Ezidakamizwa" kanye nesiGaba 9 soMthetho "Ekulayiseneni".
Njengoba ipulazi libhekwa njengehlobo lomsebenzi wokuhweba futhi ezimweni eziningi kubhalisiwe njengenhlangano esemthethweni, umlimi unethuba lokuthola ilayisensi edingekayo. Ngolunye uhlu oluphelele lwezincwadi ezidingekayo kulokhu, zonke izakhamuzi zingazijwayeza emithonjeni esemthethweni yoMnyango Wezangaphakathi. 
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-poppy ezivunyelwe ukulima kukhona iBergkut, iVictoria, iVolynsky, iGrey, Terlach, iZhar, iKrivotulsky, iKristall, Coral kanye nezinye izinhlobo.
Kubalulekile! Ilayisensi yokulima ingakhishwa kuphela kumlimi onemfundo yezolimo noma oqashe umqondisi ngezinga elifanele lemfundo. Uzodingeka futhi unikeze imisebenzi kumaninimikhali oqinisekisiwe kanye no-agronomist.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi bonke abasebenzi abaqashiwe kumele babe ngabantu abadala, abakwaziyo futhi abangenalo irekhodi lobugebengu, futhi umlimi kumele anikele zonke izimo zokuphepha kwemikhiqizo ngokuvimbela ukweba okungenzeka.
Ngokuqondene nokuthengwa kwembewu yokutshala lezi zitshalo, kumele kube nesimo sokuzala nokuzala, okuhlinzekwa yizihloko zokukhiqiza imbewu, ezivezwe kwiRejista kaHulumeni yabakhiqizi.
ERussia
I-Opium poppy ifakwe ohlwini lwezinto ezidakayo eRussian Federation, kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi nabo bangajeziswa ngokutshala izitshalo ngebhokisi lobubanzi be-2-5 cm noma ngaphezulu.
Eziningi zazo ziyiminyaka, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zitholakala (isibonelo, i-poppy yase-oriental, eye yathandwa ngabalimi abaningi). Inombolo ka-934 yesigungu sikaHulumeni ohlwini lwalabo abaluvunyelwe namuhla:
- i-hypnotic;
- i-setiform;
- isibindi;
- empumalanga.
Kule minyaka embalwa edlule, uMnyango Wezohwebo Nezohwebo ubelokhu ukhuluma ngesidingo sokumisa ukulimala kwe-opium poppy esikalini sepulazi, ukuphikisana nombono walo ngokubaluleka kwayo ngenhloso yokwelashwa. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje izichibiyelo ezifanele ku-Isigaba 18 soMthetho "Ngezidakamizwa Zama-Narcotic" azange zenziwe, okusho ukuthi zonke izibopho zokuphatha noma zobugebengu ezifanayo zihlinzekwa emasimini alezi zitshalo ezingenhla.
E-Belarus
Izakhamizi zaseBelarusiya zijeziswa ngenxa yezitshalo ezivaliwe ezivaliwe ngezindleko noma ngisho nokuboshwa, uma sikhuluma ngokulima noma ukucubungula izitshalo ngezidakamizwa zezinambuzane ngenhloso yokuthengisa. Lokhu kuchazwe kusihloko se-16 seKhodi Yokuphatha yeRiphabhliki yaseBelarus.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona okuhlukile kumthetho ngamunye, futhi uma kwenzeka i-opium poppy kungukuziphatha komsebenzi wesayensi. Yiqiniso, inhlangano noma umuntu kufanele abe nayo yonke imibhalo efanele eqinisekisa isimo sakhe.
Uyazi? Igama elithi "morphine" lihlotshaniswa negama lendoda yamaphupho uMorpheus, futhi, ngokusobala, ngenxa yezinto zokucabangela zala makristalu amhlophe, ahlukaniswe ngo-1806, athola incazelo enjalo.
Izinhlobo ze-Ornamental azivunyelwe ukulima, kepha ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke izivini zibophezelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo ezikhulayo azivunyelwe neze.
Ukuze zizivikele ezinkingeni ezinokwenzeka, izakhamuzi eziningi zikhetha ukungabi nama-poppies nhlobo, enengqondo ethile: ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zifana kakhulu nezihlotsheni, kodwa ziqukethe ama-opiates. 
Ngamafuphi, uma ungafundile ngokuphelele izidingo zomthetho wendawo mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukwandisa izitshalo ezingavunyelwe esifundeni sakho, kungcono ukuthi ungalimazi.
Tshala ezinye izimbali ezinhle kulesi sakhiwo sakho, ikakhulukazi njengoba ungathenga i-poppy eyenziwe ngomumo cishe noma yisiphi isitolo esitolo.
Ungahlobisa isakhiwo sakho ngosizo lwe: marigold, nasturtium, ipomoea, dahlia, delphinium, asters, kosmey, zinnia noma petunias.
