Izindlela zegadi zingumucu oqondisa oxhumeka ekuhlanganiseni okukodwa zonke izindawo ezisebenzayo zesayithi nezinye izinto zokwakheka kwendawo. Ngaphandle kwemigudu yengadi, akunakwenzeka ukufeza ubuciko obuphelele bokubonakala kwengadi. Ukukhethwa kokucushwa kwamathrekhi abekwe endaweni yesiza kwenziwa esakhiweni sokuklanywa komhlaba. Ngokuya ngezinhloso zamathrekhi, izinto ezikhethiwe zenzelwe idivaysi yazo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubeka. Ngokuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa okwamukelwe ekwakhiweni komhlaba, izindlela zingahlobisa futhi zisebenzise, eziphambili nezesibili, zilukhuni futhi zithambile, ziqonde futhi zigzag, zibanzi futhi zincane. Idizayini yenethiwekhi yokuthuthwa komgwaqo yaleyo ndawo yenziwa ngokubheka isimo sayo sangaphansi, esingahle sibe bushelelezi, “esimise okwenziwe ngesaucer” noma esiteji esilinganayo (lapho kukhona umehluko omkhulu ekuphakameni).
Ukusetshenziswa nezindlela zokuhlobisa engadini
Zonke izindlela zasengadini zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-utilitarian and mapambo. Abamele amaqembu womabili ahlala ekhona endaweni ngayinye. Iqembu lokusebenzisa umhlaba lifaka phakathi imigwaqo yokungena ezisekelweni zezimoto, nezindlela ezibekwe ezakhiweni ezisetshenziselwa ukusebenza unyaka wonke. Ububanzi bendlela yokungena esizeni buye ngobukhulu bezimoto ezisetshenziswa ngabanikazi bendlu yezwe. Imvamisa leli nani lingamamitha ayi-2,5,3. Amandla esisekelo abalwa ngokunaka isisindo semoto. Phambilini, kwakusetshenziswa ukhonkolo kuphela njengezinto zokwenziwa ngotshani. Manje, okuthandwayo kuya ngokuya kunikezwa amathayili omgwaqo, okuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze ngokunembile isitayela ekwakhiweni kwendawo.
Izindlela zokuhlobisa ingadi ziyadingeka ukuhlobisa isiza. Zibekelwe ukuhamba, lapho umuntu angajabulela ubuhle bensimu. Izindlela zokuhlobisa ziholela ezindaweni zokuphumula ezifihlwe emakhoneni angasese engadini. Ububanzi bamathrekhi alolu hlobo avela kuhafu wemitha kuya kumamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Amatshe amatshe, itshe elichotshoziwe, amathayili, itshe lemvelo, njll. Asetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhlela izindlela zokuhlobisa.
Izindlela zokuhlobisa ingadi, ezibekwe ngamatshe emvelo ngamanye, zengeza ukusontelana ekwakhiweni kwendawo yengadi futhi kwenze kube lula ukubabaza ubuhle bayo
Izindlela ezikhethekile zengadi
Phakathi kwezindlela zegadi kukhona uhlobo lwamakhosi. Amathrekhi angaba okuqala, okwesibili, okuxhumayo.
- Indlela eyinhloko yinto esemqoka yokuxhuma engadini. Ububanzi bale ithrekhi kufanele budlule amamitha ayi-1,2, ukuze kube khona isikhala esanele sokuhamba ndawonye.
- Igatsha lesibili nokuxhuma amagatsha lisuka endleleni enkulu ngezindlela ezihlukile zensimu. Ezindleleni ezinciphile, obubanzi bawo bungamamitha ayi-0,5-0.7, kulula ukuhambisa eyodwa ngasikhathi. Ukulungiswa kwamathrekhi wesibili nokuxhuma akudingeki ukuthi kube nzima. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lezi zinto zizongena emiqhudelwaneni ngethrekhi enkulu, engavunyelwe nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Ngosizo lwemigwaqo eyinhloko, yesibili nexhumayo, ehlanganiswe kunethiwekhi yokuhamba yomgwaqo eyodwa, zonke izinto ezibalulekile ezisendaweni engaphansi kwedolobha zixhunyiwe: indlu, igalaji, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, indawo yokungena, izindawo ezivulekile, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, amadamu okugcina.
Inethiwekhi eklanywe kahle yezindlela zasengadini esizeni ikuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele kalula engadini
Lapho kuklanywa inethiwekhi yezokuhamba ngomgwaqo, kubalulekile ukunamathela kumthetho "wegolide", oqukethe iqiniso lokuthi izimbazo zazo zonke izindlela kufanele zihlangane endaweni eyodwa. Le ndawo, okuyindawo yokuhlanganisa ingadi, ihlotshiswe ngesitayela esikhulu.
I-Garden Path Design
Ukuklanywa kwezindlela zasengadini kukhethwa ngokuya:
- uhlobo nokwakheka kwenhlabathi esizeni;
- ukushintshana kwenhlabathi ngezikhathi ezithile;
- izinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba;
- isilinganiso sokudonsa;
- ubukhulu bokusetshenziswa (kwesizini noma unyaka wonke).
Ngenxa yezimpawu zayo zokuklama, izindlela zasengadini, ngaphezu kwenhloso yazo eyinhloko, ziyakwazi ukwenza omunye umsebenzi obalulekile - ukulahlwa kwamanzi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ingaphezulu lawo linikezwa umthambeka omncane, oqinisekisa ukugeleza kwemvula futhi kuncibilike amanzi kungqimba yokudonsa yesisekelo sethrekhi. Ungakha indlela engadini:
- ezimbili-iphrofayili (maphakathi ngenhla kwemiphetho) - ukuhamba kwamanzi kuzinhlangothi ezimbili;
- i-single-profile (umphetho owodwa uphakanyisiwe ngenhla kwesinye) - amanzi ageleza ehlelela ithambeka.
Izindlela zegadi azinayo nje iphrofayili eguqukayo kuphela, kodwa futhi zinephrofayli ende, ekhombisa umehluko wokuphakama kwayo kanye nalo lonke ubude (ukusuka ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni). Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwemaphethelo wethrekhi kuphrofayili eshintshashintshayo nobude ulinganiswa ku-ppm. Amanani alandelayo avumelekile:
- I-15-60 ppm yokuthambeka kwethrekhi okunqamukayo (ngokuya ngobubanzi bayo):
- I-70 ppm noma ngaphansi - kwethambeka le-longitudinal le-track.
Uma inani lomthambeka omude kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendlela engadini lidlula i-70 ppm, kunconywa ukuhlela izitebhisi ngezizathu zokuphepha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, indlela izoba umgodi kakhulu.
Umahluko omkhulu ekuphakameni endaweni yesakhiwo sengadi, indlela enezinyathelo zezitebhisi yenziwa ukulungiselela ukukhuphuka nokwehla emthambekeni
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamathrekhi ngohlobo lwesisekelo
Noma yimuphi umkhondo uqukethe izinto ezakhiwayo ezilandelayo:
- isisekelo esingaphansi (izinsalela zenhlabathi ezihambelana nosayizi wethrekhi noma isiza esakhiwayo);
- isisekelo, esakhiwa ungqimba lwesihlabathi olungaphansi kanye (noma) nesendlalelo setshesi elichobozekile elihlotshiswe ngamatshe. Zombili izingqimba zenzelwe ukunciphisa umthwalo kwi-subgrade, kanye nokukhipha amanzi asendaweni (drainage).
Ungafunda nangezinye izindlela zokukhipha amanzi esizeni kusuka kokuqukethwe: //diz-cafe.com/voda/drenazh-uchastka-svoimi-rukami.html
Ngokuya ngezinhloso ezisebenzayo zendlela engadini, kukhethwa uhlobo lwesisekelo. Ngakho-ke ezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo engadini esetshenziswa ngenkathi yehlobo, kwanele ukwenza isisekelo sesihlabathi. Okwezinyawo ezisetshenziswe unyaka wonke, isisekelo kufanele sivele sibe ngamatshe nesihlabathi. Imigwaqo yokungena nezindawo ezenzelwe izimoto zokupaka zakhiwe esisekelweni sikakhonkolo esiqinile esiqiniswe ngokuqiniswa.
Ukwehlukanisa amathrekhi abe ngamaqembu ngohlobo lokubhanqa
Indlela yomgwaqo ingesinye isici esiyimpoqo sesakhiwo sanoma iyiphi ithrekhi. Ngohlobo lokumboza, zonke izindlela zasengadini zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili:
- ukhonkolo oqinile (ukhonkolo we-monolithic, isitini se-clinker, i-paving slabs, itshe lemvelo);
- ithambile (amatshe amatshe, udrako, imidwebo ye-granite (imvuthuluka), itshe elichotshoziwe).
Ekubunjweni komhlaba, izindlela ezihlanganisiwe ziyasetshenziswa, ezibandakanya izigaba ezinendawo enobunzima noma ethambile.
Izindlela ezihlanganisiwe zenziwe ngezinto zobuningi kanye nezimbobo ezinzima, ezethulwe lapha njengamatshe amatshe ayisikwele
Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi ukubeka umgwaqo okhethekile. Lokhu kufaka izindlela eziluhlaza ezihlelwe ku-geogrid noma ezithelwe ngokhonkolo wokuhlobisa. Izindlela ezinzima zithandwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwedolobha, zikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izinqumo eziningi zesitayela ngokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sengadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza ngokwengeziwe, njengoba zihlala isikhathi eside, zithembekile, kulula ukuzihlanza. Izindlela ezithambile kuzodingeka zisulwe imfucumfucu ende futhi ibuye ilungiswe kaningi ngokwengeza impahla eningi.
Eqenjini elihlukile, kuyisiko ukwaba izembozo zokhuni, ezenziwe ngendlela yokubeka phansi, izikejana, imigodi yendlela, izindlela ezenziwe ngokhuni.
Futhi ezindleleni zegadi zisebenzisa amathayili epulasitiki. Funda izinzuzo nokulimala kwalokhu okuqukethwe: //diz-cafe.com/dekor/ukladka-dorozhki-iz-plastikovyx-plitok.html
Ukusikeka kwezinkuni ekwakhiweni kwezindlela zasengadini kusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nezinto ezakhiwe kusuka kwizingodo noma izingodo
Ukuqinisa emaphethelweni emikhondweni yengadi
Imingcele esetshenziselwa ukuqinisa imiphetho yezindlela zegadi ikuvumela ukuthi:
- khuphula ukuzinza kwerabha;
- vikela imiphetho yekhekhe ngokuphelezelayo nasekubhujisweni;
- vimbela ukweqa ngokweqile kwethrekhi ngezimila;
- Vikela utshani nezingadi zezimbali eduze nezindlela zokunyathela.
Ukufakwa kwama-curbs kuyimpoqo ezindleleni zasengadini ngohlobo oluthambile lokuloba. Izindlela ezinzima zakhiwa ngemingcele ngesicelo somnikazi wendawo.
Inani lobuhle bokuhambisa izindlela zensimu
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha izindlela zensimu kubaluleke kakhulu ngobuhle bemvelo. Iphethini yendlela ingetha ukuqondiswa kokuhamba kwamaholide, ngenkathi ibangela intshisekelo yabo ngemininingwane yomuntu ngamunye. Usebenzisa iphethini kanye nohlobo lokugoqa, ungakha ukukhohlisa kwesikhala esikhulu, okubalulekile ezindaweni zendawo encane. Ukuncipha okuxakile noma ukwanda kwendlela, imihlobiso efakiwe, izigaba zezinyathelo ngezinyathelo ezibekwe itshe lokuhlobisa, kanye namanye amaqhinga asetshenziswa abaqambi bezindawo zomhlaba, kwenze ukuthi akwazi ukuhlobisa isiza futhi enze ukubukeka kwawo kuhlukile.
Ukuma okuthandekayo kwemizila yensimu kuhlobisa ingadi, kufiphaza uhlaza yotshani nokuqokomisa imibhede emincane yezimbali ukusuka ngemuva
Ukucatshangelwa komhlaba lapho uhlela amathrekhi
Noma iyiphi ithrekhi ebekwe esakhiweni enenhloso noma yokuhlobisa, kufanele iphephe futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma izindlela zenzelwe ukubheka izici zokuphumula kwesiza:
- Indawo yesimo esibushelelezi: izindlela ezincane zingabekwa nganoma iyiphi indlela (okwenziwe fan, ngesimo samagatsha ukusuka kwithrekhi enkulu, ezinye izindlela).
- I-"saucer-like" impumuzo: izindlela zasengadini ziyanda zinama-sunbeams zisuka endaweni ephansi indawo lapho kutholakala khona ichibi lokuhlobisa noma i-gazebo.
- Ukukhululeka ngomehluko wokuphakama: izindlela zegadi le-zigzag zihlelwe emithambekeni emnene, izingxenye ezingomakhelwane zazo ezixhunyaniswe ngoshintsho olubushelelezi. Emithambekeni emaweni, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokufakwa kodonga nokugcina amathayili, okuguqukayo okuqinisekiswa ngalo ngosizo lweendlela nezitebhisi.
Kumnikazi wendawo yokuhlala esekhishi enendawo engalingani, izinto eziqinisa emithambekeni nasemithambekeni kusiza nazo zizosetshenziswa: //diz-cafe.com/plan/ukreplenie-sklonov-na-uchastke.html
Indlela main engadini, egxilile eluhlaza kwezihlahla futhi ifinyelela kude, ikuvumela ukuthi ukhuphuke umdanso wezitebhisi eziya ethaveni
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokwakha kuyisihluthulelo sokuphelele kokuqanjwa
Izindlela zegadi, ezihlanganiswe ngesimo nangombala wezinto ezisetshenziswe njengomhlobiso wendlu, uthango, izikebhe, imibhede yezimbali kanye nemibhede yezimbali, zenza ukuthi kunikezwe ukuphelela okuphelele engadini. Lapho uqamba amathrekhi, kufanele uhambisane nezidingo zesitayela esikhethiwe. Isibonelo, ngesitayela esijwayelekile esivamile, kucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izindlela zensimu zizoqondile. Indlela eyinhloko ngasikhathi sinye isebenza njengohlobo lwe-axis yokulinganisa, ehlukanisa ingadi ibe ngama-halves amabili afanayo ekwakhiweni. Izinkundla ezihlelwe ekuxhumaneni kwezindlela kufanele futhi zibe nefomu eliqinile lokwakheka kwejometri ejwayelekile (isiyingi, isikwele).
Ingadi ngesitayela esivamile ihlotshiswe ngemizila eqondile neqondile, idonswa njengokungathi ngomugqa ngesandla esinekhono lomklami-umdwebi
Isitayela somhlaba, okuphambene nalokho, awemukeli imigqa eqinile neqondile. Ensimini enjalo, izindlela ezihamba ngezinyawo eziholela kumakhonkco asendaweni evikeleke kakhulu esizeni ayobe ilungile. Ngasikhathi sinye, ijika ngalinye lendlela yensimu evunguzayo kufanele linikeze umbono omuhle wezihlahla ezikhulayo nezimbali, amachibi aklanywe ngobuciko anemifudlana nezifo, izindawo ezithandekayo zokuphumula, iziqongo ezibukekayo nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezitayela kukuvumela ukuthi uthole umphumela ongalindelekile. Ngale ngxube, ithrekhi eyinhloko yenziwa ngendlela yomugqa oqondile, futhi izindlela zesibili eziphuma kuzo zinikezwa ukwakheka kwamahhala. Ukugcizelela ubuhle besitayela saseDashi, izindlela ezihlotshiswe ngomngcele wezimbali zizosiza.
