Zingaki ubunzima umgadi wensimu adinga ukunqoba ukuze imifino emisha ivele edeskini yakhe! Phela, ukutshala utamatisi ku-greenhouse kudinga indlela efanele futhi ukhulule izinkinga eziningi. Kubalulekile ukulungisa kahle imbewu kanye nemibhede, ukukhipha amagciwane, ukukhulisa izithombo, bese uhlela uhlelo lokunakekelwa nokugcinwa kwemithombo yezitshalo. Kodwa naphezu kwakho konke lokhu okukhathazayo, utamatisi okhulayo ekwakhiweni kwe-polycarbonate ingenye yemisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu kwabalimi bemifino. Okudingayo ukwazi futhi ukwazi ukuthola isivuno esihle, ukutshala utamatisi ekushiseni okushisa - sizoxoxa ngakho kamuva kulesi sihloko.
Ukulungiselela ukushisa
Izimo lapho izitshalo zizokhula khona kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekumelaneni nezifo nezinambuzane. Inqubo yokulungiselela ukushisa okubamba ukushisa, kubalulekile ukuba unakekele inhlabathi, i-microclimate futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuhlunga amagciwane. Sizoqonda zonke izinhlobo ze-nuances ngokulandelana.
Uyazi? Ekuqaleni, utamatisi ayebhekwa njengamajikijolo abulalayo. Okhokho bethu basendulo babesaba ngokwesaba, futhi namuhla isiko sithole ubukhulu ngenani lokukhiqizwa kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ngonyaka, abantu baqoqa izithelo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-60 emasimini nasemibhedeni yomhlaba.
Njengoba kunikezwe ubusuku obubandayo besikhathi lapho udinga ukutshala utamatisi ku-greenhouse, kuhle ukuba unakekele izindlu zokugcina zokugcina izithombo zokugcina izithombo. Ngokuvamile, ngale njongo, sebenzisa ifilimu ejwayelekile ye-polyethylene, ephikisana nesakhiwo emaqenjini amabili. Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho batusa ukushiya umkhumbi womoya phakathi kwabo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukudala microclimate ehle ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo nokuvikela ingubo yangaphakathi. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi ekushiseni kwezithombo ngeke ukwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokugcwele, ngakho-ke amafasitela we-ventilation kufanele ahlinzekwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Uma uhlela ukuhilela ukutshala utamatisi ebusika, unakekele imibhede eyengeziwe yokukhanyisa. Ngaphandle kwalo, izitshalo ngeke ziqhakaze futhi zithele izithelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ukukhipha igumbi. Iphuziswa ngesisombululo esincane sokugxila kwe-potassium permanganate (ngesilinganiso se-1 g yesidakamizwa ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi) ngokushesha ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yokutshala
Umbhede wezitamatisi indawo ephefumulayo enomhlabathi noma enhlabathini enomhlabathi ophefumulayo, lapho ngonyaka odlule kwakungekho izitshalo ezingenasifo. Ukutshala ukujikeleza kubalulekile ngoba ama-microbes asele emhlabeni angaphezu kokubulala utamatisi.
Kubalulekile! Ukutshala utamatisi wesikhathi eside endaweni efanayo kunomthelela ekwenzeni i-oxidation yenhlabathi. Ngokwe-alkalization yayo, ochwepheshe bayeluleka ukufafaza i-fuzz eyaziwayo, ufulawa wase-dolomite noma i-plaster endala ngale ndawo. Kusuka ku-150 kuya ku-300 g yezinto ezidingekayo kuyodingeka ngomitha wesikwele.
Ekwindla, emva kokuvuna, ochwepheshe bayeluleka ukususa izinsalela zeziqongonga ezivela ensimini bese kususa ungqimba lwesentimitha somhlabathi ophezulu. Ungakhathazeki ngokulahla ingxenye evundile. Kubalulekile ukwenza lokhu ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwemifino enezifo ezandulele. Ngemuva kwalokho, indawo ehlukanisiwe kumele ikhunjulwe nge-sulphate yethusi, elungiselelwe ngesilinganiso se-1 isipuni esikhwameni samanzi. Ngemuva kokufafaza, indawo kumele ifakwe ngamaminerali. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-potassium sulphate ne-superphosphate kunconywa ukuba utamatisi (20 g no-50 g ngayinye imitha yesikwele, ngokulandelana).
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela ungenziwa entwasahlobo. Kodwa kulokhu, udinga ukuqala ngoMashi. Iviki ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo zika utamatisi endaweni yokushisa, indawo kumele ikhululwe kahle futhi ihlanzwe kusuka kokhula. Khona-ke, ukuze uvuselele izakhi ezisusiwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa komhlaba, kutuswa ukuba ungeze ama-humus. Inani lalo lixhomeke ezimeni ze-physicochemical ze-substrate. Ezindaweni eziphelile zemizi ngayinye yesikwele kuzodingeka zithule cishe ama-kilogram ayi-8 yento futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ingilazi yamalahle. Futhi emhlabathini ocebile, ungathola nge-3 kilogram yama humus.
Abanye balimi babelana ngesipiliyoni sokwengeza inhlanganisela yomfula wesihlabathi, i-peat kanye ne-sawdust ebhedeni legadi. Kuphawulwe ukuthi kulomhlabathi we-loamy kuyadingeka ukuthatha zonke izingxenye ngesigamu ibhakede, futhi ku-peat bog kudingekile ukufaka indawo ye-turf emhlabathini.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala?
Imigomo yokutshala utamatisi ku-abamba ukushisa kuncike ekutheni izinga lokufudumala kwenhlabathi nomoya, isimo sezithombo kanye (makungabonakali njengezinkolelo-ze) izincomo zeKhalenda Lunar. Sizoqonda ama-nuances ngezigaba.
Imigomo yokutshala izithombo
Ukuba khona kwe-greenhouse esakhiweni kukuvumela ukuba uthole izithelo ezintsha ekuqaleni. Futhi ukuze isivuno sicebile, udinga ukuqagela ngaphezu kwesikhathi sokutshala. Kuxhomeke ezintweni eziphathekayo neziklamo. Isibonelo, ezindaweni zokugcina izitshalo, ukutshala kufanele kwenzeke ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Kodwa emagumbini anesigqebhezana esingeziwe sangaphakathi se-polyethylene, kungcono ukwenza lokhu emavikini okuqala kaMeyi. Isikhathi esifanayo kufanele sibone futhi uma uhlela ukutshala utamatisi ku-greenhouse polycarbonate. Uma isakhiwo singanikezeli indawo yokuhlala yokushisa nokushisa, ukutshala izithombo kungcono ukuyenza engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi.
Kubalulekile! Uma ngaphambili kulesi sitshalo esibamba ukushisa kunezimo zokulimala kwetamatisi ngokulimala okudlulile noma ezinye izifo ze-fungal, ngonyaka ozayo, khetha izinhlobo ezingaxhunyiwe ze-hybrid zokutshala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa: "De Barao", "Opera F1", "Virtuoso F1", "Boheme F1", "Darnitsa F1", "iKhadidi".
Isikhathi esihle sokutshala utamatisi sincike kakhulu ezimweni zezulu zesifunda lapho isayithi likhona khona. Zahlulele ngokwakho: ezindaweni eziseningizimu maphakathi no-May, sekuvele kufudumele futhi utamatisi ungatshalwa ezindaweni zokugcina zokugcina ezingenamanzi ngisho nangaphandle kokusekelwa kwe-polyethylene, kodwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho phakathi nalesi sikhathi kusabanda futhi ukushisa okulindele isikhathi eside kuzofika eduze kwehlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugxila esimweni somhlabathi, kanye nokushisa kwomoya endaweni yokushisa. Okufanelekile, umhlaba kufanele uthunjiswe ku-15 ° C, futhi umoya ube ngu-20 ° C.
Izimpawu nokubukeka
Ukuba khona kwezimo ezingenhla akuyona i-canon. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuvame ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi isimo sezulu sesivumelekile ukutshala, futhi izithombo azikahle zilungele. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlela wonke umsebenzi ngendlela yokuthi kutholakale ukusebenzisana kwezinqubo ezidingekayo. Amandla amakhulu ezinsikeni ezinezimpande ezithuthukile kahle, isiqu esinamandla nesigxilile. Kumele kube namaqabunga angu-8 weqiniso futhi okungenani amabhulashi amabili embali. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi utamatisi ezinsuku ezingamashumi amane lungcono ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ze-polycarbonate. Kuvunyelwe ukutshala izithombo, okuyizinsuku ezingaba ngu-50.
Uyazi? Umnikazi wemibhalo uyi-giant giant enkulu ekhulile epulazini laseWisconsin e-United States of America.
Ukudlulisela ekhalendeni yenyanga
Abanye balimi abalaleli iseluleko sabasebenzisa izinkanyezi, kanti nokho, inyanga iyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ethonya yonke impilo emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuthola izitshalo ezinamandla ngisho nokuvunwa okunenzuzo, ungabi nobuvila ukuze ubheke ikhalenda yenyanga. Lapho ngeke uthole izinombolo ezijwayelekile kuphela, kodwa futhi nezigaba zenyanga, futhi uhlu lwezincomo zokusebenza ngosuku oluthile. Cabangela izincomo zabasebenzisa izinkanyezi ngo-2018:
- 6.10 noJanuwari 30, kungcono ukuhlwanyela imbewu ye-tomato yezithombo;
- 14.16, 18, 24, 26, 27 no-28 Febhuwari, kungenzeka futhi ukufeza okusanhlamvu;
- NgoMashi 3, 4, 10, 12, 20, 25, 30, 31, yisikhathi esifanele kuzo zonke izirobhothi zensimu ngamatamatisi;
- Ngo-Ephreli 8, 12, 13, 22, 26, 27 no-28 yizinsuku ezifanele zokufakelwa izithombo zotamatisi zibe zokugcina izithombo zokugcina izithombo;
- Ngo-Meyi 9, 15, 19, 24, 25 enhle kulezi zinqubo ezindaweni ezipholile.
Okungasebenzi kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi ensimini ye-tomato ngo-2018, izazi zezinkanyezi zibiza ngezigaba zenyanga entsha ne-Moon Moon. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi inyanga "iguga", futhi amandla amakhulu ezitshalo ziya ngaphansi komhlaba. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngisho nokulimala okubonakala sengathi kunesibindi kwiziqu noma izimpande zezithombo kungaholela ekufeni kwayo. Ochwepheshe bathi imbewu etshalwe ngalesi sikhathi ithola uhlelo lokuthuthukisa ngaphansi komhlaba. Umphumela wu-rhizome onamandla kanye ne-nondescript eziqongweni ezibuthakathaka. Imifino yomsuka inhle kule nkathi, kodwa hhayi utamatisi.
Kubalulekile! Umthetho oyinhloko wokutshala utamatisi ku-abamba ukushisa noma ensimini ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwemigqa kanye nezihlahla. Ngaphandle kwalokho akunakwenzeka ukufika kwe-zagushchat, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi izihlahla zizobhekana nokuntuleka kwelanga nesikhala sokwakheka kahle kwehlathi.
Indlela yokutshala utamatisi ku-abamba ukushisa?
Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukutshala utamatisi ebamba lokushisa, kubalulekile ukunaka izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezithombo. Phela, uhlelo lokufika luxhomeke ekuphakameni kwalo. Isibonelo, i-chess ehambisana nemigqa emibili nengxenye yamamitha phakathi kwabo ifanele ama-hybri okukhula okusheshayo. Phakathi kwemigodi emgqeni kuyinto efiselekayo ukushiya kufika ku-40 cm. Utamatisi olunjalo lungcono kakhulu etshalwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuze uthole izitshalo ezinokukhula okulinganiselwe, ochwepheshe nabo bayeluleka uhlelo lwe chess nge-aisle efanayo, kuphela phakathi kwamahlathi okudingeka ufike kufika ku-25 cm. Izinhlobo ezide zingatshalwa endaweni eyodwa noma ezimbili. Indlela yokuqala ihlinzekela ububanzi besonto ukuya ku-80 cm, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kokulingana lifinyelela ku-60 cm. Futhi ukhetho lwesibili lwenziwa ngokwandisa izikhathi eziphakathi kwezihlahla eziseduze kuya ku-75 cm.
Uma ukhetha ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana, ungakhohlwa ukucabangela ukukhanya komunye wabo - omakhelwane akufanele bakhulise isithunzi futhi bangajabuli. Abalimi bemifino abanokuhlangenwe nakho bahlala ezindaweni ezinamathele ezinhlangothini zesakhiwo, futhi iziqhwaga ezide zitshalwe phakathi (futhi mhlawumbe zisondele eduze kwesikhungo).
Uyazi? Inkolelo yenkohliso yamatamatisi yayidonswe yi-colonel waseMelika uRobert Gibbon. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1820, lapho umuntu wezempi, ephikisana nesinqumo senkantolo ngqo ezinyathelweni zenye yezinkantolo eNew Jersey, wadla ibhakede lonke lezithelo ezivuthiwe. Le ndoda yayifisa ukuthola ubuthi. Isixuku sabangamakhulu amabili bahlangana ukuze babone lo mdlalo. Abanye besifazane badikibala, kanti abanye babiza odokotela ukuba basebenze eduze nomuntu onesibindi.
Uma usuqumile ngalezi zingu-nuances, ungaqhubeka ngqo ekulungiseleleni izimbobo zokufika. Zakhiwa ekujuleni kwe-15 cm. Izitshalo azisebenzisi njengoba lokhu kwenziwa ngenkathi kulungiswa inhlabathi. Uma ufisa, isigamu seglasi lezinkuni lingathululelwa emthonjeni ngamunye futhi siphuziswa ngamanzi afudumele, ahlelekile kahle.
Futhi, ukutshalwa kwezimo ezibamba ukushisa, izinhlobo ezifanele zezamatamatisi ezifana nalezi: "I-Sugar Bison", "Grandee", "i-Raspberry Giant", "i-Golden Domes", "i-Honey Drop", i- "Cosmonaut Volkov", "White Pour", "i-Novice "," Marina Grove "," Persimmon "
Izitshalo zokutshala kufanele zenziwe ngokucophelela, ukuze zingabhubhisi i-clod yomhlaba futhi zingalimazi iziqu. Ukwenza lokhu, kufanele uhanjiswe kusengaphambili ngamanzi amaningi Ngemuva kwalokho, faka izithombo emigodini bese ugcwalisa umhlabathi omusha. Ochwepheshe abacebisi izitshalo eziningi zokungcwaba. Lokhu kuzothinta amazinga abo okuthuthukiswa nokukhula. Kodwa ukuze iziqu zikhule ziqinile, zidinga ukuba zitshalwe nge-angle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimpande ezengeziwe zizovela ezinhlathini, ezizosiza ekusebenzeni kwamatamatisi.
Izici ukunakekela izithombo
Hhayi, mhlawumbe uyazi ukuthi ukutshala okufanele imisebenzi yakho kwidimu lezotamatisi ngeke kuphele. Emva kwenqubo yokuqothula, ungakwazi ukuphumula izinsuku ezingu-3-4 ngaphandle kokuthatha isenzo. Bese uqala ukuchelela, ukugqoka, garters, pasynkovanie futhi, ekugcineni, ukuvuna.
Kubalulekile! I-Pus yamabhedi utamatisi inobungozi kakhulu - izinambuzane eziningi ze-pathogenic nezimpungushe zezinambuzane eziyingozi zihlala kuyo, ngokuqinisekile okuzofaka izifo. Ochwepheshe bayeluleka izitshalo ezikhulayo nge-humus.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezine zokuguquguquka emva kokutshala, unganisela izitshalo. Qaphela ukuthi umswakama kufanele ube ningi, kodwa hhayi njalo. Uma kungenjalo, umswakama kanye nokushisa maduzane kufaka isikhunta nezifo. Ungagcini imibhede futhi uchele njalo, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho izingozi zokutheleleka kwesithelo ne-top rot zanda.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-5 emva kokutshala izithombo zotamatisi, kubalulekile ukukhulula umbhede, futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-14 izithombo zizodinga ukuhlala nezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ama-stalks amancane adinga i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium.
Uma ukhetha ama-hybri amade okutshala, emva kwamasonto ambalwa emva kokuqothula, kuzodinga i-garter ukusekela. Uma kungenjalo, amahlumela azophuka ngaphansi kwesisindo sesisindo sabo. Kodwa izihlahla ezincane ezikhulayo kule nqubo azidingi, ngoba zihamba kahle, zakha umqhele oqinile.
Lapho izitshalo zifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-25 cm, susa izinqubo zokuvela phakathi kwezinhlamvu zeqabunga kanye nesitshalo. Ochwepheshe bacebisa ukuthi bashiye isinyathelo esincane esincane. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kwenziwe isihlahla samahlumela amabili. Lokhu kuvame ukuphakanyiswa uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu ekuqhumeni okuphakathi. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuvuna zakuqala ezingadingeki ukuthi zibekiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kunenkinga encane.
Uyazi? Ukuphikisana okukhulu kwavela eMelika phezu kwencazelo yezitshalo zezamatamatisi ema-90s ekhulwini le-19. Ososayensi babheka izithelo njengamajikijolo, abathengi njengezithelo, neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States of America - imifino. Isisusa saleso sinqumo sasilungile ngemisebenzi yamasiko eyenziwe imifino engenisiwe.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala umbhede wezotamatisi esitheni sokushisa, kubalulekile ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile izihlahla zokuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu zezifo ezifayo. Uma kutholakala iphethini efanayo, izingxenye ezithintekayo kufanele zisuswe masinyane futhi izitshalo ziphathwe ngamafungicides. Iqinisekisiwe kahle: "Skor", "Fundazol", "Maxim".
Abanye abatshali bemifino abavame ukufaka amathemba amakhulu phezu kokushisa, hhayi ngisho nokusola ukuthi ukuphazanyiswa okuncane kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bokutshala utamatisi kungaba nomvuno ophansi kakhulu. Ukwazi ubuqili nemithetho eyisisekelo yokutshala izithombo nokuzinakekela, uzokwazi ukugwema amaphutha amakhulu.
