Iphakathi

Peari "Perun": izici, izimfihlo zokulima ngokuphumelelayo

Njengomthetho, izinhlobo ezibandayo ezinamapareya, ezihlwanyelwe ezindaweni ezingesimo sezulu esinzima, zinezithelo ezincane. Ezindaweni zabo, ezihlukahlukene zamapheya "Perun", ezikhule ngempumelelo eSiberia, ziyahlukahluka. Sizokwazi futhi incazelo kanye nezici zalolu hlobo.

Ukuzala

Umsunguli wepey "Perun" yi-Institute of Research of Horticulture yaseSiberia. UMnu A. Lisavenko (NIISS kubo. M. A. Lisavenko), esiseBarnaul. Iqembu elizalisayo lahlanganyela ekwakheni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, okungukuthi: i-Puchkin I. A., uKalinina I. P., uKarolinaeva E. P., uBorisenko M. I. Ekupheleni kwemizamo ehlukahlukene yezwe, "uPerun" yaphakanyiswa ukulima eNtshonalanga Siberia naseMpumalanga Izifunda zaseSiberia. Erejista ye-FGBU "Gossortkomissiya" lezi zihlukahlukene zafakwa ngo-1998.

Uyazi? Izwe lakubo eliphakathi kwe-pear alisunguliwe, kodwa okokuqala liye lahlushwa, ngokusobala eGrisi lasendulo iminyaka eyi-1000 BC.

Incazelo kanye nezici ezihlukile ezihlukahlukene

"I-Perun" iyinhlobonhlobo yekwindla eyedlule, ekulingene ngokwanele ebusika ebusika, ukuyihlakulela ngesimo sezulu esibuhlungu saseSiberia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ababelethi bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ePerun njengezakhiwo njengobunzima obusika obunobungozi kanye nezithelo ezinhle zezithelo.

Kubalulekile! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze "Perun" zenzelwe eSiberia, ukuqina kwayo kubusika kubhekwa njengokugculisa kuphela ngabalimi baseSiberia, kanti ikakhulukazi ebusika izihlahla zingafisa kancane.

Izitshalo ezivamile ezihlukahlukene zikhona ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-60 ehektheleni. Ezimweni zaseSiberia, isilinganiso sezingu-18 kg zezithelo ngonyaka ngamunye singavuna esihlahleni esisodwa. Ukuhluma kwesihlahla kuqala ngonyaka wesi-5-6.

Izinkuni

Izihlahla zalezi zihlukahlukene zibhekwa njenge-sredneroslye, ezinomqhele omncane, ongenamathele, ongenamanzi kakhulu. Amagatsha aqondiswa phezulu. Amahlumela anombala obomvu, aphika kancane. Amaqabunga ahamba phambili, ahlambalaza, ayingqayizivele, usayizi ovuthiwe omnyama nombala.

Uyazi? Izinkuni eziphakathi kwamapayipi zikhulu kakhulu futhi ziqinile, futhi zigcina kahle kahle ngemva kokumiswa ngenxa yobuningi bezinto okuthiwa "amangqamuzana amatshe". Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lolu huni luncike ekubholeni, ngakho-ke lusetshenziswa emisebenzini yezandla ezisetshenziswe endlini.

Izithelo

Ngokwesilinganiso, isisindo sesithelo esithi "Perun" sesukela kuma-140 kuya kwangu-180 amagremu, kodwa sikhule amakhulu futhi amakhulu amakhulu. Umbala wabo uphuzi, unobuthi obonakalayo engxenyeni yezithelo. Ziyiziqu ezinomsoco, ngephunga elibonakalayo. Inyama imhlophe, ilungisiwe kahle, isisindo esiphakathi. Ukunambitheka kwezithelo kumnandi futhi kuyomuncu, amaphuzu abo okunambithekayo amaphuzu angu-4.2 kuhlelo oluyisihlanu. Izinhlobonhlobo ziyonke. Izithelo zawo zihle kokubili okusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucubungula (jam, ijusi, cider, njll). Zingagcinwa isikhathi eside isikhathi eside. Emiphongolweni, zigcinwa izinyanga ezingafika ku-3, ngaphandle kokuthi, ziqothulwe emagatsheni, futhi aziwa phansi.

Hlola izinhlobonhlobo zezinkuni eSiberia, esifundeni saseMoscow nasebandleni eliphakathi.

Indlela yokukhetha izithombo

Lapho ukhetha izithombo, kufanele kuqala uqondiswe umthetho olula: uthenge izithombo kuphela kubathengisi abathembekile noma ezindaweni zokubeletha. Isikhathi esiphezulu se-seedling sineminyaka engama-3. Uma kungenjalo i-branching esiteshini, khona-ke unyaka owodwa we-sapling. Kusukela phakathi kwe-stem kufanele kuthuthukiswe amaqabunga, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo ayokwenza amagatsha amasha. Izimpande akufanele zomiswe noma ziboshwe.

Uyazi? Ngisho nangaphambi kokuvela kogwayi eYurophu, abaseYurophu babhema amaqabunga ezitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Okuthandwa kakhulu ekubhemeni kwakuyiziqabunga eziphakathi kwamapayipi.

Ukukhetha indawo kusayithi

Ngokuba ukutshala izithombo "Perun" kufanele athathe indawo enelanga, evikelwe emimoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayithandeki kakhulu. Umhlabathi owuhle kunazo zonke: inhlabathi emnyama, inhlabathi nesihlabathi. Empeleni, leli peyari lingatshalwa ngodaka noma enhlabathini enesihlabathi, kodwa kulokhu kuyadingeka ukwakha umgodi omkhulu wokutshala nomhlabathi we-asidi ephansi uma utshalwa isithombo.

Umsebenzi wokulungiselela ngaphambi kokufika

Ukutshala isithombo, ukumba imbobo eyi-1 m ejulile kanye no-80 cm ububanzi. Lo mgobo ulungiswe cishe kwezinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kokutshala. Isikhathi esinjalo siyadingeka ukuba inhlabathi ihlale ngesikhathi sokutshala - lokhu kuyoqinisekisa ukuthi imbewu isitshala ezingeni elifunayo. Uma inhlabathi isindayo, ubumba, ngokushesha emva kokumba emgodini wengeze isixazululo se-lime-fluff, esilungisiwe ngesilinganiso sezingu-2 ze-lime ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi. Ukulandela isixazululo, amabhakede amabili amanzi adluliselwa emgodini. Umhlabathi okhishwe emgodini ugcinwa. Isigxobo siqhutshelwa phansi emgodini, lapho i-trunk ye-sapling iboshwe khona. Uma ukutshala isithombo kufanele kube entwasahlobo, kungcono ukumba imbobo ekwindla. Izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokulungisa isayithi lokufika zifana nalabo okuchazwe ngenhla.

Funda imithetho ekwindla kanye nentswasahlobo yokutshala amapheya.

Inqubo ngesinyathelo-sinyathelo sokutshala izithombo

Izitshalo zingatshala kokubili ekwindla, kanti entwasahlobo. Ukufika kwe-autumn kuyithandeka kakhulu. Ngalokhu kuhlwanyela, izithombo zihlwanyela kangcono futhi kalula zibekezelele izikhathi ezinzima zezulu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo abakwazi ukuhambisa amaqhwa ebusika, futhi amagxolo awo amancane nezimpande bakhanga amantonga ebusika.

Lapho ukutshala izithombo zihambisana nalokhu okulandelayo:

  • umhlabathi owawukhishwe ngaphambili emgodini wokugibela uhlanganiswa nama-humus (kuye ngokuthi izinga lomhlabathi, kusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-30 ​​kg), i-superphosphate (50 g) nosawoti we-potassium (30 g);
  • ingxube elandelwayo yathululela izimpande zenzalo, kuyilapho umcengezi wempande kufanele ukhule ngaphezu komhlaba ngo-5-7 cm;
  • inhlabathi ehlanganisiwe yanyatheliswa;
  • yakha isiyingi somzimba ngesimo se-shaft esincane esiphansi (2-4 cm) (ububanzi obungaba ngu-40 cm) eseduze nesikhwama sesithombo;
  • I-20-30 l yamanzi avikelayo athululelwa embuthanweni owakhiwe;
  • ngemuva kokuswakama umswakama, umbuthano ugcwala imboketshezi kusuka ku-peat, sawdust noma i-humus eyomile;
  • I-trunk ihlanganiswe nesigxobo esingaphansi kwesando.

Izici zokunakekelwa kwonyaka

Izimo ezithile zaseSiberia azithinti ngokubili kokubili imithetho yokutshala nokuqhubeka nokunakekelwa kweParun pear. Akukho ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezithile, kudinga izihlahla, ukukhulelwa, ukwelashwa kokuvimbela kusuka ezinambuzane.

Ukunakekelwa komhlabathi

Ukukhululeka kwenhlabathi ngaphakathi kwesikhungane esiseduzane naso kwenziwa entwasahlobo. Ehlobo, ipeyari idinga ukuchelela njalo. Uma kwenzeka ehlobo elomile, kusetshenziswe izibhakede zamanzi ezifika ku-3 ngesikhathi ngasinye, ukuchelela kwenziwa ebusuku. Inhlabathi ezungeze isihlahla samathamini sawdust noma peat. Kubalulekile futhi ukususa ukhula endaweni eseduze nomuthi. Enkonzweni yokulungiselela amapheya ngesikhathi sasebusika, insimu ye-trunk-ground iyagubha, kepha ayijulile. Ngemuva kwalokho, umbuthano wokugcoba uphuziswa futhi uhlanganiswe ne-peat noma i-sawdust emgqeni ongama-20 cm.

Ukugqoka okuphezulu

Isigqoko sokuqala esihlahleni somuthi senziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqhuma ukuqhuma. Isixazululo se-urea sisetshenziselwa ukugqoka okuphezulu (700 g we-urea ngamalitha ayi-10). Umuthi wonke uchithelwa nalesi sixazululo.

Kubalulekile! Ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala, isihlahla asidingi ukudla okungeziwe.

Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukufaka umanyolo kwenziwa ngesisombululo se-nitroammofoski, esilungisiwe ngesilinganiso se-1 ingxenye ye-nitroammofoski ngamaphesenti angu-200 amanzi. Ibhakede elilodwa lidla amabhakede amathathu wesisombululo esinjalo. Isixazululo sisetshenziswa ngendlela yokunisela. NgoJulayi, ukondla ama-foliar nama-fertilizer ane-nitrogen, ikhambi elifanayo le-urea, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla. Ekwindla, lapho ugoba ezungeze izihlahla ezungeze izihlahla, izinkuni zenziwe ngomhlabathi (150 g ngalinye 1 sq. M). Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nalesi sikhathi, udla ngokudla okunzulu kwezihlahla ezindala. Ungasebenzisa umquba ozinzile owenziwe ngomumo, futhi ungazimela ngokuzimela ingxube. Isibonelo senhlanganisela enjalo: isipuni 1 se-potassium chloride nezipuni ezimbili ze-superphosphate granules ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi.

Ukwelashwa okuvimbelayo

Izinhlobonhlobo "i-Perun" eziphikisana nezifo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ukukhipha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zenzeke kanjani, kubalulekile ukwelashwa okuvimbela izihlahla. Ngalokhu, ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, ngiphakamisela uketshezi lweBordeaux. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqoka i-spring of pear nesisombululo se-urea kubuye kusize ukuqeda izinambuzane eziyingozi nezifungi. Futhi-ke, ukuvimbela okuhle ezinambuzaneni kuyomhlophe i-pear iqala nge-lime.

Ukudubula

Ukudubula kokuqala kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umuthi ufinyelele eminyakeni emibili ubudala. Kuqhutshwa entwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amahlumela avela esiqwini esikhulu ayinqunywanga. Isiqu somuthi omncane sincishiswe ngehora, amagatsha angomakhelwane anqunywe endandeni, i-hemp kumele ingabi khona. Esikhathini esizayo, susa amahlumela aqondile. Amagatsha omzimba okweqile ancishiswa njalo ngonyaka ngekota yesilinganiso. I-angle esinqunyiwe kufanele iqonde, iphuzu lokusika liphathwa nge-pitch pitch. Emagatsheni aphansi awanamathela: aphukile, awonakele, anomile. Qinisekisa ukususa amagatsha agulayo, abese ashiswa. Amahlumela omnyaka owodwa ancishiswe okwesithathu. Uma ukulungisa izihlahla kuvuselelwa, kuqala ngamagatsha aphansi.

Emaphethini abandayo abandayo futhi afaka izinhlobo ezinjengalezi: "Fairytale", "Rogneda", "Hera", "Ububele" no "Krasulya".

Ukuvikelwa emakhazeni namakhaza

Ukuvikela ngokumelene nesithwathwa, izihlahla ziboshwe phezulu kwepine spruce phezulu bese zihlanganiswe nge-sacking. Ngemva kweqhwa liwile, iqhwa elengeziwe liphonswa kwisigungu esiseduzane, okwenza iziqhwa zeqhwa. Izinduku ezinjengezindundane, izindiza, amagundane amanzi angabangela umonakalo omkhulu emithini. Ziyingozi kakhulu ezihlahleni ezincane. Izinhlanzi ezingekho ezinobuthi ziphumelela ngokumelene namagundane nemigodi, isibonelo, izingxenye ezimbili zeglasi elichotshoziwe ngezingxenye ezingu-1 zefulawa kanye nengxenye yeshukela. Mayelana namagundane amanzi, igridi-ucingo elinosayizi weseli we-10-15 mm linikeza isivikelo esihle kubo. Ingcwatshwa ngamamitha angu-50, ububanzi befensi enjalo cishe ngo-70 cm.

Enye inkathazo eyingozi yophiko eliphakathi kwelokuyi-hare. Lesi silwane sikwazi ukudla konke esikufinyelelayo: amagxolo, amahlumela, umqhele. Amakhemikhali angabuthi anobuthi abamba izihlahla asetshenziswa ngokumelene nezinhlamvu. Lokhu kungaba ingxube yezingxenye ezilinganayo zobumba nezinyosi zezinkomo kanye nokwengezwa kwe-creolin (100 g ngalinye ngo-10 l wenhlanganisela). Ekuphetheni, kuphawulwe ukuthi ukulima kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-pear "Perun" ezimweni zaseSiberia azikho ubunzima obuthile. Iphuzu layo elibuthakathaka kuphela alinayo ngokwanele ubunzima bebusika ezimweni zezibhakabhaka ikakhulukazi ezinzima kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo, zingafakwa kalula kalula. Kodwa, njengoba esinqobe ubunzima bokukhula, umlimi wensimu uthola isivuno sezithelo ezinhle kakhulu ekwindla.