Igama elithi "ugundane" elihlobene kakhulu nensimbi.
Kubuye kuthiwa uhlobo lwesifo sefungal of izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto ekwazi ukubhubhisa iningi plantings, uma hhayi ukubhekana nayo.
Kuyini ukugqwala okuyingozi?
Izitshalo zokuqothula azilimazi nje ukubonakala kwesitshalo, kodwa futhi zibhubhise ngaphakathi. Okokuqala, bahlasela amaqabunga, bese beya emigqumeni, izimbali nezithelo. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo ye-photosynthesis ne-metabolism iyaphazanyiswa, isitshalo esithintekile sibhekene nokuntuleka komswakama, okuholela ukuwa kweqabunga.
Ukulahlekelwa kwamaqabunga kusengaphambili kusinciphisa ukuzivikela kwezitshalo, bakhuthazelela nakakhulu ebusika, ikhwalithi kanye nenani lesitshalo linciphisa izithelo zezitshalo, futhi ekuhloliseni izimbali ziba ezincane futhi ezincane, lesi sitshalo sibukeka sicindezelekile futhi sifa kancane kancane. 
Ukukhula okusanhlamvu okusithintekile ngeke kube nezinto ezidingekayo zokubhaka isinkwa. Izifungi ezibangela lesi sifo ziqhutshwa umoya, emoyeni, ngamanzi, futhi lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu.
Uyazi? Kulezi zinhlobo zamakhowe, izinhlamvu eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 zivuthwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezisakazeka ngokushesha.
Izimpawu zokunqotshwa
Kulula ukuxilonga ukugqwala ngezibonakaliso zangaphandle - kwanele ukuhlola amaqabunga, futhi uma kunezinhlanzi ezinjengama-pads, ukuchotshoza okubangela ukugqwala kwesikhumba, kusho ukuthi isitshalo sithintekile.
Amapulisi achithekile - yilokho ama-mushroom spores. Uma lesi sifo sidlulile esiteji esithuthukisiwe, ke lezi zikhukhula zihlanganisa futhi zakha imivimbo enesibindi, amaqabunga aphuzi bese ewa masinyane. Izindawo ezivame ukuhlala ngaphansi kweshidi. Ngezinye izikhathi i-fungus ayithinti kuphela amapuleti asemagqabeni, kodwa futhi ama-stalks neziqu, futhi amaphuzu angathatha umbala ophuzi obala futhi atholakala engxenyeni engenhla yeqabunga. 
Iqembu eliyingozi
Lesi sifo singathinta izitshalo ezihlukahlukene:
- izitshalo okusanhlamvu - ukolweni, rye, ibhali, i-millet, i-oats;
- izimbali eziningi zensimu ziyi-roses, i-peonies, irises, i-mallow, i-carnations, i-clematis;
- izinhlobonhlobo ezihlotshisiwe ze-deciduous ne-coniferous;
- imifino - ikhukhamba, i-asparagusi, izaqathe, i-beet, anyanisi;
- izihlahla zezithelo nezitshalo - currants abomvu nabomnyama, amapheya, ama-apula, ama-raspberries, i-gooseberries.
Uyazi? Izitshalo ezithola inani elidingekayo lokufaka umanyolo nokunakekelwa okufanele zikwazi ukubhekana nalesi sifo ngokwazo futhi uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka kulula ukubekezelela.
Indlela yokubhekana nokugqwala kwezitshalo
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nalesi sifo ukuvimbela. Umhlaba ozungeze izitshalo kufanele uguqulwe ebusika, izitshalo kufanele ziphathwe nge-fungicides ngesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma isimo sezulu sinomanzi futhi sibanda isikhathi eside.
Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuhlwanyela kwabantu bese ubambisa ngesikhathi, futhi ekwindla, sitshise futhi ushise wonke amaqabunga awele, amagatsha nezithelo. Kodwa uma lesi sitshalo sisagula, akufanele usheshe usho ukuthi uyayiphendula - namhlanje kunezindlela eziningi zokulwa nalesi sifo esine-rusty ". Kungaba kokubili amakhambi abantu namakhemikhali.
Emithini yezithelo
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukugqwala emithini yezithelo kuthanda i-apula kanye nepeyari, futhi kuphuma ku-cherry, plums, nama-apricot. Ngakho-ke, uma ungayinaki, ungalahlekelwa yinsimu yonke. 
Uma unokusola mayelana nokutholakala kokugqwala kwepheyari, udinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani nokuthi uyayiphatha kanjani, futhi uzimisele ukuyenza.
Ukulwa nomkhuhlane uqala ekwindla, ukususa ama-debris nokumba yonke inhlangothi ye-okolostvolny ku-bayonet yefosholo. Entwasahlobo bahlola lesi sihlahla, banqume amagatsha abathintekayo bese bayishisa kude nesayithi kanye namaqabunga omnyaka odlule. Emva kwalokho, lungiselela isisombululo se-7% se-urea noma isisombululo se-10% se-ammonium nitrate futhi uphathe umhlabathi ngaphansi kwesihlahla.
Okulandelayo, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphuthelwa inkathi yokuvuvukala kwezinso, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi uphonsa 3% i-Bordeaux liquid. Esikhathini sokuphumula esiphambanweni siphula kuze kuqhume, ukwelashwa okukodwa noma kokubili nge-Azofos noma i-Medex fungicides, noma nganoma yimaphi amanye amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi noma isulfure, kwenziwa.
Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo kufanele zibe ngaphambi nangemva kokusabalalisa, futhi lapho izithelo ziqala ukukhula. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kumisiwe izinsuku ezingu-45-50 ngaphambi kokuvuna. Noma kunjalo, kufanele ulandele ngokucophelela imiyalo. Kodwa-ke, i-rust of pear futhi kunezinyathelo zokulawula ezithandwayo ezingeke zilimaze impilo yabantu, kanye nezinyoni nezinambuzane.
Enye yazo yindlela yokwelashwa ene-infusion ye-cow umquba omusha, oneminyaka eyizinsuku ezintathu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thatha i-1/3 yebhakede lomquba bese uthele konke okunye ngamanzi, uxoxe njalo ngezinsuku ezintathu, bese uhlunga ngendwangu yendwangu.
Enye ingxenye ye-slurry ithatha izingxenye eziyishumi zamanzi bese uphefa izihlahla kusihlwa. Phinda kanye emva kwezinsuku ezingu-10. Lesi sixazululo sizobe sigqoke phezulu izinkuni, okuyinto eyenza kakhulu ukuzivikela kwayo.
Izindlela ezifanayo ingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nokugqwala emaqabunga apula nakwabanye abakhileyo ensimini yakho.
Rust on izihlahla coniferous
Ama-conifers abe yinto evelele kakhulu yokuhlelwa kwemvelo emasimini nasemapaki, ngoba abalimi bacabanga ukuthi abakudingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, yizona ezihamba phambili zokuthunga i-fungus, okuyinto eshaya ngakho konke okuzungezile. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasesiteji sokuthenga, kubalulekile ukuhlola isitshalo kahle, hlola nomdayisi ukuthi ngabe kusetshenziswe yini. 
Izinaliti ezihlahleni ezinesifo zigcwele amabala aphuzi ne-orange ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, futhi emva kokukhishwa kwe-spore, i-fungus ikhanya futhi izinaliti nazo zithola umbala ogqamile. Ngokuvamile, i-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umjunipha, umsedari ne-thuja kutshalwa emasimini nasemapaki.
Isimiso sokubhekana nesifo sabo bonke lezi zitshalo kufana, ngakho-ke uma ukwazi ukuphatha, isibonelo, umjunipha kusuka ekugqumeni, khona-ke ungakwazi ukubhekana nezinye izitshalo.
Uma kwamanye amagatsha omjunipha kukhona kakade izimpawu ezibonakalayo zefungus, khona-ke lezi magatsha kuzodingeka zinqunywe futhi zishiswe.
Kubalulekile! Ngemuva kokudubula, i-pruner kumele iphathwe ngotshwala, njengoba izitshalo ezinempilo zizotheleleka kuyo.
Lapho nje ama-frosts ephela entwasahlobo, qala ukucubungula isitshalo ngamalungiselelo akhethekile anikezwa ezitolo zensimu. Yithatha kuphela isilinganiso esiphindwe kabili kulowo oboniswe esikhwameni. Lo mthetho usebenza kuwo wonke ama-conifers.Futhi, kungcono ukwengeza umthamo oyingqayizivele noma umuthi wokuhlanza isisombululo, ukuze ukulungiselela kuhlale emagatsheni isikhathi eside. I-fungus iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukumelana nama-fungicides, ngakho-ke idinga ukuguqulwa zonke izindlela zokwelashwa ezingu-1-2.
On the berry ezihlahleni
Ngokuvamile ukugqwala isikhunta kuhlasela i-currants emnyama nebomvu, kanye ne-gooseberries.
Kulezi zitshalo, ukugqwala kubizwa i-gobletnjengoba ingxenye ethintekile yeqabunga ithatha isimo seglasi. 
I-currant inenkathi encane kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni kwefihlekile kuze kuvuthwe amajikijolo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthi ungasebenzisi amafongicides aqinile. Kodwa-ke, i-currant rind ye-currant iyaphathwa kahle, udinga nje ukuthi ukwazi ukubhekana nayo ngendlela efanele.
Ukuvimbela okuhle kuyafana nokumba umhlabathi ojikelezayo. Kubalulekile ukunaka: ingabe kukhona izintambo eziseduze eduze, njengoba kuneziqhwa ze-fungus kuso. Uma sedge ikhona - vula ngokuphuthumayo bese uyishisa. Izitshalo ziphathwa nge-1% ye-Bordeaux ingxube kathathu: ngokushesha emva kokuvela kwamaqabunga, ngaphambi kokuzimbali futhi emva kwayo.
Ungasebenzisa futhi ikhambi lomuntu olula: thatha isipuni 1 sokuhlanza umshini wokugcoba noma ukunamathisela, isipuni esingu-1 soma yimiphi amafutha omquba, isipuni esingu-1 soda, uthele wonke ama-4.5 amalitha amanzi bese ufaka i-aspirin egaziniwe nge-powder. Lelixazululo lingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa kanye nezinsuku eziyishumi. 
On imifino
Akuwona nje izihlahla nezihlahla, kodwa nezitshalo zemifino zibhekene nokugqwala.
Izigaba eziyinhloko zokubhekana nazo:
- ukulandela ukujikeleza kwezitshalo - hhayi ukutshala izitshalo ezihambisana nale sifo, emva komunye nomunye;
- ukumba umhlabathi ubusika, futhi entwasahlobo ukususa izinsalela zezitshalo;
- imibhede yokhula ngesikhathi;
- ukucubungula imbewu ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate noma i-furatsilina;
- Ungafaki imibhede yemifino ehlukene eduze komunye nomunye.
Ekuboniseni kokuqala kokulimala, ukwelashwa kuzoba kufanelekile: isisombululo se-ammonia (3 wezipuni ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi) noma amanzi nge-soap soap. Kodwa uma lesi sifo sesivele sithuthuka, lezi zimali ngeke ziphumelele. Ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamafungicides noma i-1% ye-Bordeaux liquid.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze kungabangela ukulimala okungenakuqhathaniswa emzimbeni, zonke izifo zenziwa inyanga eyodwa ngaphambi kokuba izithelo zivunwe.
On okusanhlamvu
Ukuze uthole ukuvunwa okunempilo okusanhlamvu, kubalulekile ukulima kahle umhlaba futhi ususe wonke ukhula ukuze amakhowe abe nendawo yokuchitha ubusika. Futhi, izindlela zokulawula zihlanganisa ukujikelezwa kwezitshalo ezifanele, ukuhlukanisa izitshalo zasebusika ezivela ezitshalweni zezitshalo, ukufudumala imbewu elangeni noma indlela yokushisa emoyeni. 
Emapulazini amakhulu, okusanhlamvu kusetshenzwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ngakho-ke kukhona ingozi yokulimala kwezitshalo akuncane. Kodwa ekhaya, abantu ngokuvamile abakwenzi. Njengoba izindawo ezihlwanyelwe ngokuvamile zikhulu kakhulu, ngeshwa, akwanele ukwenza ngaphandle kwezindlela zomuntu, kufanele sisebenzise amakhemikhali. Phakathi kwabo, njenge "Atlant", "Altazol", "Altrum super" nabanye.
On izitshalo zasendlini
Esinye sezimbangela zalesi sifo ezitshalweni zasendlini kungaba amanzi ekushiseni okuphansi ngaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuqapha lokhu, ikakhulukazi ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, lapho kunamanzi ngaphandle, futhi kupholile ezindlini. Ukuze kuvikelwe zonke izifo, kuyadingeka ukondla imindeni yabo eluhlaza ngesikhathi, ngoba abanalo indawo yokuthatha amaminerali, futhi emiphakathini umhlaba ususwe ngokushesha. 
Ukulwa nokugqwala emaqabungeni ezitshalo zasendlini kuphazamiseka ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuwasebenzisa ngaphakathi endlini ngamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, uma lesi sitshalo sigula, kufanele usibhubhise, futhi uvikele izimbali ezinempilo ngokufafaza nge-ammonia noma i-tar soap.
Uma uhlala endlini yangasese kanti isimo sezulu sifudumele, khona-ke ungazama ukugcina ikhophi egulayo - thatha isitshalo, ususe wonke amaqabunga aphethwe yizihlahla kanye namahlumela, bese uphatha ngesinye sezifungicides. Ukucubungula kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ngekhefu lezinsuku ezingu-10. Sitshala endlini ngesikhatsi sonke sokungenisa.
Ngakho, ukugqwala - isifo esiyingozi futhi kudinga ukwelashwa kwesikhashana. Kodwa-ke, ungayilahla uma wenza izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezidingekayo futhi uqapha ngokucophelela isimo sezilwane ezifuywayo ezifuywayo.
