I-Alder - isihlahla esinqabile esiqabayo noma isihlahlana esivela emndenini wakwaBirch. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke labantu lihlanganiswe endaweni enemozulu efudumele yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Izinhlobo ezithile ziyatholakala naseNingizimu Melika nase Asia. I-Alder ikhula emahlathini ahlanganayo ahlanganayo enhlabathini emanzi, evundisiwe kahle. Ulungiselela umakhelwane nge-oki ne-beech. Igama lesayensi lesitshalo "Alnus" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "offshore." Akumangazi ukuthi izitshalo eziningi zitholakala osebeni lwamanzi amasha nemifula. Phakathi kwabantu, umuthi ubizwa nangokuthi "valhal", "hazelnut", "olekh", "elshina". I-Alder idume ngezinkuni zayo nezinto zayo zokuphilisa. Kubukeka kukuhle kusayithi, elisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha zendabuko kanye nomkhakha wokubumba ngokhuni.
Incazelo yezitshalo
I-Alder - isihlahla noma isihlahla esingapheli esidonsayo esinomhlaza onesihlahla othuthukile kepha ongazwakali. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo ezinkulu zivame ukungaphansi. Ezimpandeni, ama-swellings amancane akhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, agcwaliswe ngamagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen. Icubungula i-nitrogen evela emkhathini, ihlangana kahle futhi inothisa inhlabathi ngayo. Amahlumela anendawo yesiphambano eyindilinga futhi ambozwe ngamagxolo abushelelezi ansundu. Ezindaweni lapho kuvela khona amagatsha amasha, amafomu aqonde ngemibimbi. Ekhonkolweni kwamahlumela amasha, kuyabonakala izinwele ezingunxantathu noma ezinomumo wenhliziyo.
Amaqabunga e-alder yi-oval noma i-obovate, enesiphelo esiyindilinga esibanzi nemiphetho yejagged noma wavy. Ingaphezulu leshidi libushelelezi, lisongekile phakathi kwemithambo. I-Foliage ikhula futhi kuma-petioles amafushane. Amasampula awela kusenesikhathi.
Entwasahlobo sekwephuzile, izimbali ze-alder ziyaqhakaza kulo mhlanga. Ama-stamens agxilwe emaphethelweni amahlumela amasha kuma-inflorescence amade (i-catkins) eguqukayo. Adwetshwe ngombala obomvu noma onsundu. Amacici anezimbali ezinhlobonhlobo ayizindlebe ezimfishane nezinezindlebe ezansi ngaphansi kwehlumela. Izimbali ziqala ngokuqhakaza kwamaqabunga.
Ukungcola kwenzeka ngosizo lomoya. Ngemuva kwayo, izithelo zivuthwa - kube namagquma amancane ngesikali sokhuni. Ukuvula kabusha kuqeda maphakathi nekwindla. Ngaphakathi kwe-nati ngayinye kune-nati eyodwa enamaphiko (kaningi ngaphandle kwabo). Amaqabunga wesigaxa esivuthiwe avulekile bese imbewu iyaphuma. Inqubo yokukhipha ingabambezeleka kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Umoya uthwala imbewu ngaphezu kwamabanga amakhulu, futhi imifudlana yasentwasahlobo iqeda inqubo yokufuduka amakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka kusitshalo somzali.
Izinhlobo ze-Alder
Namuhla, izinhlobo ezingama-29 zezitshalo zabelwe uhlobo lwe-alder. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi ngeke bakwazi ukuvumelana kuze kube manje, ngoba lesi sitshalo ngokwaso sithambekele ekushintsheni nasekuhlanganiseni kabusha, ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlobo zibalwa njengezinhlobonhlobo ze-hybrid zabanye.
I-alder emnyama (enamathelayo). Lesi sitshalo sihlala esimweni sezulu esifudumele saseNtshonalanga Asia, eNyakatho Afrika nakuyo yonke iYurophu. Yisihlahla esifinyelela ku-35 m ukuphakama, imvamisa ineziqu eziningana ezinobubanzi obungafika ku-90 cm. Amagatsha aphethele esiqwini akha umqhele obukhulu be-pyramidal obubanzi obungamamitha ayi-12. Isilinganiso sokukhula esisezingeni eliphakeme sifinyelelwa eminyakeni yobudala engama-5-10. Umjikelezo wempilo yiminyaka engama-80-100. Amakhophi angashadile asinda aze afike kumakhulu amathathu eminyaka. I-rhizome ethuthukisiwe itholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi futhi imbozwe izingoma. Amahlamvu anomumo ocishe ube yindilinga one-feathery venation. Ubude bawo bungama-6-9 cm kanti ububanzi bawo buyi-6-7 cm. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amacici amade 4-7 cm avulwa emaphethelweni amagatsha. Anombala ophuzi onsundu. Amacici we-pestle acishe abe mnyama, akhula esiqwini esiguquguqukayo esiguquguqukayo futhi anobude obuyi-1,2-2 cm futhi afinyelela ku-1 cm. Izithelo azidluli kubude obu-3 mm. Ekwindla, indawo yabo engabanjwanga iba mibi, ibomvu ngokubomvu.
I-alder ebomvu. Isihlahla esihlobisa kakhulu futhi sihle kuze kube ngu-20 m ukuphakama. Isiqu saso namagatsha embozwe ngogxolo olukhanyayo ocishe kube bushelelezi, futhi amahlumela amasha abomvu mnyama. Okokuqala, amahlumela aluhlaza avela ngokugqamile, bese kuba yize. Amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshwe njengeqanda aqukethe onqenqemeni futhi anezinhlangothi ezihlanganisiwe. Ngasohlangothini oluhle, ipuleti lamaqabunga limbozwe nge-villi ebomvu. Ama-inflorescence ama-Stamen aphonswa ngombala onsundu. Izigaxa ze-Ovate zikhula zibe ngu-15-25 mm ubude.
I-Alder grey. Isihlahla noma isihlahla esingafinyelela ku-20 m ukuphakama sinomqhele omncane we-ovoid. Isiqu sobucylindrical esigobile sifinyelela kububanzi obungamasentimitha angama-50. Isiphuma eside kanye nokudangala kuyabonakala kuso. Izinhlobo zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu zisencane. I-rhizome itholakala ngokujula kwamasentimitha angama-20. Igxolo limpunga emnyama, hhayi ukunamathela. Amaqabunga e-oval noma ama-lanceolate ngaphezulu anendawo ebushelelezi enesikhumba, kanti ngemuva ayimbozwe kakhulu ngenqwaba yesiliva. Ubude bawo buyi-4-10 cm, futhi ububanzi bawo buyi-3-7 cm. Izimbali zenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga aqhakaze.
Izinkuni ze-Alder
I-Alder isetshenziswa ngokuqinile embonini yokwenza izinkuni kanye nefenisha. Futhi yize izinkuni zesitshalo zingahlukile ngobukhulu obuphakeme namandla, ithandwa ngokukhanya kwawo, ukumelana nokubola namanzi. Ngezindleko eziphansi, izinkuni zikhanya impela. Iziphatha kahle ngenkathi yomiswa (ayigobeki noma igqekeze). Inzuzo ukuvela kombala ofanayo komgogodla nosiphale.
Ukusuka ku-alder zenza izingxenye zemithombo, imikhumbi, umhlobiso wangaphakathi. Unaye ukuthi abasebenza izinkuni bathanda ukusebenza. Futhi kusuka kulesi sihlahla kukhiqizwa ama-spools wentambo nezinye izinto ezincane.
Izinkuni ze-Alder zishisa ngaphandle kwe-soot futhi zifaka iphunga elimnandi. Lokhu okuqukethwe okungcono kakhulu kokugeza noma ukupheka.
Izindlela zokuzala
I-Alder isatshalaliswa ngembewu, ukusikwa kanye namahlumela asisekelo. Indlela ejwayelekile yembewu futhi ikakhulukazi yokuhlwanyelwa ngokwakho. Ngokwindla, izigaxa ezivuthiwe ziqala ukuvula nokukhulula imbewu. Ngesikhathi sikaNovemba-Mashi, bawela emhlabathini futhi babhekana nemvelo yemvelo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngesikhathi seqhwa, imbewu igcwele umswakama kanye nehabhu. Lapho utshala, imbewu itshalwa enhlabathini encibilikisiwe ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5 ukuya ku-340. Ngonyaka wokuqala, kuphela amafomu amahlumela amancane bese kuthi ikhula i-rhizome. Kancane kancane, izithombo ziba namandla futhi ngokushesha ziphenduka isihlahla esidumbile noma isihlahla esincane. Njalo ngonyaka kuzonezela 50-100 cm ukuphakama.
Imvamisa amahlumela amancane avela esiqwini. Ngonyaka nje, ukuphakama kwawo kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1-1,5. Entwasahlobo, inzalo ingagundwa futhi idluliselwe endaweni entsha. Kunconywa ukugcina inqwaba yomhlaba wasendulo ezimpandeni futhi ungavumeli ukuthi ome.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ama-cutways ayi-12-16 cm ubude asuswa amahlumela asemancane. Amila ngokushesha emhlabathini ovulekile. Izinga lokusinda elihle kakhulu liboniswa izitshalo eziphathwe nge-stimulator yokwakhiwa kwezimpande. Izimbumbulu zidinga ukuniselwa njalo. Ngokwindla, izitshalo zizokhula futhi ziqine ngokwanele ebusika ngaphandle kokukhosela.
Imithetho kokwehla nokunakekelwa
I-Alder ayizethembi kakhulu indawo nokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Ikhula kahle emthunzini okhethiweyo naselangeni elivulekile, emikhawulweni ethambile nenhlabathi enesihlabathi esimpofu. Ngenxa yamandla ayo okucebisa umhlaba nge-nitrogen, i-alder ngokwayo izokwenzela ungqimba wezakhi zayo kanye nabanye abamele izimbali. Okuhlukile kunendawo emnyama engakhula ngokujwayelekile emhlabathini onempilo futhi omanzi. Ilungele ukucolisiswa nokuqiniswa kogu lolwandle noma ugongolo, lapho amanzi asemhlabathini esondele khona ebusweni.
Ngokutshala, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa inhlabathi ngokusabela okungathathi hlangothi noma okuncane. I-lime, i-humus kanye nomanyolo (i-Kemira) ngaphambili zifakwa emhlabathini. Ukutshala kwenziwa kangcono ngesikhathi sokukhula. Phansi komgodi wokufika kwakubeka ungqimba lwezinto zokudonsa (isihlabathi, amatshe). Ngemuva kwalokho izimpande ziqonde futhi isikhala samahhala simbozwe ngenhlabathi evundisiwe. Intamo yempande kufanele igcwale nangaphezulu. Umhlaba unamanzi amaningi futhi uhlanganisiwe, futhi ingaphezulu ligxishwe ngengqimba yotshani obunjiwe, i-peat noma izinkuni chips.
Ukunakekelwa okuthe xaxa komsele kungadingeki. Ngonyaka wokutshala, izitshalo zidinga ukuniselwa kaningi, ngenkathi kugwenywa ukungagxili kwamanzi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi. Ukuze kutholakale izimpande ezingcono, inhlabathi ivulwa njalo ukhula luyasuswa. Akudingekile ukusebenzisa insimbi ngokujulile ukuze ungalimazi izimpande.
Futhi ngonyaka wokuqala, izitshalo kufanele zondliwe ngomanyolo noma ngomanyolo we-organic. Kusukela ngonyaka olandelayo, isidingo sale nqubo sizonyamalala.
Ukulindela ubusika, akukho micimbi ekhethekile edingekayo, ngoba i-alder iboniswa nokuqina okuphezulu kobusika. Ngisho nobusika obukhulu futhi obungenamakhaza abamesabi.
Lesi sitshalo sithinteka ekuthelelekeni ngegciwane lokukhunta (uhlobo lweTafrin nolunye), okuholela ekuguqukeni kwamacici kanye namaqabunga. Lapho kuvela izimpawu zalesi sifo, uchungechunge lwemithi yokwelashwa kokubulala luyadingeka. Kuma-parasites, usongo olukhulu kunazo zonke izibungu ezihlaselayo. Balimaza amagxolo amahlumela amasha. Ukulwa nawo, amagatsha alimala kakhulu ayanqunywa futhi umqhele uphathwa ngesinambuzane.
Ukuphulukisa izakhiwo
I-Alder ingabizwa ngokuthi isitshalo esisebenzayo nesiphilisayo, esizuzisa kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Amathanga, amaqabunga, amagxolo nezimpande aqukethe ama-tannins, ama-flavonoid, amaminerali, namavithamini. Kusuka ezintweni zokwelapha zokwelapha i-alder utshwala obumnyama noma obimpunga kanye ne-infusions yamanzi, kanye nama-decoctions ayenziwa. Le mishanguzo isiza ngamakhaza, i-bronchitis, ukucasuka nezilonda esikhunjeni, ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwama-mucous, ukopha. I-Alder inemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala, i-astringent, i-hentaticatic, i -ororant.
I-decoction of cones idakwe yi-colitis, dysentery, uhudo, ukopha okuphuma emgodini wokugaya ukudla, ekhaleni nasemlonyeni. Bahlanza umlomo wabo nge-stomatitis ne-periodontitis. Ama-tincture avela ezimpandeni anconyelwa kwabesifazane ukuba banciphise ukusebenza kokuzala kanye nomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini, ukulwa nokuvuvukala kocansi.
Imvamisa, amalungiselelo we-alder awana-contraindication, ngaphandle kokusabela komzimba. Kodwa-ke, kukho konke okudingayo isilinganiso, akunconywa ukuba uhlukumeze futhi udlule imithamo enconyiwe, njengoba izingxenye ezithile zivame ukuqongelela emzimbeni.
Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba
Umqhele ovulekile, ovulekile we-alder onamagatsha ashukumisayo namaqabunga aqhaqhazelayo ubukeka umnandi kakhulu. Izitshalo azihlushwa ukungcoliswa kgesi emoyeni wedolobha, ngakho-ke zingatshalwa eceleni komgwaqo. Njenge uthango, izihlahla eziphansi noma izihlahlana eziphakemeyo ezifika kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama zivame ukusetshenziswa.
Kusetshenziswa izihlahla ezinkulu ezinohlaka olunye ezitshalweni ezizodwa noma njengeqembu endaweni enkulu. Zitshalwa ezindleleni nasezihlolweni. I-Alder nayo ingasetjenziswa ekubumbeni kusuka ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, kuhlanganisa izitshalo ezinemibala ehlukene nezakhiwo zamahlamvu.
