I-Russia yajwayelana namazambane ngaphansi kukaPeter I. Imifino entsha yathatha isikhathi eside futhi kanzima, kepha yabe isaziswa, imemezela kufanele “isinkwa sesibili”. Manje ezakhiweni zasengadini kukhula yonke indawo, ngoba isimo sezulu saseRussia sivumelana kakhulu nesiko. Imifino ayilandelwa ngokuphelele ekunakekelweni, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zingamane ziphonswe emigodini bese ukhohlwa ngazo. Ukuthola isivuno esiningi akunakwenzeka uma kungatshalwanga ngesikhathi esifanele, kubalulekile futhi ukulungiselela ingadi kanye nezinto zokutshala ngokwakho.
Kuncono nini ukutshala amazambane?
Isici esiyisisekelo sokunquma isikhathi sokutshala amazambane esifundeni esithile yizimo zezulu kanye nezimo zezulu, kanye neqembu lezinhlobonhlobo okuvela kuzo lokhu kuhlukahluka.
Enkabeni yeRussia kanye nesifunda seVolga, amazambane avame ukutshala ngezinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala zikaMeyi. Esifundeni saseNyakatho neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga - lapho kuhlangana khona intwasahlobo kanye nehlobo. E-Urals naseMpumalanga Ekude - ngomhlaka 20 Meyi. ESiberia - ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Esifundeni saseLwandle Olumnyama, eCrimea, eNyakatho neCaucasus - engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli.
Isikhathi sokufika asincike kuphela esimweni sezulu esifundeni, kepha futhi nohlobo lwamazambane
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zizwela kakhulu ekushiseni kwenhlabathi. Ngokutshala ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu, ukukhula kwawo kunciphisa, izithombo zibonakala sekwephuzile, zingaphambili kwamazambane, ezitshalwe ngesonto noma amabili kamuva. Ukukhiqiza kuncishiswe kakhulu, ngokwesilinganiso ngu-15-20%.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amafrimu aqageliwe akusona isithiyo sokufika. Ama-tubers abekezelela ukwehla komoya ekushiseni komoya kuya -5ºС. Amakhaza ayingozi kuphela izithombo ezifika ku-3-5 cm.
Amazambane okuqala atshalwa ekuqaleni, avuthwa ngezinsuku ezingama-55-60. Musa ukwenza lokhu ngaphambi kwenhlabathi ekujuleni okufudumele okungu-7-8 cm kuze kufike ku-8ºС. Ukunquma ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile yini, izibonakaliso zabantu ziyosiza - izimbali zezimbali ezingama-cherry, izimbali zivulekile emiseleni (amaqabunga afinyelela cishe usayizi wohlamvu lwemali), kuvela ama-dandelion.
Ukuqhakaza i-bird bird kusho ukuthi inhlabathi isifudumeze ngokwanele, ungavele utshale amazambane
Enye indlela ongabheka ngayo ukuthatha inhlama yomhlaba kusuka ekujuleni kuka-10-12 cm bese uyijikijela phansi. Uma womile kuphela, inhlabathi isaqandeka. Futhi lapho ihlukana ibe yizicucu eziningana - inhlabathi isilungele ukutshala. Uma ikhuphuka ibe yimvuthuluka emincane, i-substrate isivele yomile, udinga ukutshala ngokushesha. Inhlabathi inyibilika ngokushesha uma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukusula umbhede weqhwa, ufafaze imvuthuluka ye-humus noma i-peat bese uqinisa nge-polyethylene emnyama.
Ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane, kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukushisa kwenhlabathi
Izinhlobo eziphakathi kokuqala zitshalwa ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ukuvunwa kungavunwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-65-80. Kepha phakathi kwabalimi, imvamisa abadumile. Amazambane anjalo awagcinwa, abonakala ngokuqina okungatheni nokungabikho kokunambitheka okukhulunywayo.
Izinhlobo ezivuthwa maphakathi (isikhathi sokuvuthwa izinsuku ezingama-80-85) zitshalwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMeyi. Abalimi bayabazisa ngokukhiqiza kwabo okukhulu nokubekezelela isomiso esihle.
Umnqamulajuqu wokutshala izinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo sekwephuzile (izinsuku ezingama-95-110) uphakathi noJuni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, esimweni sezulu esiphakathi kwesitshalo, awukwazi ukulinda kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala. Amazambane abambezelwe atshalwe endaweni efanayo. Izinzuzo zayo ezingathandabuzeki zigcina ikhwalithi, ukuhanjiswa kanye nokungatheleleki kahle kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi abaningi baqondiswa ikhalenda yenyanga, ekhombisa minyaka yonke izinsuku ezithandeka kakhulu nezingafanele ukutshala isilimo esithile. Ngo-2019, kunconyelwa ukutshala amazambane:
- ngoMeyi - 1, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31;
- ngoJuni - 1, 18, 19, 23, 24, 28, 29.
Futhi ukwenqaba lokhu kungcono:
- ngoMeyi - 5, 19;
- ngoJuni - owesi-3, we-17.
Vele, awukwazi ukulandela lezi zincomo ngokungaboni, ungabheki isimo sezulu ngosuku oluthile oluthile.
Kukhona ezinye izinkomba ezilandelwa abalimi abaningi. Isibonelo, abayalwa ukuba batshale amazambane ngeviki lePalm - nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo zivame ukubola. NgoLwesihlanu Olungile no-Lwesine Oluhlanzekile noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokufika ngokuvamile awuvunyelwe. Ubhatata otshalwe ngoLwesithathu noma ngoMgqibelo ungaphansi kakhulu kwekhwalithi yokugcina.
Ukukhetha indawo nokulungisa ingadi
Indawo yamazambane esiqeshini sesingadi ezimweni eziningi igcinelwe inqubo eseleyo. Kepha lolu siko olungabekezeleleki ngokweqile lunezidingo zalo zezimo ezikhulayo, okuyinto efiselekayo ukulugcwalisa uma kunokwenzeka.
Endaweni efanayo, amazambane atshalwa iminyaka emithathu, kungabe kusaba khona. Ngemuva kwalokho ikhefu lesikhathi esifanayo liyadingeka. Izinto zokuqala okufanele uzicabangele zingamanduleli nomakhelwane. Kunconywe ngokuqinile ukuthi ungatshali amazambane ngemuva kwezinye izitshalo ezivela emndenini wakwaSolanaceae (utamatisi, insimbi yepelepele, isitshalo seqanda, ugwayi, i-physalis). Ngaphandle kwalokho, wandisa ingozi yokutheleleka nge-blight sekwephuzile, i-fusariosis, kanye nokuhlaselwa kwebhungane lamazambane laseColorado. Ithanga (ukhukhamba, i-zucchini, u-squash) nayo ihlushwa yi-blight sekwephuzile, ngakho-ke futhi kuhle ukuthi uzibeke kude. Futhi ukuba khona kombhede oseduze wengadi enama-sitrobheli kwenza ukuhlaselwa kwama-wireworms kanye nama-nematode kucishe kungenzeki.
Ama-eggplant, njenganoma iyiphi i-Solanaceae, ayathandeki njengomakhelwane nabanduleli bamazambane - ahlushwa izifo ezifanayo nezinambuzane
Umakhelwane onoma iyiphi imbala, ikakhulukazi ubhontshisi wasendle, unomphumela omuhle kakhulu kumazambane. Lezi zitshalo zigcwalisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen, lapho ibhungane lamazambane leColorado ne-wireworm lingakuthandi ngempela. Ubhontshisi nethanga zitshalwa kangcono eceleni kwembhede, hhayi emaphaseleni, ukuze zingathathi izakhamzimba kuzambane.
Inketho enhle ne-Cruciferous (zonke izinhlobo zeklabishi, isithombo, itheniphu, i-swede, isithombo). I-mustard yesinaphi, enye yama-siderates amahle kakhulu, ingeyomndeni owodwa. Ezinye izilimo zezimpande (beet, izaqathe), imifino enosawoti, kanye no-anyanisi negalikhi kungaphazamisi amazambane. Lezi zamuva zikhipha uguquko, zidlulise ngempumelelo izinambuzane eziningi.
Uhlamvu lwesinaphi olutshalwe embhedeni namazambane aluthuthukisi kuphela ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, kodwa luphinde lucindezele ama-wireworm
I-Potato ngokwezigaba ayibekezeleli noma yiluphi isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi kanye neparsley. Ukuba khona kwabo ngokulandelayo kusho ukuncipha okukhulu kokukhiqiza. Yena uqobo unomphumela ofanayo esihlahleni se-apula - izithelo zincane kakhulu, ukunambitheka kwabo kuyawohloka. Amazambane awatshalwanga kahle endaweni yamakhaza, ama-aronia, ama-cherries, ama-sea sihlahla sivame ukutholakala.
Ukuba khona kwe-parsley eseduze kunomthelela omubi kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amazambane
Njengezinye izilimo eziningi zasengadini, amazambane athanda ukufudumala nokukhanya kwelanga. Indawo yombhede ikhethiwe ilingana, ivulekile, uma kungenzeka ivikelekile kokungakapheli. Umbhede lo ususelwa enyakatho uye eningizimu.
Ngamazambane, indawo evame kakhulu ayifanele ezinye izilimo zasengadini, kodwa futhi inezidingo zayo zezimo ezikhulayo.
Isiko lomhlabathi likhetha ukukhanya, ngenhloso enhle, lapho amanzi engagxili khona. Amazambane ngeke akhule e-saline, isizinda sobumba esindayo, noma yiziphi izindawo eziphansi. Izindawo ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba angaphezulu nangaphansi nazo azikhishwa. Zinganqunywa iphunga elimuncu livela enhlabathini, ukugqwala kwalo okuluhlaza kanye nokuba khona kwenani elikhulu le-moss.
Inhlabathi efaneleke kakhulu iyisikhwebu, isihlabathi esikhulu, isihlabathi se-sierozem, umhlabathi we-sod-podzolic, futhi yi-chernozem. Izinga leli banga elingaphansi kwalo lizofanelana namazambane lingahlulelwa ngalo ukhula olukhula kule ndawo. Umhlabathi wekhwalithi efanayo uthandwa ngotshani bekakolweni, i-coltsfoot, ama-dandelion, i-clover. Uma ibhalansi ye-acid-base ihlukile kuneyodwa engathathi hlangothi, ibuyiselwa kokujwayelekile ngokungeza ufulawa we-dolomite, uphondo lweqanda leqanda ku-acid substrate, kanye ne-peat, izinaliti noma sawdust emisha yezihlahla ze-coniferous ku-alkaline substrate.
Ufulawa weDolomite - i-deoxidizer yemvelo yenhlabathi, uma umthamo ubonwa, awunayo imiphumela emibi
Ekwindla, kumbiwa imibhede yamazambane esizayo, entwasahlobo cishe amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokutshala, kukhululwe kube ngamasentimitha ayi-12 kuya ku-15. Ngaso leso sikhathi, senqubo yokumba, i-organic - i-3-5 l ye-humus noma umquba obunjiwe kanye namaminerali - 35-40 g ngakunye i-superphosphate ne-15-20 g ye-potassium sulfate nge-1 m² yomanyolo, futhi uqede yonke imfucumfucu yesitshalo. I-Potassium inegalelo ekwandeni kwenqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa, i-phosphorus - inani labo.
Humus - ikhambi lemvelo lokwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi
Imvamisa, abalimi belungiselela imibhede yezambane lamazambane ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kokuwa komquba oluhlaza. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingaba zimbili, bayabhulwa futhi batshalwe ngotshani bomhlaba emhlabathini. Lokhu ngumanyolo wemvelo onezinye izakhiwo ezizuzisayo. Isibonelo, amaLegumes ngokuhlanganiswa ne-Asteraceae cindezela i-nematode.
Ividiyo: ukulungiselela imibhede yamazambane
Ukukhethwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala
Kaningi, ngonyaka olandelayo, abalimi batshala izithombo zezithombo zezambane zalesi sitshalo. Kepha lo mkhuba uholela eqinisweni lokuthi sekudlule iminyaka engu-5-7 izimpawu zokuhlukahluka “kokuphela”, umkhiqizo uyancipha, kanye nosayizi wezimpande. Ukutshala impahla kudinga ukuvuselelwa njalo.
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yayo enhle kunazo zonke, ngesikhathi sezitshalo ezisebenzayo, izihlahla ezinamandla kakhulu zeziqu eziningi ziyaphawulwa. Ekwindla, babheka umkhiqizo wabo. Uma inani le-nezilimo eziyizigaxa lifana noma likhulu kunejwayelekile lezinhlobonhlobo, lokhu kuyinto efanelekile yokutshala. Futhi akudingekile ukuthi zikhulu kakhulu.
Ukukhetha izinto zokutshala zesizini ezayo, ziqondiswa yisivuno sehlathi kulo nyaka.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha zithengwa kuphela kubahlinzeki abanedumela elihle - ezinkulisa noma ezitolo ezikhethekile. Banganikela ngemibhalo edingekayo eqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamazambane - izitifiketi namalayisense elungelo lokuyithengisa. Ukuyothenga emihlanganweni eyehlukene yezolimo, futhi ikakhulukazi ngesandla, kuyingozi enkulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi le yizinhlobo ezifunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokutshala zingatheleleka.
Inketho efaneleke kakhulu yokutshala ama-tubers of ejikelekile ejikelekile noma omumo we-ovoid anesisindo esingu-50-90 g, hhayi ovilaphayo futhi ongabumbekile. Kufanele zibe lukhuni ekuthinteni, isikhumba sibe bushelelezi, sicace, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokucwilisa, izimpawu zokubumba, ukubola nokubengezela okumnyama. Lokhu kokugcina kungenzeka kungabi zinhlayiya zomhlaba ezinamathela, kepha kube yi-rhizoctonia. Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu "lamehlo" kwamukelekile, kepha akunconywa ukuthenga amazambane asevele ahlumile. Noma kunjalo, ingxenye ebalulekile yamahlumela izophuka ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Uma kungekho okukhethayo, qiniseka ukuthi unaka umbala we-amahlumela - kufanele abe yi-mauve, i-lilac, i-lettuce eluhlaza, kodwa ngaphandle kokumnyama. Ezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo, amahlumela ayaqina, nokunwebeka. Imvelo yabo efana nentambo isho ukwehlulwa ngamagciwane.
Amazambane wokutshala akhethwe ngokucophelela, lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sesivuno esiningi esizayo
Ngaphezu kokubukeka, udinga ukunaka incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo, ukufaneleka kwayo kulinywe esifundeni esithile. Izinhlobo ezikhiqiza izilimo ezinhle ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izifunda zasenyakatho nezaseningizimu.
Izazi zezolimo zithi izinhlobo zamazambane ezifuywe eRussia kanye namazwe e-CIS akhombisa ukumelana kangcono nesikhunta se-pathogenic. Futhi izitshalo zezimpande zokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba ahlupheke ngezifo kanye namagciwane.
Ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane
Ngaphambi kokutshala, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kufanele zibhekane nezilimi. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yemikhuba yezolimo, ngakho-ke, baqala ukwenza imisebenzi kusengaphambili, cishe izinsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 ngaphambi kokwehla okuhleliwe. Uma konke kwenziwa kahle, isivuno sikhuphuka cishe ngama-20-30%, isivuno sezimpande sivuthwa ngokushesha.
Izinto zokutshala ziyasuswa endaweni yokugcina izinto bese ziyahlolwa. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezifakwayo zicwilisa amahora ayi-10-12 emanzini, zifudunyezwe ekushiseni okungama-25-28ºС. Amahlumela akhona aqhekeka ngokunembile. Ama-tubers aphathwa nge-fungicides ukuvikela ukukhula kwezifo zokukhunta. Amalungiselelo wemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo angenangozi empilweni yabantu futhi ephephile yemvelo afanele kakhulu. Lokhu, isibonelo, i-Gamair, i-Bactofit, i-Fitosporin-M, i-Agat-25K.
I-Fitosporin-M ngenye yama-fungicides ajwayelekile emvelo
Ngemuva kwalokho bahlakazeka phansi phansi egumbini lapho kugcinwa khona izinga lokushisa elihlala okungenani lama-20 ° C, bebeka indwangu ethambile, eduze nefasitela. Ungasebenzisa izibani zokufakelwa, ngokwesibonelo, amalambu we-fluorescent, kepha ke udinga ukumboza amazambane ngephepha noma ngendwangu ekhanyayo. Kukhanya, amazambane akhiqiza i-solanine, athole i-tint eluhlaza. Le nto inobuthi ezinambuzaneni eziningi, futhi iyisikhunta esingokwemvelo. Kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7, ama-tubers aguqulwa futhi afafazwe ngokulinganayo ngamanzi asuka ebhodleleni lokufafaza. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu, izinga lokushisa lehliselwa ku-15 ° C ukuze "amehlo" avuke.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa eluhlaza amazambane ahlupheka kancane yizilokazane nezifo
Uma kungenandawo efanelekayo, amazambane angabekwa esikhwameni sepulasitiki esikhanyayo, enze izimbobo zokufaka umoya omncane kuwo, azilengise odongeni noma ophahleni.
Uma ingekho enye indawo efanelekile, amazambane angahluma ekhaya ngezikhwama zepulasitiki
Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi i-vernalization emanzi kuyenziwa futhi - ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa emabhokisini noma emabhokisini agcwele i-perlite, vermiculite, isihlabathi, imvuthuluka ye-peat noma i-sawdust. Izinketho ezimbili zokuqala zikhethwa - lezi zinto zidonsa amanzi kahle, ingozi yokubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa incane. Isendlalelo esingaphansi sigcinwa njalo esimweni esincane esimanzi, okushisa kwekamelo kusezingeni le-15ºº.
Ngobumanzi bendawo, amazambane awaluhlaza, kepha amahlumela anamandla ngokwengeziwe futhi aqine
Ungahlanganisa izindlela zombili. Okokuqala, kutshalwa amazambane, bese kuthunyelwa ukuhluma ezitsheni ezigcwaliswe substrate efanelekile.
Cishe isonto ngaphambi kokutshala, amazambane afafazwa ngama-biostimulants - lokhu kunomthelela omuhle ekungavikelekeni kwawo, kwandisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu nezimo zesimo sezulu ezikude kakhulu, futhi kunciphisa nesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesilimo. Basebenzisa womabili amalungiselelo esitolo - i-humate potassium ne-sodium, i-Epin, i-Emistim-M, i-Zircon, namakhambi abantu - uju oluhlanjululwe ngamanzi, isixazululo se-baking soda, i-presinic acid. Uma ufaka umanyolo we-potassium (3-5 g / l) kwikhambi, "ukumelana nokucindezela" amazambane kuyathuthuka, ama-tubers akhula ngokushesha.
Ividiyo: kulungiselela izithombo zezithombo zamazambane zokutshala
Ukutshala amazambane ngesandla nokusebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile
Cishe bonke babetshala amazambane ngesandla. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ayidingi ncazelo enemininingwane. Ama-tubers atshalwe kwizimbobo ezihlukile noma emiseleni, bese alala nomhlaba. Isikhala esiphakathi kwabo singama-25-40 cm (ngokuya ngosayizi wezitshalo ezimpande nobukhulu besihlahla), ukuhlukaniswa komugqa kungama-65-70 cm. Ukujula komgodi kuya ngekhwalithi yesakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba - kulula kakhulu, kulapho kudingeka ukuba kujuliswe khona. Imvamisa ngokwanele cm 8-10. Ngaphezu kwe-tuber uqobo, kufakwa i-humus embalwa, uthuthu oluncane olufufushiwe kanye notuni lwe-anyanisi. Ukuhogela kwalo kuyazidonsisa izinambuzane eziningi. Ekupheleni kokufika, ingaphezulu lombhede lidwetshwe ngesilenge. Lapho usebenzisa indlela "kagogo", kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisana. Umuntu wemba izimbobo, owesibili afake ama-tubers kuzo. Ukwenza imigqa ngisho, ungamaka kuqala umbhede, ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa intambo, uma kunokungabaza okufanele ngeso lakho.
Ngokwakho ukutshala amazambane kuyinqubo yokuqala ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umlimi
Ividiyo: ungatshala kanjani amazambane ngendlela yendabuko
Lapho usebenzisa uhlelo olujwayelekile endaweni eyikhulu (10 * 10 m), imigqa eyi-14 ingatshalwa, ngalinye liqukethe okungenani ama-tubers angama-25. Ngokufanele, kuzodingeka amazambane angama-350, isisindo sawo esingama-25-28 kg. Uma udinga ukugcwalisa ihekthe, lapho kuzobe kunamabhishi angama-250 ngokulandelana, futhi ingqikithi yemigqa engu-142. Inani lamazambane atshaliwe kuleli cala angama-35 500, isisindo sawo singamathani angama-2.85. Isivuno esiphakathi nendawo emaphakathi neRussia singama-100-150 kg ngamamitha skwele ayikhulu. Ngokuya ngawo wonke ama-nuances obuchwepheshe bezolimo, lesi sibalo singaphakanyiswa sibe ngama-200-250 kg.
Ngaphezu kwendabuko, kunezinye izinhlelo zokutshala amazambane:
- Isikwele-isikwele. Umbhede uphendulwa abe "ukhula", onamaseli angama-50-70 cm.I-Tubers itshalwa ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo.
- Chess. Izimbobo zemigqa emibili eseduze zihlanganisiwe ngokuqinile.
- Imigqa emibili. Imigqa ihlelwe ngababili ngokuvalwa okungabi ngaphezu kwama-cm angama-30. Ibanga phakathi kwemigqa ephindwe kabili lingamamitha ayi-1. Izimbobo ziyaqina.
Ukutshala amazambane abolile kabili kungenye yezinhlelo zesimanje
Kepha muva nje, abalimi abengeziwe bayathanda ukungazikhathazi, basebenzise inqubo ize ifinyelele phezulu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona ama-motoblocks anamagquma nabatshali bezambane abakhekile. Lezi zokugcina zisetshenziselwa ukucubungula izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Ugandaganda ojwayelekile ohamba ngemuva uqukethe umgibeli, oqala ukukhulula inhlabathi, bese egcwalisa imisele, “ama-hopper” iziqukathi, lapho kugcwaliswa khona ama-tubers, kanye nomhambisi ohambisa amazambane ngezikhathi ezithile. Igeji efanelekile yokufika ngogandaganda wokuhamba ngemuva ingama-60 cm. Ngaphambi kokuba ugcwalise imisele ngamabhula nezingqimba zomhlaba, kudingeka ushintshe amasondo ezinsimbi ezifika kulawo ajwayelekile enjoloba, ushiye ububanzi bethrekhi.
Lapho utshala amazambane ngogandaganda wokuhamba ngemuva, yonke inqubo iyenziwa ngomshini, kuphela nezilimo eziyizigaxa kuphela ezigcwaliswa ngesandla e-hopper
Ividiyo: ukutshala amazambane usebenzisa ugandaganda wokuhamba ngemuva
Izindlela zokufakelwa
Umgcini wegadi uhlala engenayo impahla eyanele yokutshala. Ngakho-ke, kaningi akuzange kutshalwe ama-nezilimo eziyizigaxa eziphelele, kepha izingxenye zawo ngamunye. Lapha futhi, kunama-nuances okudingeka wazi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze ungabhubhisi isivuno esizayo.
"Amehlo"
Umnyombo wale ndlela ukuthi le nezilimo eziyizigaxa zinqunywa ezingxenyeni eziningana ngokushesha ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini. Umuntu ngamunye kufanele abe “neso elilodwa” - iphuzu lokukhula. Okukhulu, okungekho eqandeni, amazambane efomu elifanelekile alungele lokhu ngaphandle kwesibonakaliso esincane sesifo kanye nokulimala kwezinambuzane. “Amehlo” ambalwa kubo, kodwa mikhulu, akhule kahle. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zihlukaniswe zaba izingxenye ngommese obukhali, owenziwe sanitised, okufanele uphinde ungcolile inzalo ngemuva kokusikwa ngakunye. Izicucu zifafazwe ngokushesha nge-chaki echobozekile noma ngomlotha wezinkuni ohlutshiwe. "Amehlo" emiseleni abekwa amahlumela. Isisindo esincane "sama-wedges" ngu-5-8 g.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zisikwa kuphela ngommese onamagciwane ukuvimbela ukwanda kwezifo
Ekulungiseleleni kokutshala impahla inemininingwane yayo. Cishe izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokutshala, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhethiwe zifafazwa nsuku zonke ngamanzi ngokufakwa kwama-biostimulators esitolo (0.5 L ampoule). Lokhu kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamagciwane athuthukile anamandla.
Esikhathini esizayo, izithombo ezivela "emehlweni" zidinga imithamo ephakeme yomanyolo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, imvamisa konke abakudingayo kunikezwa yi-tuber.
Izinhlayiya zezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane “ezinamehlo” akufanele zibe zincane kakhulu
Enye inketho ukukhulisa izithombo kusuka “emehlweni”. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basikwa kanye uginindela ukuze kwakheke Isigaxa futhi kutshalwe kusengaphambili in ingxube yembobo ye-overripe sawdust kanye nemvuthuluka ye-peat emanzi. Izithombo zidluliselwa engadini lapho kwakhiwa amaqabunga eqiniso ayi-3-4.
Ividiyo: amazambane avela "emehlweni"
Amahlumela
Esikhundleni salokho ubuchwepheshe obudala, akuvamile ukwenziwa manje. Ngaphezu kokulondolozwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba uzalanise amazambane abizayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlambi ezikhathini ezimbalwa zonyaka futhi ubuyekeze izinto zokutshala, ukuqeda izifo. Kukhona futhi ukungahambi kahle - ukunakekelwa kwezihlahla kuzodingeka kubhekwe kakhulu, ngoba ekuqaleni awunamandla ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhamzimba. Zidinga nocezu olunempilo olunempilo.
Amazambane ezinhlobo ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, okuphakathi nokuvuthwa kanye naphakathi sekwephuzile alungele lokhu. Baqala ukumila kukhanye, kepha ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile. Esikhundleni se "iso" ngalinye, kwakhiwa amahlumela ama-2-5 afanelekile ukutshala.
Lapho zifinyelela kubude obungu-10-15 cm, zihlukaniswa ne-tuber, zisonteke ngokucophelela, futhi zitshaleke ezinkomishini ezincane ezigcwaliswe nge-sphagnum moss noma fiber kakhukhunathi, ejulile ngo-2/3. Igumbi ligcinwa ekushiseni okungu-16-20 ° C, i-substrate ayivunyelwe ukuba yome ngokufafaza ngesisombululo se-biostimulant. Izithombo ezinamahlamvu ayi-4-5 zingatshalwa emhlabathini.
Ukutshala amazambane kusuka kumahlumela kungonga kakhulu kokutshala impahla bese uyivuselela
Izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye esezisetshenzisiwe zingabuyiselwa emuva ukuhluma. Ngakho-ke, kusuka kumazambane ngamunye ungathola amahlumela angama-20-45. Ukugcwalisa amamitha skwele ayikhulu, akukho ngaphezu kwe-1 kg yezinto zokutshala kuzoshiya.
Ungatshala amahlumela engadini ngqo, kodwa udinga ukuyikhipha ngosuku olufanayo, noma okungenani ngosuku olwedlule. Phambilini, bacwiliswa amahora angama-6-8 kwisisombululo sanoma isiphi isivuseleli sezimpande (Heteroauxin, Kornevin). Kulokhu, ukuvuthwa kwe-tuber kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-15 ukuya kwezi-20 kunalokho okuchaziwe encazelweni yezinhlobonhlobo.
Izithombo ezisuselwa kumahlumela amazambane adinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe
Izilimo eziyizigaxa kusuka lapho amahlumela aqhekeziwe nazo kufanelekile ukutshala, kepha izihlahla zizokhula kancane. Babekwe ngokwahlukana namahlumela, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, la makhasi angavele athi "strangle" izitshalo ezibuthakathaka ekuqaleni.
Ividiyo: amazambane akhula kusuka kumahlumela
Ama-tubers amancane
Ama-mini-tubers amazambane amancane akhule ezimweni zelebhu kusuka kumaseli wezitokisi. Kuqala azingcolile, ngakho-ke kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi izinto zokutshala azitheleleki ngalutho. Ukubuyisa kwabo kuphela izindleko eziphakeme. Isizukulwane sokuqala sama-tubers yi-super elite, elandelwa abakhethiweyo, ukuzala kokuqala, njalonjalo.
I amazambane asondele kakhulu kumbhobho wokuhlola, ukukhuphula isivuno sawo kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba ngu-6-8, izinhlamvu eziguqukayo ziyalahleka kakhulu, izinto zokutshala futhi zidinga ukuvuselelwa.
Ama-tubers amazambane amancane - impahla yokutshala elite
Ama-mini-tubers kufanele athengwe kuphela kubakhiqizi abaziwayo nabethembekile. Bambalwa kakhulu abalimi ngokubukeka okungabahlukanisa kusuka kumazambane amancane ajwayelekile.
Inqubo yokubekwa kwabantu ezindlini nokutshala okuqondile emhlabathini kuleli cala ayihlukile kuleyo yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinobukhulu obujwayelekile. I-caveat kuphela ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-fungicide kungakhishwa ngaphandle.
Imbewu
Muva nje, abalimi abengeziwe baye basebenzisa ukusabalalisa amazambane ngembewu. Ngaphezu kwezindleko eziphansi zokutshala, le ndlela inezinye izinzuzo ezingathandabuzeki - Imbewu ithatha isikhala esincanyana kunezilimo eziyizigaxa, azinakutheleleka ngesikhunta noma ngamagciwane. Isipiliyoni sabalimi sibonisa ukuthi amazambane atshalwe kusuka ezinhlizweni akhiqiza isivuno esikhulu, mancane amathuba okuba athinteke ngokulimala sekwephuzile, futhi ahlupheka kancane ngenxa ye-vagaries yesimo sezulu. Imbewu ingathengwa noma ivunwe ngokwayo ngokukhetha amajikijolo ambalwa abukeka njengamatamatisi aluhlaza omncane.
Abaningi babheka ukuthi amajikijolo aluhlaza emithini yamazambane awasizi ngalutho, kepha anganikeza umlimi imbewu ngembewu
Ngaphandle kwendlela nezinto ezingahambi kahle. Okokuqala, kungaphawulwa ukuthi yinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ithini isikhathi sokutshala, kanye nokumila okuphansi. Izitshalo ezisuselwa ezinhlanyelweni zidabukisa kakhulu, ngokuphambuka okuncane kwezimo kusuka kokulungile, kungenzeka ukuthi izifo, ikakhulukazi "imilenze emnyama", zizokhula. Izithombo ziba buthaka kakhulu, lapho ufaka izitshalo udinga ukuqaphela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhluma ezinhlanyelweni zamazambane kuphansi impela, izinto zokutshala zidinga ukugcinwa ngokweqile
Isikhathi esihle sokuhlwanyela imbewu ukuphela konyaka ka-Mashi noma ishumi lokuqala lika-Ephreli. Zenziwe intukuthelo yangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zivunyelwe ukugoqa, zigoqwe ngendwangu emanzi. Zitshalwe enhlabathini evulekile kakhulu futhi elula, ithangi kumele liguqulwe libe "yi-greenhouse", lihlinzeke ukushisa.
Ukuvela kwezithombo kuzodingeka kulindwe okungenani amasonto amabili. Esigabeni seqabunga leqiniso lesibili, izithombo ziyahluma. Ukunakekelwa kwabo kubandakanya ukunisela okujwayelekile nokwelashwa nge-biofungicides yokuvimbela izifo zokukhunta. Futhi, ngemuva kokuntywila, kuzodingeka umanyolo ongu-1-2 ngomanyolo wamaminerali we-nitrogen.
Ukudonsa izithombo zamazambane kuthwala kahle
Izithombo zidluliselwa enhlabathini ekugcineni kukaMeyi. Ngenyanga yokuqala, idonswa ngendwangu embozwe okumhlophe kuma-arcs. Ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka, okungenani amagquma amabili ayenziwa. Amanzi ayingcosana, kepha kaningi, njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3, athukulula ukhula njalo. Ama-fertilizer asebenzisa kuphela amaminerali.
Ngesizini yokuqala, umlimi uzothola isivuno sama-mini-tubers anesisindo esingu-10-50 g, ahlukahluka kakhulu ngesimo, umbala wesikhumba njalonjalo. Zigcine njengamazambane ajwayelekile. Okuhle kakhulu kukhethwa kubo, okutshalwe unyaka olandelayo, kuthatha isivuno esigcwele imbewu.
Imbewu yamazambane wokuqala we-amazambane etholakala kusuka imbewu ihluke kakhulu ngosayizi, ukwakheka, umbala wesikhumba, nezinye izici.
Ividiyo: kusuka ekutshaleni imbewu yamazambane kuya ekuvuneni
Ukutshala amazambane ebusika
Abaningi baqaphele ukuthi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zaphuthelwa ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuvuna ihlumela entwasahlobo elandelayo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, zinokuqina okuhle kakhulu kweqhwa. Lendawo ingasetjenziselwa ukuthola isivuno esihle khulu. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yizazi zezolimo zezolimo lubonisa ukuthi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe ekujuleni kuka-10-15 cm zibekezelela ukuqandeka kwe-substrate kuya ku-10 ° C ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Okusho ukuthi, le ndlela ayilungele izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esijulile, kepha yenziwa ngempumelelo enkabeni yeRussia naseningizimu.
Kukhethwe ama-nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo ngokuphelele ezinesisindo esingama-150 g.Kufiseleka ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zisheshe zibambe futhi zingaboli. Kufanele zigcinwe ekukhanyisweni izinsuku ezingama-7-10, ukuze isikhumba siluhlaza ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuzovikela ukufika emhlabeni kusuka ku-bear kanye ne-rodent.
Umbhede ulungiselelwe, njengenjwayelo. Isiza sikhethiwe ukuze nakanjani singagcwali entwasahlobo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zitshalwa ekwindla, lapho ebusuku isigaqa esisebhedeni sivele siqhame, futhi phakathi nosuku kuncibilike. Babekwa ngephethini lokuhlola ibhodi elingaba nesikhathi esingama-25-30 cm kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezikhala okungamasentimitha angama-45-50. Ukujula komgodi kungamasentimitha ayi-15- 20. Ngaphezu kwamazambane afafazwe ngopelepele obomvu womhlaba (kusuka kumagundane), umquba ufakwa kuwo (umquba ojikelezayo uheha ibhere), umlotha ne-anyanisi ikhasi.
Ukusuka ngenhla, umbhede uphonswa ngamagatsha e-spruce, embozwe ngotshani oxutshwe ne-pallet yeshidi, bese enza ungqimba onobukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-25-30, bese udonswa ngezendlalelo eziningana kwanoma yikuphi okokumboza okungaphefumulelwa.
Ebusika, imibhede yamazambane ifakwa insimbi
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kususwa yonke imboza mulch, imibhede ibuye ivalwe ngendwangu esembozweni. Amahlumela anokuphakama okungama-4-5 cm athululelwa ngesisombululo sanoma iyiphi i-biostimulant. Lapho enwebeka aze afike ku-10-15 cm, indawo yokukhosela iyasuswa, amazambane afakwa phakathi. Bese unakekela, njengenjwayelo. Izitshalo ezinjalo azivamile ukuhlushwa yi-blight sekwephuzile, azikho isikhathi sokuhlasela ibhungane lamazambane leColorado.
Ukuhlakulela amazambane endaweni abamba ukushisa kuyo
Njengomthetho, abamba ukushisa abagcinelwe ezinye izitshalo zasengadini. Amazambane angaphakathi ezindlini awavuthwa kangako. Lokhu kunengqondo kuphela uma kunenhloso yokukhipha isivuno ngamahora. Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala kuphela ezilungele ukutshalwa endaweni ebamba ukushisa. Uma kungafudunyeziwe, ukumelana nesithwathwa kwalokhu okuhlukahlukene kubalulekile.
Amazambane atshalwe ezindaweni ezigcina ukushisa noma ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ukuthola isivuno soNyaka oMusha, noma kusihlanganisi sasebusika nasentwasahlobo bese kuvuthwa kuqala ngoJuni. Esimweni sokuqala, ukuba khona kokukhanya kokufakelwa nakho kuyimpoqo, ngaphandle kwalokho izitshalo zikhula kancane kakhulu.
Ama-tubers wokutshala ku-greenhouse kufanele abe makhulu kunokuba afakwe emhlabathini ovulekile (80-100 g). Kufanele zidwetshwe. Inqubo yokwenziwa kolimi lwasekhaya yenzeka, njengenjwayelo. Baqala ukufudumeza lo greenhouse cishe isonto ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ukushisa kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokutshala akufanele kube ngaphansi kune-5ºС. Izikimu ezimbili zingasetshenziswa - okujwayelekile (ukuhlukaniswa komugqa cishe ku-60 cm kanti isikhala phakathi kwamahlahla singama-25-30 cm) futhi ngemigqa ephindwe kabili (isikhala phakathi kwawo singaba ngu-30 cm, phakathi kwamabili imigqa kuze kufike ku-80 cm, amazambane abekwe ku-25-30 cm ku emangele). Ukujula komgodi kungama-cm angama-6-7. Kutshalwe kuphela ama-tubers kuphela, iphunga lejusi liheha izinduku nezinye izinambuzane.
Izinga lokushisa kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula ligcinwa ezingeni le-18-20ºС, lenyuka liye ku-21-23ºº kuphela ngesikhathi sezimbali. Izikhathi ezi-3-4 ezimanzi, ngokokuqala ngqa - lapho izithombo zifinyelela ku-7-8 cm ukuphakama. Indlela efaneleke kakhulu ukuchelela. Ngokushesha emva kwalokhu, kusetshenziswa umquba wamaminerali oyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza, ama-bush spud noma i-mulch.
Izitshalo ezinezibonakaliso ezisolisayo, ezisikhumbuza kakhulu ngokulimala sekwephuzile, zisheshe zibambe futhi zichithe. Esikhaleni esilinganiselwe se-greenhouse, lokhu ukhunta kusaba cishe khona manjalo.
Kunengqondo ukukhulisa amazambane ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo kuphela ngesilinganiso sezimboni
Uma abamba ukushisa bengashisiwe, amazambane angatshalwa kuphela entwasahlobo, hhayi ngaphambi kwamahora wemini amahora ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia, lokhu kungukuqala kwentwasahlobo, e-Urals naseSiberia - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuhambisa i-greenhouse ngokwayo isuka entshonalanga iye empumalanga futhi uyihlinze nophahla oluhlanganisiwe - ngale ndlela izofudumala ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokutshala, inhlabathi kufanele iphonswe ngotshani (ungqimba we-10-15 cm) futhi iqiniswe nge-spanbond emnyama, i-lutrasil, i-agril. Ama-pre-tubers akhiwe imidwebo, kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi aqhuma. I-Humus ifakwa emgodini, nayo igcwele ngayo.
Ividiyo: Ukulinywa kwamazambane ngaphakathi ezindlini
Cishe bonke abalimi bazibandakanye namazambane akhulayo. Ekubukeni kokuqala, ubuchwepheshe bayo bezolimo bulula kakhulu, kepha kukhona ama-nuances amaningi lapha. Uma ulungisa ingadi ngaphambi kokuphambi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ungavuna isivuno esiningi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Futhi okukhona kanye nezindlela zendabuko kungonga izinto zokutshala. Ama-Tubers aboniswa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kweqhwa, angatshalwa ngisho nangaphambi kobusika, ngaleyo ndlela athole isivuno esikhulu kakhulu.
