Lapho uhlela ukwakha uthango, noma yimuphi umnikazi wendawo engaphansi komhlaba akazami nje kuphela ukukhomba imingcele ebonakalayo yendawo yakhe, kodwa futhi nokuvikela impahla entshisakalweni engenamsebenzi yabagibeli kanye nemizamo yokuthola impahla yezivakashi ezingamenyiwe. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokuhlelwa kwesiza, enye yezinto ezibalulekile, isisombululo sayo okufanele sidingidwe ngokuzibophezela, ibanga phakathi kocingo nesakhiwo. Kukude kangakanani kusuka kocingo ongakha indlu, ngaphandle kokuphikisana nomthetho okhona, ukuthi ungazichaza kanjani izindlela, uzivumelanise nezimo zezabelo zomhlaba, sizocubungula ngemininingwane ethe xaxa.
Amakhodi wokwakha wokuhlela uthango
Abanikazi abaningi bezindlu zezwe bafaka uthango ezungeze impahla yabo, bagxile kuphela emibonweni yabo. Kepha leyo ndlela yokunganaki ingaholela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga, kwesinye isikhathi okufanele zixazululwe enkantolo kuphela.
Ibanga phakathi kwezinto ezisakhiweni sangasese lilawulwa yimibhalo emibili eyinhloko:
- I-SNiP - izinkambiso nemithetho yokwakha. Banquma inqubo yokuhlela futhi bachaza inqubo yokulungiselela imibhalo yamaphrojekthi yentuthuko yangasese.
- Umthetho ophathelene nezakhiwo ezintsha.
Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi imibhalo yezomthetho elawula ukufakwa kocingo iyakhuthazwa ukuthi iqondiswe ngokuyinhloko ngomqondo ojwayelekile. Amapharamitha nezidingo ezinikezwe kumazinga zinqunywa yizici ezithile.
Ukuze uvikele amathuba wezimo zokungqubuzana, lapho kuklanywa izakhiwo esizeni futhi kunqunywa ukuthi kufanele zibe kude kangakanani kothango, kufanelekile ukugxila ezimeni ezivunyelwe ngokuvamile
Ukuhambisana namazinga wamanje lapho uhlela ukubekwa kwezinto esizeni, uzoqinisekisa wena nabathandekayo bakho ukuthula nentokomalo
Lapho uqondisa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ngamazinga wamanje, uzozivikela ezinkingeni eziningi:
- ukunciphisa amathuba wemililo engaba khona;
- ukuqeda ukwenzeka kwezingxabano "zomhlaba" nomakhelwane;
- ukuxwayisa izinhlawulo zokuqashwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqashwa komlilo wombuso.
Izidingo ze-SNiP
Izimo eziphoqelekile okufanele zibhekwe lapho kuklanywa isiza:
- Ibanga phakathi kwesakhiwo sefulethi uthango kufanele lube ngamamitha amathathu.
- Noma yiziphi izakhiwo ezakhiwayo, njengegadi noma igalaji zingafakwa eduze kocingo, kugcinwe ibanga elingu-1.
- Uma kunezindlu zezinkukhu nezakhiwo zamapulazi esizeni sokugcina imfuyo, khona-ke kufanele kugcinwe ibanga okungenani lamamitha amane. Ibanga elifanayo kufanele ligcinwe ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwegreenhouse, ikakhulukazi uma uhlela ukondla izitshalo njalo ngomanyolo we-organic.
- Izakhiwo ezibonakaliswa yingozi yomlilo eyandayo, njengegumbi lokugeza, i-sauna noma igumbi elincane le-boiler, kufanele zibekwe ngamamitha ayi-5 ukusuka uthango
Kukhona nemikhawulo uma kukhona izihlahla ezinezimpawu zomqhele ezakhiweni. Isilingo sokugcina amamitha endawo ngokubeka izikhala eziluhlaza eduze komngcele, yonke imibhalo efanayo yokulawula iyaxwayisa. Ibanga kusuka uthango lwangaphandle kuya ezihlahleni ezinde kufanele okungenani libe ngamamitha amane.
Lapho uhlela ukutshala izihlahla zezithelo eziphakathi nendawo esizeni, kufanele zibekwe kumamitha ayi-2 kude uthango lwangaphandle, futhi izihlahlana kufanele zitshalwe imitha kude
Qaphela ukuthi lapho unquma ibanga kuya emaphethelweni wesakhiwo, ibanga libalwa ukusuka enkabeni yesiqu. Ngakho-ke, izimangalo ezivela komakhelwane maqondana nokufakelwa kwendawo yabo ngomqhele wesihlahla esidlangile kufanele zibhekwe kuphela uma lesi sitshalo sitshaliwe eduze kune-SNiP yamanje evumela.
Ukuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko kwemithetho yokwakha i-SP 30-102-99, kanye ne-SNiP 30-02-97, maqondana nebanga ukusuka ezakhiweni kuya kocingo (chofoza esithombeni ukuze ukhulise)
Kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukuhambisa izakhiwo eduze komngcele, ngaleyo ndlela wandise indawo yegceke noma indawo yokutshala. Ukwehluleka ukulandela imithetho kungaholela ezinhlawulweni zokuphatha ngendlela yenhlawulo nokuphoqelelwa kokudilizwa kocingo olubekiwe.
Amazinga Omlilo
Uma sibheka izidingo mayelana nebanga ukuya kocingo olubheke emgaqweni, khona-ke ngaphezu kokuhlinzekwa okungenhla, kumele kubhekwe imikhawulo eminingana ephathelene nokuphepha ngomlilo.
Noma yiziphi izakhiwo eziyikhulu esizeni, ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswayo ekwakheni kwazo, zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-3
Izakhiwo ezivela ezintweni ezingahambisani ngokuphelele, njengokhonkolo, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, isitini netshe, zinokuphikisana nomlilo nge-I-II. Kufanele zibekwe ocingweni, zilondoloze ibanga elingamamitha ayi-6-8.
Izakhiwo zozimele ezinophahla owenziwe ngezinto ezingonakalisi ezifana namathayela wensimbi noma ibhodi eligoqiwe zinokuphikisana nomlilo. Lapho uzibeka, kuyadingeka ukuthi ugcine ibanga kuya uthango lwamamitha ayi-10-12.
Ukwakhiwa kwamapulangwe nezakhiwo ezisuselwa ohlakeni lwamapulangwe kuyizinto ezisengozini kakhulu futhi kune-IV degree yokumelana nomlilo. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe izinto zokhuni zingaboshiwe ngokubuyiselwa kwamalangabi, aqukethe izinsalela zomlilo, ibanga ukuya uthango kufanele okungenani libe ngamamitha ayi-12.
Ibanga ukusuka esakhiweni sokuhlala kuya uthango lingancishiswa kuphela ngemuva kokuthola imvume evela kumasevisi akhethekile, kanye nokuvumelana okubhalwe phansi kanye nemibhalo nabanikazi beziza eziseduze.
Izincomo zokuhlanzeka
Lapho kunqunywa ibanga ukusuka esakhiweni kuya uthango, akudingekile ukunciphisa izilinganiso zokuhlanzeka.
Ngakho-ke ezakhiweni ezinobungozi bomlilo obandayo, ukuhlelwa kwawo okubandakanya ukufingqa ukuxhumana okudingakalayo, ibanga ukuya uthango kufanele libe ngamamitha ayi-5. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ibanga eliya esakhiweni sokuhlala esiseduze kufanele libe okungenani amamitha ayi-8. Ukwakha izimo lapho kungenzeka ukuthi kuncishiswe ibanga kusuka kocingo lwangaphandle kuya kubhavu efanayo, ochwepheshe baluleka ngokuqinile ukuthi kufakwe uhlelo lokukhucululwa kwendle ukuze kulahlwe amanzi.
Akekho ozojabulisa ukusondela kwendlu yegumbi lokuphumula elingumakhelwane. Futhi ukufakwa ezindlini zokuhamba kwemfuyo noma ezindlini zezinkukhu kungadala ukukhathazeka okuningi okuhambisana nokudonswa kwamanzi amdaka engxenyeni yenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ibanga elidingekayo kuya uthango lwalolu hlobo lokwakha lubonwa, kufanele libekwe kude kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-12 ukusuka endlini yangomakhelwane.
Ingubo yomgwaqo esizeni, efana nemihlambi yezilwane, ingafakwa amamitha amane ukusuka kocingo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ibanga nendlu engomakhelwane
Ezakhiweni eziseduze kwendlu, kumele kunikezwe umnyango ohlukile ngokuya ngamazinga okuphepha komlilo. Kepha-ke, lapho nginquma ibanga elilungile, umuntu kufanele athathe ukubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu kwezinto ezakhiwayo zokwakha: i-canopy, uphahla, umpheme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uhlela ithambeka lophahla, noma ngabe lufakwe kumamitha ayi-1 ukusuka emngceleni, kufanele luqondiswe egcekeni laso. Lawa mazinga asebenza ngokufanayo ezakhiweni ezitholakala kuzo zombili izindawo eziseduzane.
Njengoba uthango uqobo lungaba ukwakhiwa okunamandla kakhulu, ibanga kufanele lilinganiswe ukusuka emngceleni kuya kwisisekelo sendlu.
Iphuzu elibalulekile: uma ubukhulu bocingo bungadluli ku-10 cm, khona-ke lungabekwa ngokuphepha phakathi komugqa womngcele. Uma wakhela isakhiwo esindayo nesibiyelwe esiningi, uthango kufanele luhanjiswe lubekelwe impahla yakho. Ukusuka endaweni esondelene nayo kuvunyelwe "ukubamba" amasentimitha ayi-5 kuphela kusuka kubukhulu bokuthi uthango lakhiwa.
Endabeni yokuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwendle, abanikazi abaningi bezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba bathembekile. Kodwa noma kunjalo, kufanele zibhekwe, ngoba izinkinga ezingalindelekile zingavela lapho kuguqulwa uhlobo lobunikazi noma ukuthengisa umhlaba.
Ubudlelwano nomakhelwane
Izingxabano phakathi komakhelwane maqondana nemingcele yeziza zabo nokubekwa okungafanele kwezakhiwo kubo akuyona neze imvelo. Imvamisa, izingxabano zasemakhaya kamuva ziyisisekelo sokwenza isimangalo.
Ezinye zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zalezi zingxabano yile:
- uthango lude kakhulu noma lumnyama;
- uthango luhamba luze luye esifundeni esingumakhelwane;
- lapho kwakhiwa uthango, imithetho yokubheka ukukhanyiswa kwendawo ayizange icatshangelwe, ngenxa yalokho indawo yomakhelwane yagcotshwa.
Ngokwemithetho yokusetshenziswa komhlaba, uthango olulodwa olujwayelekile lwanele ukuqeda iziza zasekhaya ezingomakhelwane. Kufakwa uthango ezimbili ezihlukene lapho umgwaqo udlula phakathi kwalezi zingxenye. Kulokhu, kuvunyelwe ukwakha uthango oluqinile phakathi komakhelwane.
Umnyakazo osabalele wokwakha amakamelo wezitezi ezimbili-ezintathu ezindaweni ezincane zamahektare angama-6-7, uvame ukusebenza njengesizathu sokungqubuzana phakathi komakhelwane ngenxa yokufiphala kwendawo
Isakhiwo esakhiwe eduze komngcele phakathi kwezikhala singathinta indawo yezindawo eziseduzane. Futhi ababanikazi abaningi bezindawo ezingomakhelwane zomhlaba ababheka lo mphumela wamukelekile. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kungcono ukufaka hhayi kuphela imvume ebhaliwe yezinhlangano ezinentshisekelo, kodwa futhi nemvume yomakhelwane.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uma umakhelwane eqeda ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sakhe ngaphambi kwakho, khona-ke ngendlela enhle, ngaphambi kokuba wakhe indlu yakho, kufanele ubuye, ugcine ibanga elijwayelekile.
Izidingo Zokuphakama Kwesici
Abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi uthango lwangaphandle lungakhiwa ngisho nangaphandle kwemihlangano ehlelekile. Eqinisweni, maqondana nobukhulu bezimvilophu zokwakha, imithetho yokwakha incoma kakhulu emvelweni.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ekwakhiweni kwama hedges angaphandle alawulwa ngamakhodi wokwakha. Futhi, ibanga phakathi kokuthunyelwe kocingo alulawulwa ngokuqinile.
Igebe phakathi kokuthunyelwe kocingo lunqunywa ngokususelwa kubuchwepheshe bokuklanywa kwesakhiwo namapharamitha wamandla acacisiwe
Ezicijile zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- ezicijile phakathi kwezindawo zobumba zobumba eziseduze;
- uthango oluhlukanisa isabelo somhlaba endaweni ejwayelekile.
Ukuphakama kocingo, "ukubheka" emgwaqweni, nokuphakama kocingo oludambisa izingxenye zomakhelwane yizinto ezimbili ezihlukile. Esimweni sokuqala, ungakha ngokuphepha uthango lokuphakama kwanoma yikuphi ukuphakama. Into esemqoka ukuthi uthango kufanele lube nokubukeka obuhle ezinhlangothini zombili futhi luhambisane ngokufanele ngaphakathi kwe-ensemble yezakhiwo zomgwaqo.
Imikhawulo ibekwa kuphela ekusebenziseni izinto ezingaba yingozi kubantu. Lokhu kufaka ucingo oluhlabayo. Kufanele imiswe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.9.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokubiyela phakathi kwezingxenye ezingomakhelwane, khona-ke ama-SNiPs anemba ngokwengeziwe kulolu daba: ukuphakama kocingo kufanele kube ngaphakathi kwemitha eyodwa. Futhi ukumaka imingcele, ungafaka uthango olungadali shading futhi olungaphazamisi ukushintshaniswa komoya ngaphezulu komhlabathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye engezansi yomqaphi kufanele inikezwe umoya omncane. Okukhethwa kukho okuhle ngocingo lwesisekelo, uthango olubunjiwe noma uthango lokuxhuma, kodwa hhayi uthango olwenziwe ngendwangu eqhubekayo njengocingo lwesihlangu noma isitoko.
Kuvunyelwe nokuhlomisa uthango lokubiyela, olunezelwe ngemeshini nezinto ezakhiwe, ukumaka imingcele phakathi kwezingxenye ezingomakhelwane.
Kepha kunezimo eziningi lapho imvume kufanele itholakale ngaphansi kocingo olungapheli. Kuzodingeka ukuvunywa uma:
- uma isiza sikhawulela endaweni kawonkewonke nendawo evikelekile enezikhumbuzo zesakhiwo;
- uma kunesidingo, faka uthango odongeni olugcinayo, olufinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2,5.
Musa ukujaha ukwakha uthango olungapheli uma imingcele yesiza sakho ingakafakiwe ohlelweni lwe-cadastral lesifundazwe.
Isiqeshana sevidiyo: ukuhlelwa kwesiza ngokuya nge-GOST
Vele, kunezimo lapho iziza zomhlaba mncane kakhulu kangangokuba indawo akuyo nje ayikuvumeli ukuhambisana nazo zonke izindlela zokubekelwa phansi izakhiwo. Kulokhu, le nkinga ingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa izinsiza zabachwepheshe be-BTI abazi konke okufihlakele kanye nama-nuances. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma kwenzeka kungqubuzana, kuzodingeka uheha abameli.
