I-Zhigulevskoe - ama-apula ahlolwe sekwephuzile

I-Apple-Tree Zhigulevskoye - uhlobo olwaziwa futhi oludumile eRussia okwade kwathandwa. Abengayazi le kuzoba mnandi futhi kube lusizo ukufunda ngezinto zayo ezinhle, kanye nokubi kwalokhu okuhlukahlukene. Sizokutshela ukuthi ungawukhulisa kuphi futhi ungawukhulisa kanjani lo muthi wama-apula omuhle, usisebenzisa kanjani futhi nini.

Incazelo yezinhlobonhlobo ze-apula Zhigulevskoe

Le tafula yasekwindla eyephuze ukwenziwa yaqalwa ngo-1936 esiteshini sokuhlola ingadi saseKuibyshev ngokuwela izinhlobo ezimbili - iRussia Borovinka neAmerican Wagner (izinhlobonhlobo zikweleta okwanele ukungabikhona kwesithwathwa). Kusukela ngo-1949, bekuhlolwa ukuhlukahlukahluka kombuso, kwathi ngonyaka we-1965 kwabhaliswa ku-Rejista Yezwe futhi kwagawulwa ezifundeni eziyisithupha:

• Maphakathi;
• UMhlaba oMnyama oMaphakathi;
• I-North Caucasian;
• Middle Volzhsky;
• Phansi kweVolzhsky;
• I-East Siberian (ngesimo se-stlan).

Izinhlobonhlobo zisabalele emzileni ophakathi nendawo. Inezakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Umuthi wokukhula okuphakathi noma okuphezulu, okhula ngokushesha. Umqhele uyadlula, awuvamile, ubanzi nge-pyramidal, kwesinye isikhathi uyindilinga. Izinso ezikhiqizayo zibekwe kumahlumela nakuwoyela.
• Amahlumela awugqinsi, aqondile, ansundu onsundu.
• I-Pobegoobrazovanie ephansi.
• Iqhakaza kusenesikhathi, ngenxa yokuthi ingozi yokulimazeka efihlekile yezithelo ngokubuyiselwa kwesithwathwa ayikhawulwanga.
• Ukuqina kobusika bezinhlobonhlobo akwanele.
• Ngokuya kweRegional State, amaqabunga athinteka kakhulu yisibazi, izithelo zibuthakathaka. Kepha i-VNIISPK (i-All-Russian Research Institute for Selection of Fruit Crops) ithi ukungatheleleki ukunqotshwa kanye nokunqotshwa kanzima yisizukulwane sesibili se-apula moth.
• Ukuvuthwa kokuqala. Izithelo ziqala eminyakeni engama-5-6 ngemuva kokugoma esitokisini kanye nokutshala engadini.
• Mayelana nokuzimela kwezinhlobonhlobo, imininingwane ayitholakalanga emithonjeni esemthethweni. Eminye imithombo ibika ukuzimela kukaZhigulevsky futhi incoma ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo zepollinator zingamtshaleli:
  • Kuibyshevskoe;
  • Impunga ye-anise;
  • I-Antonovka ijwayelekile;
  • Spartak
  • Kutuzovets nabanye.
• Ukukhiqiza kuphezulu. Umuthi wabantu abadala uletha unyaka ophumelelayo wama-200-250 kg wama-apula. Emncane, izithelo ziba minyaka yonke, futhi njengoba iminyaka iba nezikhathi ezithile.
• Izithelo zefomu elikhanga kakhulu zinezimpawu ezilandelayo:
  • Amasayizi amakhulu - i-apula ejwayelekile inesisindo esingu-120-200 g, kanti izinhlobonhlobo ezithile zifinyelela ku-350 g.
  • Isimo siyindilinga, sithambile, kwesinye isikhathi sinama-tubercles amancane abolile.
  • Isikhumba sibushelelezi, siqine. Umbala oyinhloko uphuzi ngombala okhanyayo obomvu okwe-carmine obomvu cishe wonke ubuso beapula. Futhi kunamaphuzu amaningi amhlophe, acashile angasho lutho.
    

    Amakhophi ngamanye ama-apula wezinhlobo ze-Zhigulevskoye afinyelela ku-350 g

  • Uginindela ubomvu, uminyene, ithenda. Inombala wekhilimu, ukunambitheka okuhle okumnandi nokumuncu kanye nephunga elihlonishwayo.
• Ukuvuthwa okususwayo kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Izithelo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa okugcwele emavikini ama-2-3 emva kokuvunwa. Ama-apula ayagcinwa futhi adliwe izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kuze kube nguZibandlela (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube nguJanuwari).

Ithebula: isimilo sesihlahla sama-apula seZhigulevskoe kuya ngohlobo lwesitoko

Ukufakelwa

Izithombo ze-apula zeZhigulevskoe zitshalwa ngokwemithetho ejwayelekile yalesi siko. Azikho izici kule nqubo ezidingwa yizinhlobonhlobo. Ngakho-ke, ngamafuphi nje futhi ngesinyathelo sikhumbuza abalimi be-novice ngokutshala isihlahla se-apula:

1. Khetha isikhathi sokufika. Ezifundeni zaseningizimu ezinobusika obufudumele nehlobo elishisayo, isikhathi sokutshala sincono ekwindla sekwephuzile - ngemuva kokuphela kokugeleza kwesihlahla (lapho amaqabunga ewa) nesitshalo siyophumula. Kepha ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa, amasonto angama-3-4 kufanele asale. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, izihlahla zitshalwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izitshalo zingakavuki futhi zingakakhuli.
2. Thola indawo enhle yesihlahla se-apula esizayo. Kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:
   • Itholakala endaweni encane eseningizimu noma eningizimu-ntshonalanga ngaphandle kokugwazwa kwamanzi. Ukujula kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba kuvunyelwe okungenani amamitha ayi-2-3.
   • Ngokwezigaba eziphansi, izigodi nezindawo ezifanayo lapho umoya obandayo ungahle uqhubeke khona azifanele.
   • Kungcono kube nokuvikelwa kwemvelo emimoyeni ebandayo yasenyakatho ngesimo kocingo, izihlahla eziwugqinsi, izindonga zesakhiwo. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, okokuqala ngqa izitshalo ezisencane kufanele zakhe isivikelo esinjalo ngokufaka izihlangu ezidonsiwe emishinini neplywood. Ungase futhi umboze izitshalo ebusika nge-spanbond.
   • Inhlabathi kufanele ibe nesakhiwo esisele futhi ibe ne-acidity engathathi hlangothi. I-pH efanelekile ingu-6.5-7.
3. Amaviki amabili ukuya amathathu ngaphambi kokutshala, kulungiselelwe umgodi wokufika. Endabeni yokutshala kwentwasahlobo, umgodi ulungiswa ekwindla sekwephuzile. Ukuze wenze lokhu:
   1. Bamba umgodi ongu-0.7-0.8 m ukujula kanye no-0,8-1 m ubukhulu.
   2. Itshe elichotshoziwe, amatshe amatshe, ubumba olwandisiwe nezinye izinto ezifana nalezi zokuhlela ungqimba lwamanzi zibekwa phansi. Ubukhulu bayo buyi-10-15 cm.
   3. Bazalisa umgodi ngenhlabathi evundile, elungiselelwe ngokuxuba inhlabathi emnyama, i-peat, i-humus nesihlabathi, ethathwe ngenani elilinganayo.
4. Ngosuku lokutshala, izimpande zesithombo zifakwe emanzini amahora angama-3-4.
5. Maphakathi nomgodi wokufika, kulungiselelwe umgodi onjalo ukuze izimpande zesithombo zikwazi ukungena kuwo, futhi zakhe indunduma encane kuyo.
6. Isithombo sehliselwa emgodini ukuze intambo yaso yezimpande ihlale esiqongweni se-knoll, futhi izimpande zisatshalaliswa emithambekeni.
7. Bazalisa umgodi ngenhlabathi ekhishwe kuwo, bayihlanganise ngokucophelela. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, qiniseka ukuthi intamo yezimpande ekugcineni isezingeni lomhlaba noma iphakanyiswe kancane (3-4 cm).
   

   Qiniseka ukuthi intambo yezimpande yesithombo ayisijuli

8. Ezungeze izithombo, i-roller roller ibekwa eceleni kobubanzi bomgodi ukuze kugcinwe amanzi ngenkathi kuniselwa.
9. Nisela isitshalo ngamanzi amaningi kuze kube yilapho isiyingi sesiqu sigcwalisiwe. Ngemuva kokuthi amanzi amunwe, inqubo iphindwa ezinye izikhathi ezi-1-2. Lokhu kufaka isandla enhlanganisweni enhle yomhlabathi ezimpandeni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukusinda okungcono.
10. Zigcwalisa inhlabathi ngesendlalelo se-mulch (ngekhwalithi yayo ungasebenzisa i-humus, Peat, sawdust rotated, njll) ngobukhulu be-5-10 cm.
11. Sika ingaphezulu lesithombo lapho ukuphakama kube ngu-0,8-1 m ukusuka emhlabathini. Uma kukhona amagatsha, lapho-ke kudingeka ukuthi anqunywe phakathi.
    

    Ngemuva kokutshala, sinqume phezulu kwenhlanyelo endaweni ephakeme eyi-0,8-1 m ukusuka emhlabathini

Izici zokutshala nobuqili bezokunakekelwa

Njengokutshala, ukunakekela i-apula Zhigulevskoye akuhlukile nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngokuvamile kuyize, kepha uma ikhula kufanele inake kakhulu izici ezimbili.

Ukwakhiwa komqhele

Njengoba izinhlobonhlobo zinamandla amakhulu okukhula, bakha umuthi we-apula embewini noma esitokisini esiphakathi besebenzisa uhlelo lwe-sparse-tier ne-grow retwardation. Ukwenziwa okunjalo bekudala kwaziwa futhi kukhulunywa ngabalimi abaningi.

Izihlahla ze-Apple ezisezimpondweni ezincane nezimfushane, ezitshalwe kuma-trellises, zakha njengama-palmette noma ama-spindles.

Ezimweni ezinzima zaseSiberia, kusetshenziswa ukwakheka okuqinile komqhele wesihlahla seapula.

Igalari yezithombe: Izinhlelo ze-Apple Tree Fform

Shelter kusuka isithwathwa

Ukumelana nesithwathwa esiphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo kwenza ukuthi kudingekile ukuba abalimi ezindaweni ezibandayo basebenzise izindlela ezengeziwe zokuvikela izitshalo eziqandeni. Uma isihlahla sama-apula sikhule ngohlobo lwe-stlan, khona-ke ebusika kulula kakhulu ukusimboza ngeqhwa, i-lapnik, amaqabunga awile noma okokumboza okuthile. Izihlahla ezikhula eziphansi zingafakwa nge-spanbond, ngamagatsha angaphansi kwe-bonded noma zenzelwe ozimele abakhethekile nezinto zokumboza esevele zidonsa phezu kwazo.

Izihlahla ezikhulayo eziphansi zingafakwa nge-spanbond, ngemuva kokuba zixhume amagatsha phambilini

Okunye okungavikela isitambi ekuqandeni ukuthi ngaphambi kokutshala isihlahla sama-apula sifakwa kwisiphula esingamelana nesithwathwa lapho ukuphakama kangangokuba indawo okuxhunyelelwa kuyo iphakeme kunezinga leqhwa elivamile esifundeni.

Izifo nezinambuzane - ukuvimbela kanye nokulawula

Njengoba kunikezwe imininingwane engqubuzanayo mayelana nokungavikeleki kwezinhlobonhlobo zezifo nezinambuzane, kufanelekile okungenani ukwenza izindlela zendabuko zokuzivikela:

• Ekwindla, udinga ukuthola wonke amaqabunga awile bese ushisa uma kukhona izinsolo zokutheleleka kwawo. Uma kungekho bungozi obunjalo, lapho-ke amahlamvu angasetshenziswa ukukhosela izihlahla noma iziqu zezihlahla.
• Ngemuva kokuqoqa amaqabunga, bamba ngokujulile inhlabathi ezungeze izihlahla ngefliphu yezingqimba. Uma wenza lokhu ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwesithwathwa, khona-ke izinambuzane namagciwane ezikhulwe emhlabathini ukuthi ubusika emhlabathini zizofa kumakhaza.
• Ngasikhathi sinye, iziqu kanye namahlumela aminyene kuxutshaniswa nodaka luk lime noma upende wensimu okhethekile. Lokhu kuzovikela amagxolo ezihlahla ukushiswa yilanga kanye nesithwathwa.
• Entwasahlobo yokuqala, lapho ihlumela lungakakhuli, ukwelashwa kokuqothula okubulala izinambuzane okunamandla kufanele kwenziwe. I-DNOC, iNitrafen, isixazululo se-5% se-sulfate yethusi kwesinye isikhathi sisetshenziswa.

Uma kwenzeka kutholwa umkhala omenyezelwe kwirejista Yezwe, kuzodingeka ukwelashwa nge-fungicides (izidakamizwa ze-antifungal). Njengomthetho, fafaza kathathu:

1. Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza.
2. Masinyane ngemuva kokuqhakaza.
3. Izinsuku ezingama-7-10 ngemuva kwesibili.

Ungancomela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezidumile - iChorus, iStrobi, i-Abiga-Peak neminye imininingwane engaphezulu ngokulwa nesibanda esihlahleni sama-aphula ingatholakala lapha.

Ukuvimbela okwengeziwe kwe-codling moth nezinye izinambuzane akudingeki uma umlimi ehambisana nezincomo ezingenhla ezifweni. Ungangeza kubo nje ukufakwa kwamabhande okuzingela ezitimeleni zezihlahla ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, okuzovimbela ukungena kwamakhompiyutha ahlukahlukene, izintuthwane, izimbungulu, njll. Ukungena kulo mqhele. Kulokhu impahla, umlimi angazijwayeza kabanzi ngezindlela nemithetho yokwelapha izihlahla zama-apula ezinambuzaneni nasezifo.

Ekhishini lami lasehlobo, ngenhloso yokuvimbela, entwasahlobo ngichitha izifutho ezintathu zemiqhele yezihlahla zezithelo, kufaka phakathi izihlahla ze-apula ezixubene ne-Horus neDecis (isidakamizwa esilwa nezilokazane). Ngengeza lezi zindlela zokwelapha ngokufafaza ehlobo nge-biofungicide Phytosporin-M, futhi ngasikhathi sinye esisebenza njengesigqoko esengeziwe sezimpande, njengoba siqukethe ama-humic acid ekwakhiweni. Isikhathi sokulashwa singamaviki angama-2-3, inani labo alinqunyelwe. Umuthi uphephile ngokuphelele kubantu nasezilwaneni - izithelo zingadliwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokucutshungulwa. Ukulawula izinambuzane, ngisebenzisa ama-bioinsecticides anjenge-Iskra-Bio neFitoverm. Futhi ezimweni ezimbi kuphela lapho ngisebenzisa amakhemikhali. Kepha, kufanele ngithi, ngokuqalwa kwezindlela zokuthibela, amacala anjalo awavamile kakhulu.

Abalimi ababuyekeza ngezinhlobonhlobo

I-Yuri, iZhigulevsky inezithelo ezihlukile. Banjengokungathi "ama-warts" kanye nama-tubercles. Ezinhlotsheni zeBryansk, njengoba wazi, ingaphezulu komhlaba liyicaba noma licishe lize. Zombili lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinezithelo ezinkulu kufinyelela ku-250-300 g. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-apula wezinhlobo ze-Zhigulevskoye athuthukisa kakhulu ukunambitheka kokuthi "uju" ngesikhathi sokugcina. IZhigulevskoe ivuthwa ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokugcina zikaSepthemba. Okungukuthi ngandlela thile ngemuva kweBryansk ehlukahlukene. I-peduncle iyahlukahluka futhi ngokuyisisekelo yinde. Yebo, ukuxabana kokugcina iBryansk cishe akuvamile emadolobheni, futhi iZhigulevskoye yizinhlobo ezijwayelekile lapha.

Okubalulekile

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Re: Zhigulevskoe

I-Yuri, izinhlobonhlobo ezinhle zokunambitha. Njengoba ngikhumbula, kwezinye izindawo, kwakuyizinhlobonhlobo eziphambili zezimboni. UCrohn akavamile. Fruiting uhlobo oluyindilinga. Ama-apula makhulu, athengiswa kakhulu. I-Pulp, ngemuva kwenyanga yesitoreji, ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu kwe-dessert. Okusho ukuthi, izithelo zithola ukuvuthwa okuphezulu maphakathi no-Novemba, kepha azigcinwanga isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuyindiza yasekwindla esephuze kakhulu. Ngifunde kwenye indawo ukuthi akukho lutho ezithelo ezibhekele ukulondolozwa kwezithelo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobonhlobo zigcinwa kahle kuze kube uNyaka omuNyaka futhi akubikho ubusika. Eqinisweni, okuhlukahlukene kunenkinga eyodwa enkulu. Akuwona ubusika bunzima. Okusho ukuthi, ubulukhuni bayo basebusika, ngisho nasekhaya, bumaphakathi kuphela. Ngokubona kwami, aphansi kune-Bryansk ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyajabulisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokufaka i-fruiting, izinhlobonhlobo ziziphatha kakhulu ebusika - kodwa uma unyaka onothelayo kuba yiqhwa kakhulu. Ngisola ukuthi isihlahla sama-apula asinaso isikhathi sokulungiselela ubusika. Kusukela ukuvuthwa okususwayo kwesithelo kwenzeka sekwephuze kakhulu. Izitebele nezindawo lapho amagatsha anamathambo ashiya khona zithinteka kabi yimigodi yesithwathwa.

Okubalulekile

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UZhigulevskoe naye wayesekamelweni elilodwa. Izithelo ezinhle ezibabazekayo ezinkulu ezinenyama ephuzi egqamile. Kanjani embukisweni! Okuhlwabusayo, okubabayo. Kepha umuthi kumele wakheke, ngoba uthanda ukunika amagatsha nge-engela yokuhamba, egcwala amakhefu avela (ngiyaphinda) isitshalo esindayo esiningi. Akukaze kuqhume.

Natali_R

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Izinhlobonhlobo zakudala zaseRussia nomzali waseMelika azilahli isikhathi esikhathini sethu. I -backback yayo eyinhloko (ukumelana nesithwathwa esibuthakathaka) ayidluli yonke inzuzo. Ibeka kuphela imingcele yokulima okungenzeka. Futhi uma izimo zesifunda zivumela lokhu ukuba kwenziwe, khona-ke okuhlukahlukene kunconywe ngokuqiniseka ukuze kulinywe kokubili ngezidingo zazo nangezinjongo zokuhweba ezimeni zokulima kakhulu.