Izitshalo eziningi eziwusizo, ezikhulile ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezithile futhi zizuza ezimbonini eziningi, zihlala zingazi futhi zingenakunqunywa iningi labantu.
Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa nge-safflower, xoxani Iyini lesi sitshalo, yiziphi izinzuzo zayo nezici.
I-Safflower: incazelo kanye nezici eziphilayo
I-Safflower isitshalo se-Asteraceae noma umndeni wakwa-Aster, ngokuvamile isitshalo saminyaka yonke, isitshalo se-saffron noma i-safari yasendle ikhule ngesiko, njengoba kubizwa. I-Safflower ikhula kuze kube ngamamitha owodwa nengxenye, isitshalo sinesitshalo esiqondile, se-branched, esicwebezelisayo. Amahlamvu oblong, ahlelwe eceleni, emaphethelweni epuleti lamagatsha - ama-spikes. Izimbali zalesi sitshalo zigcwele i-orange noma ebomvu, i-tubular, ngemuva kokuba izimbali zifake isithelo-imbewu yemhlophe.
I-Safflower iyisitshalo se-olise, amafutha wezinhlamvu ayikho ngaphansi kwamafutha we-sunflower. Amafutha ebangeni lokuqala asetshenziswa embonini yokudla, amamaki wesibili asetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamafutha ezimboni, ukomile amafutha, i-varnishes. Embonini yokudla, lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwa njengendwangu yemvelo ephephile emzimbeni womuntu, kanye nasekukhiqizeni igargarine kanye ne-confectionery; Idayi isetshenziselwa imboni yezindwangu, ukudayisa izindwangu, ukwenza amaphepathi.
I-Safflower isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa ne-cosmetology. Cishe zonke izingxenye zesitshalo ziyasiza. I-Safflower nayo isitshalo seju. Uju lwalesi sitshalo yikhasi lokusiza lokuqala elincane. Iqukethe amavithamini B, E, C, A, PP; ama-enzyme nama-acids e-organic; amaprotheni kanye ne-dextrins. Ukwakhiwa koju kusuka kumuntu ohamba phambili kuhlanganisa cishe zonke izinto ezinkulu nezincane ezidingekayo emsebenzini obalulekile womzimba womuntu.
Njengoba kunesisindo esinjalo sezimfanelo nezimfanelo eziwusizo, umgcini we-safflower akanakwenzeka ngokuphelele ekulimeni. Ukuhluma kwembewu yesitshalo kungenzeka ngamaphesenti amabili okushisa, amahlumela amancane amelane nesithwathwa kuya kuma-degrees ayisithupha, okungukuthi, ukutshala kwalesi sitshalo kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nasekwindla.
Izinhlobo zama-Safflower
Esikhathini samasiko ezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezifanele ukukhula emgwaqeni ophakathi. Cabanga ngendlela efanelekile kubo.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu zibizwa ngokuthi "Sunny" - isitshalo sikhuthazela isikhathi esomile kahle. Isikhathi sesitshalo yizinsuku ezingu-127. Ikhula kuze kube ngu-85 cm. Izimbali ezinamamitha amabili kuya kwamamitha amathathu ziqukethe imbewu enkulu, isivuno esiphelele ngalinye ngehektare ngalinye liyingxenye eyodwa nengxenye. Inani lokuqukethwe kwamafutha embewu - 34%. Ezihlukahlukene zanda emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise neKazakhstan, eRussia nase-Ukraine.
Izinhlobo zama-safflower "Ahram" zihlukana nezimila ezifingqiwe - kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-90 kuya kwezingu-120. Lesi sitshalo sincane kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa ne-"Sunny" safflower - 60 cm, branched, leafy, ngezimbali eziningi (kuze kube yizicathulo eziyishumi nesithupha kwi-inflorescence eyodwa). Lesi sitshalo sivuthwa ngokushesha, isivuno sezinhlobonhlobo singama-cent cent hegtare ngalinye. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kule mbewu kuyinto engama-35%, izinhlobonhlobo kubhekwa ukuthi zingcono kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ngamafutha, kusukela ku-hektare eyodwa zithola kufika ku-300 kg wamafutha.
Izinhlobonhlobo "Beauty Stupinskaya" - isitshalo esinama-branched stem esingenqenqemeni; nge-taproot eqinile ekhulayo ibe yi-20 cm ejulile, khona-ke induku iba yindlala futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihle (ezindaweni eziseningizimu) ingafinyelela kumamitha amabili. Amaqabunga alezi zihlukahlukene anama-oval-elliptical enomumo, enomphetho oshubile kanye nezinsipho ezibuthakathaka. Isikhathi semifino yesitshalo sisukela ezinsukwini ezingu-105 kuya kwezingu-130. Esinye isihlahla singathwala amabhasikidi angama-20 we-inflorescences enesisindo sobubanzi obufinyelela ku-3.5 cm. Amapilisi aphethwe yi-tubular, ephuzi noma e-orange. Izithelo: imbewu emhlophe ngegobolondo elinyene, imbewu isisindo kuze kube ngu-51 amagremu. Kuyisici ukuthi imbewu ayiqhubeki lapho ivuthiwe.
Faka endaweni yokujikeleza
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlakulela ama-precursor ahlanzekile zitshala izitshalo, izitshalo zasebusika nezitshalo, ukudlwengulwa, ummbila, ifilakisi. Lapho kugcinwa ukujikeleza okunjalo kwezitshalo inhlabathi yenza ama-stocks amaningi omswakama, isizinda saso semvelo siyathuthuka.
Kubalulekile! Ungatshali umsila emva kwelanga, ubhontshisi we-sugar beet kanye nefodder beet, amabele. Lezi zitshalo zidonsa cishe wonke umswakama ovela enhlabathini.
Akudingekile ukuba sikhule isivuno endaweni eyodwa iminyaka eminingana elandelanayo; ukubuyela endaweni yangaphambili yokufika kungenzeka okungenani iminyaka emine kamuva. I-Safflower iyilungiselelo elihle lokutshala izitshalo, ubusika obusika kanye nobusika (ngezimo zezulu zasekwindla ezinhle).
I-oda elihle kakhulu lokujikeleza kwezitshalo kuyoba ukufakwa komgcini wezitshalo zokutshala okulandelayo kuya kokugcina, isibonelo, I-steam - ukolweni wasebusika - umhlanzi - ibhali; noma I-steam - ubusika busika - i-chickpea - i-spring wheat - umhlanzi - ibhali.
Ukwelashwa komhlabathi
Ikhulula kakhulu ukutshala komuntu ongenamanzi Ukungahleleki ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi. Okungcono kunazo zonke yizizwe ze-chernozems nama-chestnut, i-sandy free loams noma ihamba, ngenkathi engesabi ama-saline namahlwempu.
Ukuze umuntu ongcono, ukulima okujulile kubalulekile, izinkomba ezinhle kakhulu zokuvuna zakhiwa lapho zihlwanyela emkhakheni ojulile oliminiwe. Hlakulela izendlalelo zenhlabathi ezihlaziyekayo kanye ne-subsurface. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umgcini wesitshalo akamesabi ukhula, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukuhlanzwa okujulile kokhula. Uma kuhlwanyelwe emva kokusanhlamvu, kuhle kumuntu omsakazo uma ngemuva kokuvuna kuqala, utshani nomququ ohlakazwe emgqeni omncane ushiywe ensimini.
Izindlela zokuhlwanyela nezinga lokutshala
Ukuhlwanyela umhlanzi kungenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nokutshala izitshalo zomswakama, ngoba imbewu ingahluma emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngokuhlwanyela kwesikhathi, izinga lokuswakama endaweni engenhla yehlabathi angeke lwanele ukuhluma kahle.
Ukuze uvikele ukulwa nezifo futhi ukwandise isivuno, imbewu ikhethiwe emalungiselelweni. "Phambi" noma "Cardon", engeza izikhuthazo ekuthuthukiseni izimpande.
Ukuhlwanyela kuqhutshwa ngamasentimitha ayisithupha kuya kwangu-8, phakathi kwemigqa kuze kube ngu-60 cm. Izinga lokuhlwanyela imbewu yezinhlanzi ziyi-30-40 kg / ha. Isilinganiso sinqunywa izimo zenhlabathi umswakama, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihle, ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ngenani eliphezulu, nezimo ezimbi kakhulu - izinga liyancipha.
Uyazi? Emuva ngo-1061, amaShayina ayephatha isifo senhliziyo negazi nge-safflower. Ezikhathini zasendulo, umgcini wensimbi wayesetshenziselwa ukuphazamisa ukukhulelwa okungafunwa, ukuze abesifazane abalindele umntwana kufanele banikeze kangcono umkhiqizo.
Ukunakekelwa kwe-Safflower
Ukunakekela umhlengi kubaluleke kakhulu ekunakekeleni inhlabathi: ukukhulula isendlalelo esiphezulu, ukunciphisa kanye nokukhula kwekhula.
Qaphela! Ukugqoka umcwengi nomuntu onesihlahla kuzothuthukisa isivuno ngamaphesenti angu-70.
I-Safflower ingayenza ngaphandle kokuchelela isikhathi eside ngenxa yesimiso sezinsambo zomhlaba jikelele, ekhuphuka kakhulu. Ukunisela kuyenziwa njengoba kudingekile, ikakhulukazi ukungabi khona kwesikhala eside kanye nokomiswa okuphelele kwezingxenye zomhlabathi.
Uma uhlwanyela izitshalo emhlabathini ovundile, akufanele ukhathazeke ngokufaka umanyolo; uma inhlabathi ingekho empofu, kungcono ukuwafaka ngamanyolo ephilayo noma amaminerali, umanyolo we-nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium. Ungenza ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuqhakaza, abalimi abanolwazi abacebisa ukutshala inhlabathi ngesikhathi sokucubungula ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Kulula ukutshala umhlanzi kusuka kumbewu, ukunakekelwa akuyona imithwalo. Into eyinhloko ukufeza ukuhlwanyela, ukulimaza kuze kuvele amahlumela okuqala futhi uma amaqabunga amabili noma amathathu aqinile avela emahlumela, i-crust ibhujiswe emhlabathini. Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo kugcwaliswe ngesikhathi sokwakheka kweziqu.
Isivikelo ngokumelene nezifo nezinambuzane zomuntu ongenalutho
I-Safflower ingathinteka yizifo ezilandelayo: i-fusarium, i-rust, i-septoria futhi i-broomrape. Isifo esiyingozi kunazo zonke somuntu ongenalutho ongabhubhisa izitshalo. Lesi sifo sinamafutha emvelo, sithinta amahlumela namaqabunga amaqabunga amahlamvu - ama-pustules ama-brown. Ngokunqotshwa kwezifo, izitshalo ziphathwa ngamakhemikhali: Altazol, Alto Super, Acanto Plus, Alpari, Atlas.
Izinambuzane ezihlasela izitshalo ezitshalweni zikhona i-flyer fly, i-weevil, i-aphid futhi ognevka. Izinambuzane nezibungu zazo nazo ziyingozi. Abantu abadala bahlamba amahlumela kanye namahlamvu, beka amaqanda, lapho ama-larvae ayawaphuza khona, aphuza ijusi yesitshalo hhayi nje kuphela. I-Safflower fly inika inzalo efihlekile, izibungu ezivela kamuva zidla imbewu. Ukubhujiswa kwezinambuzane usebenzisa izinambuzane: "Konfidor-Maxi", "Kruiser", "Puma Super-100". Njengendlela yokuvimbela umhlanzi, ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu iphathwa ngokugqoka okuhlukahlukene.
Kuyathakazelisa Ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa kwamathuna aseGibhithe, abavubukuli bathola ukuthi abaseGibhithe lasendulo babembethe ukugqoka okwenziwa ngamapulangwe ngopende owenziwe ngamagundane. Ngokwebufakazi obuningi obuningi, ubuhle bamazwe ase-Arab basebenzisa amacembe ahlongozwayo njengamahloni kanye ne-lipstick.
Ukuvuna
Ukuvuna isivuno akubangeli ubunzima, ngoba imbewu ayiqhubeki lapho ivuthiwe. Zingase zishintshe uma kwenzeka ukuvunwa okungapheli ukushaya umshini wekhanda ezinhlakeni. Ukuvunwa kwe-Safflower kuqala ngokuvuthwa okugcwele, okuyinto enqunywa amabhasikidi aphuzi kanye neziqu eziphuzi. Emasimini, ukuvunwa kwenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa ukuze iziqu zezitshalo zingabonakali ngodubhu, ukuphakama ukusika kuyanda. Umswakama wembewu lapho kuvuna kufanele kube ngu-12%. Ngemva kokuvuna, imbewu ihlanzwa emakhoba futhi yomisiwe.
I-Safflower njengesiko esiwusizo kufanelekele ukunakekelwa embonini yezolimo. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke izindawo ezisetshenzisiwe zokusetshenziswa (imithi, i-textile kanye nesibambiso sokudla, umdwebo wokudweba kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-varnish). Umsizi wesitshalo utshalwe futhi njengesitshalo sefolda, njenge-silo eluhlaza yezilwane ezinkulu nezincane.
