Abaningi bethu bathanda futhi bazithenga njalo imbewu ye-sunflower, okuyinto namuhla engatholakala kunoma isiphi isitolo. Kodwa kungani uchitha imali uma uhlwanyela imbewu yelanga? Lokhu kuyinkqubo elula ngempela, futhi ekusebenziseni kwayo akudingekile ukuthi ube namakhono akhethekile, ulwazi olwanele olwanele.
Incazelo ye-Botanical of sunflower
Imibiko yokuqala yaleso sitshalo esitshalwe njenge-sunflower ibonakala cishe ku-3000 BC. Ukucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala kufakazela ukuthi lesi sitshalo sasihlaselwe amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika, ngisho nangaphambi kokolweni. Ekuqaleni, kwakukholelwa ukuthi umsuka wayo wawuhlanganiswe nezindawo ezimbili ezihlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izakhi zofuzo zafinyelela esiphethweni esiphezulu sokuthi ingxenye engasempumalanga ye-United States, okungukuthi uMfula iMississippi, isendaweni yokuzalwa yase-sunflower ekhuliswe.
Lesi sitshalo saminyaka yonke (esingaphansi kokuhlala isikhathi eside) sifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-2-4 futhi sinomsindo othuthukile onomsuka wezigwegwe (angangena emhlabathini kuze kufike ku 2-3 m).
I-stem eyamaqabunga igubungele izinwele ezinzima, futhi ngaphakathi kwayo kunomgogodla we-spongy. Amaqabunga e-sunflower, atholakala kuma-petioles amade, amaphethelo ahlukene ahlukahlukene kanye nezinwele ezinamaqabunga ezinamaqabunga.
Ekupheleni kweziqu kukhona ama-inflorescences (okwethulwa ngebhasikidi), ububanzi bawo bufinyelela ku-15-45 cm. Izimbali eziningi zikhona esithombeni emibuthanweni. Uma ubheka i-sunflower ngesikhathi sokuvuna, akudingekile ukuqagela isikhathi eside ukuthi ngabe isitshalo sezimbali noma cha, ngoba izimbali eziphuzi eziphuzi zibonakala ngaphesheya kwensimu.
I-sunflower iyitshalo evame ukuvotela impova, inqubo yokuvundiswa eyenzeka ngosizo lwezinambuzane. Isithelo sitholakala ngesimo se-achenes nesigqoko sesithelo sehlobo lomzimba. Ngaphakathi kwenzalo, kune-nucleus, ehlanganiswe negobolondo (ngaphezulu kwayo ihlanganiswe ne-epidermis futhi ifakwe ezimhlophe, ezimnyama, ezimpunga, ezibomvu, ezimnyama nezibomvu nezinye imibala).
I-sunflower iyanqabela ngokulinganayo kokubili ukwehla kokushisa nesomiso, futhi imbewu iqala ukuhluma kakade ekushiseni kuka-3-4 ° C. Amahlumela amancane akhuthazelela amaqhwa kuze kube ku--5 ° C, kodwa esigabeni sokugcina sezitshalo, amaqhwa afike ku -3 ° C angonakalisa isitshalo. Ukushisa okunamandla okukhula okujwayelekile nokuthuthukiswa kwe-sunflower kungama-20-30 ° C, okubuye kube nesici salesi siko. Uma izinkomba zokushisa zidlula + 30 ° C, lesi sitshalo ngeke sikwazi ukukujabulisa ngokubukeka okunempilo nokunethezeka. 
Abanye balimi banesithakazelo emndenini ukuthi i-sunflower ingokwakhe, nakuba i-asteraceae ingenakusiza ekusizeni kakhulu ukulima. Ukuze uzuze isivuno esiphezulu, udinga ukwazi ngazo zonke izici nezinselele zokutshala nokunakekela isiko esicacisiwe.
Izici ze-sunflower ekhulayo, lapho ubhekilanga bekhula khona kakhulu
Imbewu ye-sunflower ihlwanyelwa emhlabathini ngokushesha nje uma iqala ukufika ku-13-16 ° C, ikhetha le ndawo ezokwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zesiko. Kule ndaba, indima ebalulekile idlala ngokukhanyisa okuhle, ukuvikelwa emimoyeni oqinile nokubunjwa kwenhlabathi, okuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukukhetha ukukhanyisa i-sunflower ekhulayo
I-sunflower yisitshalo esinothando kakhulu selanga (njengoba igama layo lisho), kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo asibekezeli umoya onamandla. Ngakho-ke, ukhetha indawo yokutshala, kungcono ukubheka ingxenye enyakatho yegadi yakho. Kunconywa ukuba uhlwanyele imbewu yesitshalo ngaphansi kocingo, indlu noma izihlahla eziqinile, lapho zingeke zivimbele ezinye izitshalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zizokwazi ukujabulela imisebe yelanga kakhulu usuku lonke.
Uyazi? I-sunflower inesici esisodwa esiphawuleka kakhulu: ikhanda layo, isiqu kanye namaqabunga aphenduke ilanga lonke usuku lonke. Into efana nalokhu ibizwe ngokuthi i-helionation, kodwa ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuqhakaza, leli khono lilahlekile.
Umhlabathi we-sunflower
I-sunflower yenza futhi izidingo zayo ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi lapho kuhlwanyelwa kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uvune isivuno esihle, uzodinga inhlabathi evundile, indima ehambisana kahle nezwe ngobuningi obuningi bomhlabathi ohlelweni lwesitshalo somswakama kanye nomswakama okwanele ngaphansi kwalo. Kungcono ukungatshali ilanga le-sunflower emhlabathini onamandla, onogwadule futhi onosawoti. Akufanele utshale lesi sitshalo ezindaweni lapho izilwanyana (ama-peas, ama-soybean noma ubhontshisi), utamatisi noma isithombo sebhitrudi sezikhulile, kodwa inhlabathi emva kwezitshalo zokudla okusanhlamvu kanye nommbila zizohambelana ngokuphelele.
Ungatshali ama-sunflowers iminyaka eminingana endaweni efanayo, njengoba lesi sitshalo ngonyaka owodwa sithatha inani eliphakeme lazo zonke amaminerali afanelekile emhlabathini, okusho ukuthi ngonyaka ozayo amanye ama-sunflowers ahlwanyelwe ngeke abamukele. Isikhathi esihle sekhefu kungu-3-4 iminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukuphefumula" okunjalo kuzosusa izifo eziningi ze-sunflower, izifo zazo ezigcinwe kahle emhlabathini wonke ubusika.
I-drainage enhle yomhlabathi kufanele ihlelwe futhi endaweni ekhethiwe, ngoba noma ngabe i-sunflowers izitshalo ezingavimbisani, into ewukuthi ingabalimaza yilezi zikhukhula. Uma kunesidingo, ungakwazi ngokushesha ukwakha ubhado olulula noma oluvuthwe engadini, olwenziwe ngamabhodi emisedari amane amamitha.
Kubalulekile! Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni, amapulangwe omsedari ayethandwa kakhulu, ngoba awawoli lapho ehlangana namanzi.
Imithetho yokutshala i-sunflower ensimini
Ngaphezu kokukhetha indawo efanelekayo ye-sunflower ekhulayo, indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwebhizinisi idlalwe ngokulungiselela kahle nokutshala imbewu emhlabathini. Ngokuqinisekile umlimi ngamunye usebenzisa izindlela zakhe eziyingqayizivele ekwenzeni le nqubo, kodwa sizokutshela ngokujwayelekile.
Ukulungiselela imbewu yokutshala
Kunoma yikuphi lapho ilanga likhishwa khona, imbewu yayo ikhethiwe ngaphambili futhi iyalinganiswa. Ukuze ukhethe kahle imbewu, uzodinga ikhambi elisebenzayo lomuntu ukuthi, nge-100% isiqinisekiso, uzosusa izinambuzane ezinobungozi.
Ukuze ukwenze, uthathe u-anyanisi ikhasi kanye ne-garlic (cishe u-100 g), bese weqa lesi samuva ngokusebenzisa i-grinder ye-nyama bese uhlanganisa i-gruel enomunye nesithako. Ingxube kumele ithulwe ngamalitha amabili amanzi abilayo bese ishiya ukunikeza amahora angu-24. Emva kwalesi sikhathi, ukumnika kuhlungwa nge-cheesecloth nezinhlamvu ze-sunflower zifakwe kuso, zishiye ubusuku bonke. Ngosuku olulandelayo, imbewu ephathwayo ingatshala emhlabathini.
Ukucubungula okunjalo kwembewu ngaphambi kokutshala ekuqaleni kuzothusisa ama-rodents nezinye izinambuzane ezingenakuqeda ukudla.
Abanye balimi abazethembi izindlela zabantu, bathembela kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwesayensi yanamuhla. Kodwa indlela yokucubungula imbewu ye-sunflower ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela kulokhu? Okukhethwa kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-fungicides, kanti izidakamizwa ezithandwa kakhulu zihlanganisa "Maxim KS" ne "Apron Gold", ezivikela ngokuphelele izifo ezifweni eziningi (ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kungadingeka kuphela uma ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane kulindeleke). Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi yizilokazane, izinambuzane ezinjengeKruiser kanye ne-Force SC, zilungile ukuphatha imbewu.
Ukutshala izinto zokutshala
Ngaphezu kokulungiselela kahle imbewu yokutshala, udinga ukuqonda indlela engcono yokuhlwanyela i-sunflower. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isitshalo sichaza sikhetha umhlaba ongenalutho futhi okhanyayongakho-ke, ukuthambekela komhlabathi ngaphansi kwe-sunflower kuyodinga ukukhululeka nge-spatula noma ngezandla.
Ngemuva kokuqedela le nqubo, kubalulekile ukumba izimbobo ngamasentimitha ambalwa ajulile, ugcine ibanga lika-10-45 cm phakathi kwabo (izibalo eziqondile zixhomeke kuhlobo lwe-sunflower). Ungenza umgodi emhlabathini ngezandla zakho, kodwa kungcono ukusebenzisa i-spatula encane yale njongo. 
Endabeni lapho izitshalo zitshalwe ngokulandelana, ibanga eliphakathi kwazo akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-30 cm, ngoba ukukhula okuhle nokushesha kwama-sunflowers badinga isikhala esiningi.
Kubalulekile! Uma utshala izitshalo ezinkulu, kufanele ushiye cishe u-45 cm emkhatsini wembewu, u-30 cm uyokwanela ama-sunflowers aphakathi.Emgodini ngamunye wafaka imbewu encane, emva kwalokho ihlanganiswa nomhlaba. Ungaphinda uhlwanyele imbewu ngokuhluka kwamasonto ambalwa, okuzokuvumela ukuthi uthole isivuno ngezikhathi ezahlukene zasehlobo. Njengoba ama-sunflowers izitshalo zonyaka futhi ziyaqhakaza kanye ngonyaka, ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukunweba lesi sikhathi.
Emva kokutshala imbewu emhlabathini kuyasiza ukwengeza ungqimba oluncane lomanyolo. Ngenxa yalokhu, udaba oluphilayo lufanelekile, oluvele luhlakazeke kulo lonke isayithi. Futhi, kuyoba usizo futhi ungqimba lwe-mulch, oluzosiza ukugcina umhlaba uchithe futhi ulondoloze kusuka ekungeneni kwamanzi.
Emva kokufaka umanyolo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi, konke okusalayo kuwukuba amanzi onke ahlanzeke futhi aqiniseke ukuthi imbewu ayengaphansi komhlaba.
Izici zokunakekelwa kwe-sunflower ensimini
Lapho ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela imbewu nokuhlwanyelwa kwelanga kubonakala sekucacile, singakhuluma ngokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwesitshalo. Yiqiniso, amaphuzu abaluleke kunazo zonke okumele anake ukuwasebenzisa, ukufaka umanyolo nokutshala ngesikhathi sonke inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo nokuthuthukiswa.
Ukunisela
I-sunflower kumele iphuze nsuku zonke, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lwaso lwempande luyathuthuka kakhulu futhi luthatha inani elikhulu lomswakama. Ngokuvamile, lezi zitshalo ziphuziswa kanye ngosuku, kodwa ngenkathi eyomile, inani lokunisela kwansuku zonke liye landa kabili noma kathathu. Uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lidlula + 30 ° C, izitshalo ziyanisela njengoba isisindo soma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqhuma kwamanzi akuvumelekile.
Ukunisela njalo futhi okwanele ekunakekeleni izitshalo ze-sunflower kuyoba nomthelela ekutheni kube nezimbali eziningi phakathi nehlobo.
Umanyolo
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezifaka umanyolo, i-sunflower iyamanyolo afanelekile, aqukethe i-phosphorus ne-potassium. Kuyinto engathandeki ukondla izithombo ngomquba, njengokungokwemvelo kune-nitrogen eningi. Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali asithandi kokubili ubhekilanga ngokwabo kanye nezinyosi ezivundisa izimbali. Izinambuzane zenza kangcono kakhulu ama-potassium-phosphate compounds, futhi ngcono izitshalo zivotelwa impova, amathuba okuba uthola isivuno esikhulu. Umanyolo wokuqala we-sunflower usetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela, kanti konke okukwenzile ngemuva kokuphuza noma ukusika izithombo.
Uyazi? Ukuqoqa ithoni eyodwa yezitshalo, lesi sitshalo sidinga cishe ama-60 kg we-nitrogen, 27 kg we-phosphorus kanye no-150 kg we-potassium.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukusetshenziselwa imbewu yemifuno ekutshaleni i-sunflower kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kuthinta ukukhula kwayo okuqhubekayo.
Ama-fertilizer agcwele (nitroammofosku) ngesilinganiso se-1 kg / ha we-mass mass ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengamanyolo afanelekile. Noma kunjalo, umquba awukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ngqo emithonjeni noma emibhedeni, ngoba ngisho namanani abo amancane anganciphisa imbewu yokuhluma (kungcono ukuhlakaza imigqa eceleni). Ngaphambi kokutshala i-sunflower, umthamo omncane we-ammophos noma i-superphosphate (1 kg / ha wezithako ezisebenzayo) ungasetshenziswa enhlabathini.
Ukwelashwa komhlabathi
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala i-sunflower. Njengoba lesi sitshalo sikhula kangcono enhlabathini evulekile, inhlabathi kufanele ilungiselelwe kahle emva kwababengaphambili. Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokulima kufanele kuxhomeke kohlobo lwayo, isilinganiso sezitshalo ekujikelezeni kwezitshalo, izimo zezulu kanye nesimo sezulu esifundeni, kanye nesimo esiphezulu semifuno ephilayo. Ukucabangela lezi zici, kokubili ukwelashwa komhlabathi okuvamile nomuthi wokulima nokulondoloza ngaphandle kokulima, kodwa ngokukhululeka, kungenziwa.
Ukwakha isakhiwo esihle sehlabathi sokuhlwanyelwa kwe-sunflower kuqala ekwindla futhi kuhlinzekela ukucubungula kahle kwezinhlanga zomuntu obengaphambi kwayo. Konke okusele emva kokuvuna isivuno sangaphambilini (utshani nezinhlanga), kumele kuchotshozwe kahle futhi kufakwe emhlabathini kuze kufike ku-5-10 cm ejulile, okuzohlinzeka yonke imibandela yokwehla kwalezi zinsali ngaphambi kokuqala kwasebusika.
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela isivuno entwasahlobo, umbhede onobuningi be-sunflower kufanele ukhula njalo, uwasindise ezindaweni ezilukhuni. Ukulimala kwalezi zitshalo akudingeki.
Izifo ezinkulu nezinambuzane ze-sunflower
Lapho ukhula nge-sunflower cishe uzobhekana nezinhlekelele ezinjengezilokazane nezifo zezifo. Naphezu kokuthi ama-sunflowers awawona amasiko azintandokazi ezinambuzane, i-moth eluhlaza ngokuvamile ibeka amaqanda kuwo. Ukuqeda le nkathazo, kwanele ukususa izibungu ezincane esitshalweni.
I-cottonworm nayo iyingozi ngotshani we-sunflower, okuyinto, ukondla ijusi layo, hhayi nje ekuvimbeleni ukwanda nokuthuthukiswa kwesiko, kodwa futhi kwenza kube yinkinga yezifo eziningi. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlasela izitshalo nge-sunflower moth, ubeka amaqanda ngqo ezigcinizeni zesitshalo. Izibungu ezivela kubo zithathwa ukuba zidle izingxenye zezimbali futhi, ziqubude ngezingubo zembewu, zizidle kude ngaphakathi.
Phakathi kwezifo ezivame kakhulu ze-sunflower kudingeka ukhethe ukubola okumhlophe nokumpunga. 
Esimweni sokuqala, izindawo ezimanzi ezinamabala ezibomvu zibonakala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamabhasikidi, kanti endaweni yesibili izindawo ezimnyama ezigcwele iziqhwaga zivela esihlahleni. Kungenakwenzeka ukunganaki i-fomopsis - isifo lapho amabala amnyama noma ama-grayish anomngcele okhanyayo avela emaqabungeni aphansi kanye nomoya wamanga we-powdery (kunezinhlamvu eziphawulwe kahle ze-agent engabangela uketshezi engxenyeni engezansi yeqabunga, kanti amabala aluhlaza avela eceleni ).
Lahla zonke lezi zinkinga kuzosiza i-antifungal nezinye izidakamizwa ezikhethekile, ukuthola ukuthi namuhla akuyona inkinga.
Kubalulekile! Ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwama-microorganisms ezilimazayo kwenzeka emanzini anomswakama ophezulu kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo, futhi izinambuzane ezinambuzane zisakazeka uma isitshalo sisahlala emasimini emva kokuvuna. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokuhlwanyela ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nokunakekelwa kwezitshalo.
I-sunflower: isivuno
Phakathi kwayo yonke imisebenzi ekutshalweni kwe-sunflower, ukuqoqwa kwembewu yayo kuyinkinga enzima kunazo zonke kanye nesikhathi esiningi, ngoba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lesi sitshalo singase sibonakale silula kanjani, ingxenye enkulu yembewu ingahle ivele ijubane.
Ukuvuna kuqala lapho zonke izitshalo zingekho ngaphezu kuka-12-15% ama-sunflowers anamaqabunga aphuzi noma aphuzi okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho bonke abanye bebomvu futhi bomile. Ukuhlanzwa kwezitshalo kufanele kugcwaliswe ngokugcwele izinsuku ezingu-6-7 ngaphambi kokuba imbewu ifike kufinyelele ku-7-8% umswakama. 
Imbewu eyomile neyomnyama iyakunqunywa kanye nenhloko ngommese obukhali. Ukomisa i-sunflower, inqunywa zibe izingxenye ezimbili futhi imiswe ekamelweni elomile, elinesimo esihle, ngemva kwalokho ungakhetha imbewu kusuka ebhasikisini. Ukwenza imbewu ibe yi-tastier, vele ubeke ubusuku bonke emanzini anosawoti, bese usomile futhi ujabane ngesitofu ekushiseni okuphansi. Futhi, emva kokukhipha imbewu kusuka ebhasikisini, ungakwazi ukuwayeka ngokwengeziwe, uwafake esitokisini esisodwa futhi uwashiye kwisitoreji izinsuku ezingu-8-10 (umswakama wabo awufanele udlule u-10%). Ukugcina imbewu kufanele kube endaweni epholile futhi eyomile, ngaphandle kwalokho bazoqala ukunambitha okubabayo.
Ngokuvamile, i-sunflower iyisitshalo esilula, futhi unikezwe incazelo yokubukeka kwayo, "imbali yelanga" ngeke ikujabulise kuphela ngembewu enhle, kodwa futhi uyihlobise insimu.
