Izindawo eziningi zokukhetha zisebenza nsuku zonke ukuthuthukisa ukumelana kwezinhlobo zama-apula ezifweni ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, konke kusaxhomekeke ekunakekeleni nasekuqapheni kwensimu.
Izifo ziyingozi emthini we-apula futhi ulwe nazo, izimpawu zokuqala nezindlela zokuvimbela kwazo, kanye nezimbangela nezindlela zokutheleleka - ulwazi oluncane oludingekayo kuwo wonke umlimi.
Isifinyezo setafula lezifo ze-apula
Izizathu zokuthuthuka kwezifo zingaba ziningi: ukunakekelwa okungafanele, ukulimala komzimba, izifo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesilonda, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezifo ziyahlukaniswa:
| Uhlobo lesion | Lesi sifo | Ubungozi besifo |
| Isikhunta | Isikali | Umenzeli we-causative yi-pathogenic hlobo fungus. Kuthinta izithelo, amaqabunga. Ngokusho kwezinye izifundo, isibazi siyingozi empilweni yabantu. I-fetus ethintekile iqukethe ubuthi, okuthi, ukuwela emzimbeni womuntu, kunciphise ukuzivikela kwayo kwemvelo. I-fungus ibhubhisa i-enamel yezinyo futhi iholele kwisifo sezinsini. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukuthengiswa kwama-apula athintekile ngalesi sifo kuyenqatshelwe. |
| I-Powdery Mildew (Library Sphere) | Ukulahleka kokukhiqiza kuze kufike ku-60%, izihlahla zama-apula ziphelelwa ubusika bazo. | |
| Kukhanye uMilky | Ukufa kwesihlahla se-apula. | |
| Ukugqwala | Ukufa kwesilimo, ngenkathi umuthi we-apula othintekile ungatheli izithelo zesizini ezayo. Isifo esijwayele ukugcwala. | |
| Cytosporosis | Lapho igatsha lilimele, ukufa okuphelele kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-1.5-2; isiqu - ukufa kwesihlahla se-apula. | |
| Umdlavuza waseYurophu | Ukuncipha kwezithelo ngezikhathi ezi-3, ukulahleka kwekhwalithi yayo. Ezimweni zokugijima - ukufa kwesihlahla, ukutheleleka komakhelwane kungenzeka. | |
| Umdlavuza omnyama | Ukufa kwesihlahla se-apula. Uma kungekho zinyathelo, lesi sifo singabhubhisa yonke ingadi eminyakeni embalwa. | |
| I-Moniliosis (Izithelo Izithelo, Ukushiswa Kwezilo) | Ukulahleka kwesithelo, ukukhula okumangalisa noma ukufa kwamagatsha amasha, ukulimala kwezihlahla ezingomakhelwane. | |
| I-Phyllosticosis (Ibala elinsundu) | Kuholela ekuweni kwamaqabunga kanye nokuqina kobusika. Ukulahleka okuphambili kwezilimo. | |
| Amagciwane | Ukushiswa kwamagciwane | Isifo esiyingozi esingabhubhisa yonke imithi yama-apula ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ezimbili. |
| Umdlavuza wegciwane webacteria | Ngeshwa, kubeka ingozi enkulu kuyo yonke insimu. Amagciwane abangela ukuba ihlale enhlabathini iminyaka eminye eminingi. | |
| I-bacterial necrosis | Ukufa kwesihlahla, ukutheleleka kwayo yonke insimu. | |
| Amagciwane | UMose | Ithinta izihlahla ezincane ze-apula, zibambezela ukukhula kwazo nokukhula kwazo. Yehlisa umkhiqizo. |
| Izithelo eziqhekekayo | Lesi sifo aselapheki, siholela ekwehleni kwesivuno, ukulahleka kwekhwalithi yaso. | |
| I-Panicle (polyferation). | ||
| Rosette | Ukwehla okuphindwe kabili kwesivuno, ukufa kwezimpande namagatsha. Ngokunqotshwa kwezihlahla ezincane zama-apula, amathuba okufa kwesihlahla aphakeme. |
Izifo zokukhunta
Izifo zokukhuphuka kwezihlahla zama-apula ziwumphumela wokunakekelwa okungafanele, ukunganakwa kwezindlela zokuhlanzeka. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi imvelo yemvelo igcwala isikhunta esahlukahlukene, kepha esimweni esiphilile isihlahla siyakwazi ukubekezelela.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngenxa yomonakalo kumagxolo, ukugawulwa okungafanele kwamagatsha, amaphutha ekunakekelweni. Ngokuvikela, izinyathelo ezilandelayo ziyadingeka:
- Amagatsha okuthena entwasahlobo.
- Ukwelashwa kokuvimbela kwezihlahla ze-apula ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni (okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 ngesizini).
- Ngaphandle kokufafaza (umswakama owandisiwe womqhele unomthelela ekuthuthukiseni isikhunta).
- Imodi yokufaka isicelo
- Autumn yokuhlanza engadini.
- Whitewashing ngaphambi kobusika.
Isikali
Ukhunta uthelela izithelo namahlamvu. Lesi sifo sivame ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele, esibonakaliswa yintwasahlobo emanzi. Isikhunta sithwalwa ngama-spores ngosizo lomoya, amanzi, izinambuzane. Izimpawu zivele ngokushesha ngemuva kokutheleleka.
Izimpawu
- Izindawo eziluhlaza okotshani ezihlahleni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziba mnyama.
- Ngemuva kwamaqabunga, izithelo ziyathinteka.
- Izithelo ziwonakalisiwe.
Ukuvimbela:
- Ukutshala izinhlobo ezilwa nezifo.
- Ukuqoqwa ngesikhathi kanye nokubhujiswa kukadoti wesitshalo, amaqabunga awile, amagatsha asikiwe
- Ukwembiwa kwenhlabathi ezungeze isiqu.
- Umqhele omfishane wokujikeleza komoya okungcono.
- Ukukhethwa kwamagquma okutshala izihlahla zama-apula.
Ukwelashwa: susa futhi uchithe izingxenye ezithintekile zesihlahla. Phatha ngamakhemikhali. Inketho enobuthi obuncane ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo emvelo aqukethe i-hay bacillus. Le bacterium ibhubhisa isikhunta se-pathogenic. Isixazululo seBordeaux sisetshenziselwa futhi ngokwesiko. Le yingxube ye-sulfate yethusi nge lime. Engadini yesimanje, izidakamizwa nazo ziyasetshenziswa ezenza ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi: kusukela ngaphakathi nangaphakathi ebusweni. Lona nguRayok, Skor, Horus. Isici sabo ukuthi abagezwa bahlanza imvula nangesikhathi sokunisela.
Lapho welapha isifo, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi isikhunta sivame “ukujwayela” ubuthi, ngakho-ke kusebenza kakhulu ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinezithako ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo.
I-Powdery hlobo
Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesifo siyisigamu senyanga. Umthombo wokutheleleka awukaziwa. Izihlahla zitholakala kakhulu kuyo ngesikhathi sokushisa kwehlobo, ngomswakama ophezulu. Izimpawu: mhlophe kuqhuma ezinso, amahlamvu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvela amabala amnyama kuso.
Ukuvimbela:
- Icubungula uketshezi lweBordeaux.
- Umswakama womhlabathi olinganiselayo esiqwini, ukhula.
- Ukugqoka phezulu kwe-phosphorus, kwandise ukumelana kwesihlahla se-apula.
Ungacubungula:
- isibabule se-colloidal;
- fungicides noma Bordeaux ketshezi;
- umlotha we-soda;
- solution se-potanganum permanganate (susa futhi uchithe izingxenye ezilimele zesihlahla se-apula).
Kukhanye uMilky
Kutholakala ezifundeni eziseningizimu yezwe. Kuvela ngenxa yomonakalo weqhwa. I-Mushroom spores ingena emanxebeni nasekufeni. Isimo sezulu esinde esimanzi nesibandayo sinomthelela entuthukweni. Isibonakaliso sokuqala ukugcotshwa kwamahlamvu. Isiqu sesiqala ukuba mnyama. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwalesi sifo, isikhunta siyavela.
Ukuvimbela:
- Ukulungiselela ngokuphelele izihlahla zobusika: i-whitewashing, mulching.
- Kufakwe emagqumeni kuphela.
- Umanyolo nge-calcium ne phosphorus.
- Ukwelashwa nge-sulfate yethusi.
Ukwelashwa:
- Susa izindawo ezithintekile,
- Phatha izingcezu nge-vitriol ne-var.
- Fafaza isihlahla sama-apula nge-fungicides (iTopazi, i-Vectra, i-Bordeaux ewuketshezi).
Ukugqwala
Imvamisa, itheleleka ngejuniper ekhula eduzane. Eqabwini kukhona amabala nemichilo yombala onsundu-ogqwala namachashazi amnyama. Amagxolo athintekayo ayaqhekeka.
Ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kuyefana nangokukhanya kwe-milky.
Cytosporosis
Lesi sifo somisa isitshalo. Noma yimuphi umonakalo we-cortex uyingozi yokuthuthukisa i-cytosporosis. Ukutheleleka kuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo noma ekwindla, ebusika isikhunta singasebenzi, ngokushisa komoya kuqala ukukhula ngokushesha. Ngaphandle kufana nomdlavuza omnyama. Umehluko ukuthi nge-cytosporosis, amagxolo ayaqina, kepha ahlukaniswe kahle isiqu.
Izimpawu:
- Amagatsha embozwe tubercles amnyama, okuthi kamuva kuthathe umbala obomvu.
- Amagatsha namagatsha aqala ukoma.
- Imifantu ifumba esiqwini, okuphuma kuso izinsini.
Ukuvimbela:
- Ukuqoqwa ngesikhathi kanye nokubhujiswa kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo, amaqabunga awile, amagatsha asikiwe.
- Ukwembiwa kwenhlabathi ezungeze isiqu.
- Ukwelashwa kwesikhunta.
Ukwelashwa kusebenza kuphela ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo: phatha nge-fungicides, amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi. Inhlabathi iniselwa nge-urea ne-nitrate (ammonia).
Uma kwenzeka kugula esiteji sokubhujiswa kwe-cortex: susa futhi uchithe izindawo ezilimele.
I-Phyllosticosis (amabala ansundu)
Izindlela zokutheleleka: umswakama ophakeme nobusika obuthambile, ukulimala kwamagxolo Izimpawu: amabala amancanyana ansundu emaqabungeni (avela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi), aqhakaza ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Ekwindla, chitha amaqabunga awileyo, bambe umhlabathi, fafaza izihlahla ze-apula nge-urea. Entwasahlobo, phatha nge fungicides.
Ukuvimbela kuyafana nange-cytosporosis.
Umdlavuza omnyama
Ukulimala kwe-cortex kuyimbangela enkulu. Umanyolo owedlulele nawo ungasiza kulesi sifo. Izimpawu zokuqala zingamachashazi amnyama azungeze indawo elimele ye-cortex. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amabala akhula futhi ambozwe nge-plaque. Ukuvimbela: Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziqinile ebusika (zingatheleleki kumdlavuza omnyama kanye ne-moniliosis). Bheka izidingo zokulungiswa kwenhlanzeko yezihlahla ebusika. Ukwelashwa kungenzeka kuphela ezigabeni zokuqala.
- Ukuhlanza, gcoba ngama-antiseptic.
- Fafaza isihlahla sonke ngama fungicides.
- Cubungula zonke izihlahla zama-apula esizeni.
Ukwelashwa isikhathi eside futhi kuvame ukungafani.
I-Moniliosis (ukubola kwezithelo)
Kuthinta isiqu nama-apula. Izimbangela zingaba:
- ukulimala kwamagxolo
- ezinye izifo ezedlule
- ukungafani okuhlukahlukene,
- ukunakekelwa okungafanele.
- ukugcinwa okungafanele kwesilimo.
Izimpawu: izithelo zimbozwe izindawo ezinsundu ngokuhlanganiswa okumpunga. Ukwelashwa: chitha izithelo ezilimele, phatha izihlahla ze-apula ngokwazo ngoketshezi lweBordeaux, nangemva kwesikhathi sokuvuna nesixazululo se-sulfate yethusi.
Izifo zegciwane
Izihlahla ze-apula ezithintekile kunzima ukuzelapha. Imvamisa, ukutheleleka kungena ngezithombo, ngemuva kokutshala kuthwalwa masinyane yizinambuzane nezinyoni. Kunezifo ezinje. Ukuvimbela zonke izifo ezingamagciwane - ukwelashwa ezinambuzaneni, ukukhetha ngokucophelela kwezithombo.
IBacteriosis (Ukushiswa kweBacterial)
Amagciwane angena ohlelweni lwe-vascular lwesihlahla sama-apula ngokulimaza amagxolo. Ngokuvamile kuhambisana ne-moniliosis. Abahamba ngezinyawo bayizinambuzane. Izimpawu ze-bacteriosis:
- Izindawo ezibomvu phakathi kwemithambo.
- Imikhawulo yamahlumela amasha yomile.
- Amagxolo ayaqina.
- Amaqabunga alimile, ama-buds nezithelo azoni.
Kuyadingeka ukwelapha ngemithi elwa namagciwane nezidakamizwa nesibabule. Susa izingxenye ezilimele.
Umdlavuza wegciwane webacteria
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngezinhlayiya zezimpande ezithintekile namagatsha asele enhlabathini. Njengomthetho, lesi sifo senzeka lapho kukhula izihlahla zama-apula endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside. Izimpawu ukukhula okuthambile ezimpandeni. Kancane kancane baba lukhuni. Akuphathwa. Umuthi othintekile uyasuswa, ubhujiswe.
I-bacterial necrosis
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngamagxolo alimele. Zonke izingxenye zesihlahla sama-apula ziyathinteka. Imiphetho yeshidi iyafa, azigoqe. Ibala ifomu kwi amahlumela nezithelo.
Ukwelashwa:
- Nquma zonke izingxenye ezilimele.
- Hlanza amaphuzu wokusika nge-sulfate yethusi.
- Phatha izigaba ngopende noma nge-putty.
- Phatha amabala ngesisombululo se-zinc chloride.
Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane
Ukwahluka kwalezi zifo ukuthi amagciwane awahlali endaweni evulekile. Ungathelela umuthi we-apula kuphela ngamathuluzi angafinyeleleki.
Ukuvimbela kufaka phakathi ukukhetha ngokucophelela izithombo, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuphathwa ngokuxosha izinambuzane. Ngisho nomlimi ongenalwazi angazibona lezi zifo esebenzisa incazelo engezansi.
| Lesi sifo | Izimpawu | Ukwelashwa |
| I-Polyration (ukukhula, ukwethuka) | Ukukhula ngokweqile kwamahlumela ("imishanelo yabathakathi"). Amaqabunga kuzo mancane futhi akhubazekile. | Izihlahla ze-apula ezithintekile azelapheki. Ukuze ugweme ukusatshalaliswa okwengeziwe, kufanele zisuswe futhi zishiswe. |
| UMose | Imivimbo namabala emaqabungeni, ukuncipha kwawo kokuqala. Lesi sifo sisho ngezihlahla ezincane zama-apula. | |
| Iqabunga elincane (irosette) | Ukubumbana kwamaqabunga, kuvame ukugoqwa, kube yincane. Umuthi we-apula awuqhakaza. | |
| Ukuqhekeka kwenkanyezi | Ezitheni ezincane, amabala akha maphakathi nendawo lapho kuqhekeka khona okwenziwe inkanyezi. |
Ukwelashwa kwezinambuzane
Ukwelashwa ngesikhathi nangezinambuzane nokulungiselela izinambuzane kusiza ukugwema izinkinga eziningi ngokuzayo. Izinto ezivame kakhulu:
| Izidakamizwa | Ukusebenza | Iyasebenza indlela | Ukugxila |
| Urea | Ukwelashwa nokuvinjwa kwezifo. | Ngesikhathi sokumila, kuphakama kuwo wonke umuthi kanye nomhlabathi oseduze. | 5% |
| IVitriol (ithusi) | Imikhaza nezibungu. | Izindawo ezithintekile kuphela ziyelashwa. | 1% |
| IVitriol (Iron) | Isikhumba, umdlavuza omnyama, i-cytosporosis. | Kokubili ukucubungula okujwayelekile nokwasendaweni. | I-1% yokwelashwa okujwayelekile, i-3% yezindawo ezithintekile. |
| Isibabule se-Colloidal | Scab, imikhaza, i-powdery isikhutha. | Ukuqedwa kwezinkuni. | 1% |
| Ingxube yeBordeaux | Ukwelashwa nokuvinjwa kwezifo. | Kokubili ukucubungula okujwayelekile nokwasendaweni. | Ngaphezu kwalokho, musa ukuzalela. |
| 30+ | Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinambuzane ezisikiwe (imikhaza, ama-aphid, izinambuzane ezikalwa ngezilokazane, izinambuzane) | Ukucutshungulwa okugcwele entwasahlobo, uma kunesidingo, ukuphinda ehlobo. |
Ungase futhi uthole ngokuthengisa amalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi (Skor, Horus, Fitosporin). Isenzo sabo sihloselwe izinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza ukucubungula ekwindla. Imithetho eyisisekelo:
- Ngaphambi kwenqubo, susa zonke izingxenye zezitshalo ngaphansi kwezihlahla.
- Umsebenzi wenziwa kuphela esimweni sezulu esomile nesizolile.
- Dissolve vitriol engilazini noma esitsheni sepulasitiki.
- Ngaphambi kokuthulula ku-sprayer, qiniseka ukuhlunga ikhambi.
- Fafaza isihlahla sonke, kufaka nesiqephu sendawo ezungeze isiqu.
- Awukwazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi ambalwa ngasikhathi sinye.
I-Whitewashing kumele ibe lapho ulungiselela ingadi ebusika. Kuzovumela isihlahla ukubekezelela isithwathwa kalula futhi sikuvikele kwizinambuzane nasezifo. Izincomo:
- Izihlahla zeminyaka zidinga i-whitewash ngokuphelele futhi sina.
- Isixazululo sihlanganiswa ne-vitriol (yethusi).
- Isiqu senziwe mhlophe saze safinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,5, sathumba amagatsha aphansi.
Izeluleko zikaMnu Summer Residence
- Zonke izimali kumele zibe nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
- Thenga amakhemikhali ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezithengiswayo.
- Ukucutshungulwa kuvunyelwe kuphela kumishini yokuvikela yomuntu siqu.
