AmaConifers: amagama anencazelo nezithombe

Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza nezihlahla ezisehlotyeni ehlobo azilahlekelwa ukukhanga kwazo ezinyangeni zobusika. I-Conifers unyaka wonke iletha izinzuzo eziphindwe kabili. Iphunga elizwelayo lihlanze futhi liphulukise umoya ekushiseni nasebandeni. Ukunquma ukuthi yisiphi isitshalo okufanele usitshale, qala ujwayelane nomhlaba wezitshalo zasendulo.

Isimilo seSoftwood

Cishe wonke ama-conifers angama-perennials ama-evergreens. Zinezinto ezithile:

amacembe aguquliwe ngesimo sezinaliti;
okuqukethwe oku-resinous okuphezulu ku-bark nasezinkuni;
isikhathi sokuphila sithatha iminyaka eyikhulu.

Kusatshalaliswa imbewu eboshwe ezinhlangothini. Zimbozwa kuphela esikalini, kepha azivikelwe yindawo evaliwe. Lokhu kunquma ukuhlangana kweqembu lokuzalela - ama-gymnosperms. Ukugcotshwa kwama-ovules kwenzeka ngosizo lomoya.

Indlela ye-vegetative yokuzala ayisebenzi kubo, yi-cypress kuphela enaleli khono. Ama-Gymnosperms - elinye lamaqembu amadala ezitshalo. Ngokusho kososayensi, okhokho babo banyamalala bunjenge-fern.

I-geography yokusakazwa kwekilasi isuka e-Equator iye emngceleni we-permafrost. Indawo ngayinye yesimo sezulu ibonakala ngezinhlobo zayo.

Ukuphakama kwezihlahla eziningi, ikakhulukazi endle, kuvama ngaphezu kwe-100 m, kepha ezindlini zasehlobo noma ezakhiweni zasengadini, abafuyi bezitshalo bande izinhlobo eziningi ezimanzi nezincane.

Ukwahlukaniswa kweConifers

Izazi zebhayoloji zihlukanisa umnyango wama-conifers ngama-oda ama-4. Kulezi, ezintathu (i-cordaite, enjengempi, i-volcium) izitshalo ezingapheli.

Umyalo wesine umele izitshalo ezihlanganisa imindeni eyi-10, cishe ezingama-70 genera nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-600. Amapayipi, ama-spruces, ama-cypress, ama-junipers - yonke imindeni ibukeka ihle kakhulu ekutshaleni izingadi zasemadolobheni nezwe, inqobo nje uma kukhethwe kahle.

Iphayini

Lezi zihlahla ezinemithi emincane, izihlahlana ezingafinyeleleki, zifinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-30, ezinye izinhlobo zasendle - amamitha angama-80. Iminyaka ephakathi nendawo iyiminyaka engu-150-200, yize kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi eside sokuphila saziwa ukuthi sigubha iminyaka engama-5,000 yasungulwa. Azizigqokile, zibusika-ziqinile, zibekezelela isomiso kahle, zidinga ukunakekelwa okuncane. Isimo esiyisisekelo sokutshala ngempumelelo is drainage enhle yokususa umswakama ngokweqile.

Isihlahla sikaphayini

Uthanda izindawo ezikhanyiswe kahle nendawo. Ayenzi ukuthi kube nezidingo eziphakeme ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali enhlabathini; ithanda izinambuzane kanye nezihlabathi ezinesihlabathi; imvamisa izizwa imnandi ezindaweni ezinamadwala ezingenampilo yezakhamzimba. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi phakathi kwezakhamizi zasehlobo, uphayini wezintaba udume kakhulu. Kuyinto yokuzithoba, ayidingi ukunakekelwa okukhulu.

Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ungakhetha i-cultivar evumelana kahle nezimo ezikhona, nokuphakama okungama-60 cm kuya ku-10 m. Izithombo zijabulisa ngokuhlukahluka: ngesimo esijwayelekile somqhele, ikholomu, i-ellipsoidal, isihlahla-esifana nesihlahla. Amapayini ahluka futhi kumbala wezinaliti - kusuka eluhlaza okomnyama, i-monochrome nganoma isiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kuya ku-mosagated, lapho izinaliti ezincane zidwetshwe ngokukhanya okulula kunezinalithi zangonyaka odlule.

Spruce

Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-40. Izihlahla ezinciphile ebusheni bazo zidla ezimpandeni zesiqu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iyafa, umsebenzi wayo wenziwa ngamagatsha akamuva atholakala eduze kobuso bomhlaba. Lesi sici sohlelo lwezimpande senza i-spruce isengozini yemimoya. Ukuphakama kwezihlahla kufinyelela ku-40 m, isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-300.

Isiphundu esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni sikhula eFulufjellet National Park (Sweden) - iminyaka yaso ingaphezulu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-5.5. Izithombo zitshalwe kude nezakhiwo - izimpande ezisakazwa kabanzi zingadala umonakalo omkhulu nasezakhiweni zamatshe. Indawo yakhethwa ngokukhanya okuhle, emjondolo umqhele wenziwa ungachemile, kanti izinhlobo ngezinaliti ezihlanganisiwe zilahlekelwa ukuhlobisa kwazo okuphezulu. Isitshalo asikhethile ngokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi, kepha sikhula kangcono emhlabathini one-acidified.

Ngaphezu kwe-spruce ejwayelekile, prickly ngamagxolo abomvu-ansundu, amakamelo ehlobo avame ukuhlotshiswa nge-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezinaliti ezihlaza grey, imvamisa ekhetha izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe ezifika ku-2-3 m ukuphakama, kanye nezinye ezixubekile. Izindlela zokusebenzisa izihlahla ze-fir ekwakhiweni kwendawo

Umsedari

Umsedari womsedari, noma umsedari waseSiberia, akavamile ukutholakala ezindlini zasehlobo: umuthi udinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile esemncane, yize kusendaweni yemvelo, eThaiga, ukhula ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Isici esiyinhloko sezinhlobo yisizini esifushane kakhulu sokukhula, izinsuku ezingama-45 kuphela. Yize ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isihlahla esikhulu, ukukhula kancane, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha kuyakuvumela ukuthi kusetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwethala.

Indawo yokutshala isithombo ikhethiwe ukuze isitshalo esidala sinikeze isikhala samahhala esilingana namamitha ayi-10. Indawo kufanele ivuleke, kepha ukukhula okuncane kudinga ukushiswa kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zamagagasi okushisa.

Inhlabathi iyadingeka nge-pH engathathi hlangothi, evulekile, ekhishwe kahle amanzi. Isitshalo sithanda i-hydration ejwayelekile, sifaka umquba.

ILebanon, iHimalayan, i-Atlas ibhekwa njengemisedari yangempela. Ngokungafani ne-congener yaseSiberia, imbewu yabo ayifanele ukudla. Amantongomane adumile kaphayini - ukuziqhenya kweSiberia - kufana ngokuphelele nokunambitha imbewu yanoma yimuphi uphayini, ohluka ngosayizi kuphela.

Uma ubekezela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, ungatshala izinhlobo zensimu yomsedari waseSiberia, onobukhulu obuhlangene. Kepha izinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezinikeza izithelo zekhwalithi edingekayo, ezinye zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlobisa kuphela, kufaka nokwakha izingoma kwisitayela se-bonsai.

Fir

Umuthi onomusa uthambekele kwabamhlophe uma ukhula, kepha ubuhle bawo nokuphulukisa kwawo kuyifanele yonke imisebenzi esetshenzisiwe. Ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezingaphezu kwezingama-50 ekwakhiweni kwekhishi lasehlobo, izinhlobo ezinwabuzelayo nezincane ezikhula kancane zamabhalsamu, amaKorea, kanye neCaucasus, kanye nezinhlobo ezinwabuzelayo zeFraser fir, asetshenziswa ngempumelelo. Lezi zinhlobo yimpumelelo yabafuyi, okwenza kube nobunzima obuncane kubahlali basehlobo.

Ukubuka kulungele ngokuphelele izindawo ezinomthunzi, kepha akuwuthandi umoya. Ngakho-ke, batshalwe ngendlela yokuthi banelise ngokugcwele lezi zidingo, kubaluleke kakhulu ezihlahleni ezincane. Umhlabathi ongcono kakhulu loam ongagcini umswakama. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula nje: wonke amafishi athwala kanzima umoya wedolobha ongcolile, kuphela alungele izindlu zangasese ezisendaweni ehlanzekile.

Isikhumba

Lolu hlobo minyaka yonke ngokuqala kwezinaliti ezibandayo, luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ikhishi lasehlobo. Yakhelwe ngesitayela se-bonsai, igcina nokuhlobisa ngisho nangaphandle kwamaqabunga enaliti.

I-longevity larch (iphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-500) inezinhlobo ezingama-20. Bonke, ngaphandle kweJapan ngokuyisisekelo abakubekezeleli isithunzi. Inhlabathi idinga inhlabathi evundile, enamapayipi amahle nempendulo ye-pH engathathi hlangothi.

Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kuvame ukufika kuma-30- 40 m, kepha izinhlobo zihlehla kahle ekuthengeni, ngakho-ke izihlahla ezijwayelekile ezinobukhulu obugcwele zitshalwe ngokuphephile endaweni ekhethiwe. Izinhlobo zanamuhla ezihlukaniswe ezinhlobonhlobo zaseYurophu ekwakhiweni kwezikhala ezincane zithuthukise izakhiwo zokuhlobisa.

Fir ngemiqhele ekhalayo noma obukeka njengomcamelo ubukeka kahle kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezingama-subminiature zitshalwa ezitsheni ukuze zenze ngempumelelo izindawo lapho izimo zemvelo zingavumeli isitshalo ukuba sigcinwe emhlabathini ovulekile.

I-Keteleeria

I-Exotic ehlanganisiwe endle itholakala emaphethelweni eSoutheast Asia. I-Keteleeria yi-thermophilic, futhi ngenxa yalokho ikhula ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweRussia Federation - ogwini lolwandle olumnyama lweKrasnodar Territory nasezifundeni eziseningizimu yeCrimea.

Isitshalo ngokwaso asihlobisi kakhulu noma asibalulekile njengomthombo wezithelo. Ngokuvamile kukhula njengokuthile okungajwayelekile, ukuze kugcizelelwe imvelaphi yayo.

IsiTsuga

I-Tsuga ingukutholwa kwangempela kwabanikazi bezindlu ezincane zasehlobo. Izihlahla ngokwemvelo zihlanganiswe ngosayizi, izinhlobo zezilwane ezinkudlwana zingathiwa zivikela inhlabathi. Umehluko omkhulu walezi zinhlobo usakaza amagatsha awayo anikeza isitshebo esikhethekile kunoma iyiphi ikona yengadi.

Tshala lesi sitshalo ezindaweni ezinombala ongatheni emhlabathini ovundile noma kusihlabathi.

Indawo embi kakhulu eduze kwemigwaqo ematasa: izihlahla azikubekezeleli ukungcoliswa kgesi.

Funda kabanzi esihlokweni esikhuluma ngoTsugu.

UCypress

Umndeni uhlanganisa i-genera eyi-19 (izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-130), ezisatshalaliswa ikakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Ngokungafani nezihlobo ezichazwe ngenhla, ezinye izinhlobo ziyathandeka. I-cypress - enye yama-conifers ambalwa akhulisa ngempumelelo ukusikeka.

UCypress

Isihlahla "esihlanzekile" kunazo zonke - umqhele umucu, ulinganisiwe. Ngisho nezigaxa zezithelo ezivuthwe ngokuphelele azigugi, zihlobise amagatsha ngamabhola aphakathi nendawo anombala onsundu okhanyayo. I-cypress imvamisa igcizelela isimo esiphakeme somnikazi wekhaya.

I-capricious southerner, yohlobo oluhlala luhlala luhlaza, i-pyramidal noma i-Arizona, ubusika buhamba kahle ezimeni ze-Middle Band, uma amazinga okushisa engaqedi -20 ° С. Izinhlobo eziphansi nezimfishane zithathwa njengezifanele kakhulu - kulula ukusibekela ubusika.

Indawo ekahle yokutshala inombala omfushane, inhlabathi evundile engahlali nomswakama. Zonke izihlahla ze-cypress zifuna ukunisela, umswakama womoya kanye nokungenisa izakhi emhlabathini.

Juniper

I-Shrub ithinta izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Emvelweni, ikhula cishe kuyo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezingwengwa neqhwa laphakade. Ukusakazeka okunethezeka, okufana nesihlahla - ezindaweni ezivundile ezifudumele, izihlahla ezinesizotha - emithambekeni yezintaba nasezifundeni ezibandayo.

Onke ama-junipers ayalithanda kakhulu ilanga, nenhlabathi evulekile evundile ne-dolomite ethe xaxa, ekwazi ukukhula emithambekeni edwaleni. Ziyahluka ngesimo somqhele - izinkuni, izihlahla, ezinwabuzelayo, umbala weenaliti, umbala wezithelo ezincane. Azidingi ukunakwa okukhethekile kwensimu, kepha zifuna kakhulu ngezimo zokutshala. Izinhlobo zeJuniper

Thuja

Esinye sezitshalo ezindala besilokhu sithandwa ngabakhileyo ehlobo. Ukuhlobisa okuphezulu, umqhele owakhiwe kalula, umoya onempilo ezweni, ukuthi kungenzeka ukusakazwa ngokusikeka kuyizinzuzo eziphambili zesihlahla. Ama-thujas amaningi abekezelela kahle amaqhwa, adinga indawo yokukhanyisa kuphela noma ukushibilika kweqhwa kusuka emagatsheni.

Okokuhlobisa sebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobonhlobo - ezinomqhele wekholamu noma oyindilinga, ofana ne-spruce kanye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo emhlabathini.

Funda futhi i-athikili mayelana nokutshala i-thuja kanye nokukhula kwalesi sitshalo ekhaya.

Zonke izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zibekezelela ngokuthula umthunzi, isomiso, kanye nezimvula ezinde, inqobo nje uma kunokudonsa okuhle.

UCypress

Izihlahla azifani ngosayizi omkhulu - izinhlobo zezwe ziyaqabukela zikhula ngaphezu kwamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Ifomu elihlanganayo liyabavumela ukuba batshalwe ezindaweni ezinamatshe amancane.

Isimo sezulu esingesihle saseRussia sibekezelelwa kangcono yi-pea cypress, kubuye kuholele ekuzithobeni. Okunzima kakhulu ukukhulisa izinhlobonhlobo zeLavson, ezingabekezeleli isimo sezulu esibandayo. Izinhlobo ezinothando lokushisa zibekezelela ukunyakaza ukusuka endaweni kuya kwenye, zikhule ngamabhubhu, zibeka egumbini elifudumele kahle ebusika.

Kallitris

I-subfamily ingeka-cypress. Kwezinhlobo ezingama-36, ezingama-30 zingaphansi komhlaba, aziguquki noma zivumelana nasendaweni engaphansi kweRussian Federation. Zikhule kuphela ezingadini ze-botanical ngezinhloso zesayensi.

Njengesici sokuhlobisa ukubukeka komhlaba, i-kallitris ayinalo usizo - ukubukeka kwayo kucishe kuphindaphinde ama-cypress, kepha ukushiya kunzima ngokwedlulele.

Yew

Abamele lezi zinhlobo bahlala ikakhulu eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Njengawo wonke ama-conifers, agcina amahlamvu awo aluhlaza aguqukile unyaka nonyaka. Izitshalo ziyathakazelisa isikhathi sabo sokuphila - ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili nezithelo zabo - okuwukuphela kwamaConifers akha amajikijolo kunezigaxa.

I-Yew ivuselelwe kabi - imbewu eye yawa esihlahleni sikamama cishe ayikaze iqhume. Isizathu ukuthi udoti ohlanganayo, lapho ubolile, uhlanganisa izinto ezibulala izithombo.

Yew

Ngenhloso yokuhlobisa, zimbalwa kuphela izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhulayo: ama-short-leaved, ama-berry, spiky, Canadian. Yize ekuqaleni ukuphakama kwezihlahla ze-yew kwedlula uphawu lwamamitha ayi-10, izinhlobo ezincane zibonwe ngabafuyi bezitshalo. Ama-hybrids kusuka ku-30-100 cm ukuphakama ayathandwa.

I-Yew iyabekezelela iqhwa, ayinandaba nokukhanya. Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho bayitshala phakathi kwezinye izihlahla nezihlahla ezimile ukuze banciphise ubungozi bokubanda. I-Yew ayikuthandi ukuthuthumela kwamanzi, inhlabathi ene-acidified, umoya, isomiso, uthuli, nomoya ophefumulwayo. Futhi, ayikhiphi i-oyili ebalulekile isici sazo zonke izigaxa, futhi ngenxa yalokho inenani lokuhlobisa kuphela. Ama-Yew amaningi anazo zonke izingxenye ezingaphezulu komhlaba nezimpande ezinobuthi!

Torreya

Lesi sitshalo aluhlanyelwa kakhulu endaweni yezwe lethu - siyi-thermophilic, esilungele kunazo zonke izimo zezulu lolwandle olumnyama lweCaucasus. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yi-natimeg ne-nati enempilo.

Yabelwe kuphela izinjongo ezisebenzayo - amantongomane ayadliwa, futhi asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamapendi nama-varnish.

I-Torreya ifunwa ekunakekelweni, kepha izinhlobo ezintsha ezinenalithi ezinemibala kancane kancane ziwina izinhliziyo zabahlali basehlobo. Ikhula kahle kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi, ngaphandle kokuthi inama-asidi amaningi. Akukhombisi izidingo zokuzala kwenhlabathi. Ithanda ukukhanya okuhle, isivikelo esithembekile emoyeni. Uyazibekezelela kahle isithwathwa esilinganiselwe, kuphela ukufafazwa kwesiyingi se-trunk enesendlalelo esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo.

I-Araucariaceae

Umndeni wasendulo weConifers, ngokusho kososayensi banamuhla, iminyaka yabo idlula amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka. Iningi le-genera likhula kwi-Southern Hemisphere, futhi eyodwa kuphela - eNyakatho. Ihlala emahlathini anomswakama omanzi nangaphansi komhlaba.

I-Agatis

Izihlahla, eziphakeme zivame ukufika kuma-70 m, zibekezelele isomiso ngesizotha, zikhula kahle emthunzini. Inhlabathi ifanelekile Kutshalwe ezindaweni ezibanzi zivikelwe emoyeni. Umkhawulo wokushisa ophansi ngu -20 ° C.

I-Agatis iyathandeka ekwakhekeni kwamahlamvu amaqabunga - ukusuka ejwayeni elijwayelekile eliqondisiwe kuya ku-coniferous kuya ku-lanceolate.

I-Araucaria

Ngokungafani nama-agatis, i-araucaria ayibekezeleli isithwathwa futhi ihloselwe ikakhulukazi ukulinyelwa kwasekhaya. I-"Arched" ye-specimens kuyaqabukela ikhula ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 ukuphakama.

Engadini, amabhodwe ane-araucaria asetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa imibhede yezimbali noma amapulatifomu, ama-verandas ngokukhanya okuhle.

Funda kabanzi nge-araucaria nokunakekelwa kwayo lapha.

Sequoias

Isihlahla esiphakeme kunazo zonke nesidala kakhulu emhlabeni - i-sequoia ikhula endle kuphela eCalifornia (e-USA). Amagatsha omqhele we-conical akhiwe ngokuqinile ngokuthe xaxa, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile ancike phansi, isikhathi sokuphila esiphakathi sineminyaka eyinkulungwane nesigamu.

Emhlabathini ovulekile ezinhlizweni zethu, umuthi awukhuli, udinga umswakama omningi emhlabathini nasemoyeni. Izinketho zasendlini zangaphakathi zeBonsai zithandwa kakhulu. Zidinga ukubekezela nokunakekelwa okuningi, kepha ubuhle obuhle bokwakheka benzela bonke ubunzima.

Umhlali wasehlobo uyazisa

Ngemuva kokuthatha isinqumo sokutshala amaConifers nezihlahla endaweni yazo, izithombo zikhethwe ngokucophelela. Ukuthenga kusebenza kuphela kumalokishi akhethekile aseduzane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isilinganiso esihle sokusinda kwesitshalo, ukuzivumelanisa naso nezimo zezulu zasendaweni. Ukuthenga izinto zokutshala ezindaweni zokuthenga ezinkulu - ukufaka engcupheni imali esetshenzisiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, izitshalo zitshalwa endaweni esemgangathweni esezingeni eliphansi, zigcwele omanyolo nama-hormone, kuzodingeka zinakekelwe isikhathi eside, mhlawumbe zingaphumeleli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanelekile ukuthenga amaConifers kubathengisi abangahleliwe emakethe.Ngokubambisana nesithombo, ungaletha izinambuzane endaweni yesifo.

Ukuze ukwakheka kwengadi kulethe injabulo, funda ngokucophelela imithetho yokutshala nokukhulisa uhlobo ngalunye noma izinhlobo.

Ngamapharamitha amaningi afanayo, izitshalo zanamuhla ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukuhlukahluka ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi, inani lokukhanya nomswakama.

Ekutshaleni okuxubile, izitshalo ezingomakhelwane zikhethiwe ukuze izimo zokukhula kwazo zihambisane neConifers edingekayo - imiyalo efanayo yokunisela nokugqoka.

Akuwona wonke amaConifter ahlangana ngokuthula nezihlahla nezimbali eziqhakazayo. Ukuze ugweme ukuvimbela izitshalo, funda ngokucophelela izincomo zochwepheshe.

Kuguqulwe kwizimo zasendaweni, ama-exotic aseMedithera noma ase-Asia, kanye nezinhlobo zasendaweni, asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezilandelayo: