Umvini we-actinidia okhangayo ukhangisa izithelo zawo ezihlwabusayo ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-ascorbic acid, ukungathobeki (ukutshala nokuzinakekela akulula), isikhathi eside (siphila iminyaka engama-40). Esikhathini esinamandla okushisa okushisa okubandayo nokushisa okubandayo, izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ze-actinidia (i-colomikta, i-argut, isithembu, i-purple, njll) ziye zathatha impande ngempumelelo.
Uyazi? Igama elithi "Actinidia" livela kulesiGreki. Ibhuloho - ibhontshisi. U-Actinidia waqala ukuchazwa nguLindley ngo-1835, futhi ngo-1905 lo mlimi wawuhlonywa eNew Zealand, futhi isithelo saziwa ngokuthi "Kiwi" ngenhlonipho yeNyoni eNew Zealand. I. Michurin kusukela ngo-1909 wahlanganyela ngokuzikhandla ekuzaliseni i-actinidia.
Ukutshala izithombo ze-actinidia
Uma unquma ukutshala u-actinidia esakhiweni sakho, ke amahlumela atholakala ngokusika kufanele asetshenziswe (i-actinidia ekhulile kusuka kumbewu ilahlekelwa izici zazo ezihlukahlukene). Ungakwazi ukukhulisa izithombo ngokwakho, futhi ungathenga esitolo esikhethekile. Lapho uthenga izithombo ze-actinidia, izinto ezimbili kufanele zicatshangelwe:
- Ukuphunyuka kwaba kanjani (uma ihlumela likhula kusukela ehlathini - litholakala embewu, uma isiqu esifushane sinamahlumela - ihlumela liyatholakala ngokusakazeka kusuka ekusikeni).
- Isilili siphi isitshalo (isenzo se-actinidia - dioecious, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthenga izithombo zobulili bobabili).
Kubalulekile! Ukuthola izithombo ze-actinidia kufanele zinake izimpande - kumele zivaliwe (emhlabathini, i-polyethylene, isitsha esikhethekile). Ukukhanya kwelanga, ukushisa, umoya omile kungalimaza isitshalo. Isikhathi esiphezulu kakhulu sembewu asikho ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu (izitshalo eziningi "eziningi" ezingaphansi kokunciphisa). Uhlaka lwesitshalo lungabonakala kuphela ngezimbali. Ukusika izithombo kuzuza i-floor of the donor plant, ngakho-ke kutuswa ukuthenga izinqubo zezitshalo ezifile.
Izikhathi ezihle zokufika
Ukulima kwe-actinidia kuxhomeke kakhulu esikhathini sokutshala. Phakathi kwabalimi akukho ubunye emkhakheni wezinsuku ezifanele. Kunezinketho eziningi:
- ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuba ama-juice aqale ukuhamba;
- ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kwehlobo (emva kokuphela kwezimbali);
- ekwindla (okungenani amabili amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuqala kwamaqhwa).
Ukwakheka komhlaba
I-Actinidia ikhetha inhlabathi enobuthi ne-acidic (pH = 4 - 5), kodwa ikhule kahle ngokungathathi hlangothi (ngomanyolo omuhle). Izindawo ezincane ezifanele zobumba ezinamazinga aphakeme angaphansi komhlaba. Imfuneko edingekayo yokukhula okuphumelelayo ukuthi inhlabathi ye-actinidia kumele ibe nemithombo emihle. Kunconywa ukutshala izitshalo ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamanzi emvelo.
Uma utshala i-actinidia kusengaphambili (amasonto amabili), udinga ukulungisa izimbiza zokufika (lapho ukuhlobisa izindonga).
- 0.5 m - ububanzi, ubude, ukujula (umsele ubude buxhomeke kubude bodonga);
- amanzi (izitini, izitshalo);
- phezu komfula - umhlaba ocebile (humus (ibhakede), amalahle (50 gr.), superphosphate (250 gr.).
Abandulela phambili nabomakhelwane be-actinidia
I-predecessor engcono kakhulu i-currant emnyama (ithulula inhlabathi, ayiyikuyiqeda). Ukukhetha "omakhelwane" ngenxa yokusizwa kwesitshalo se-actinidia. Imiphumela emihle inikeza:
- Ama-legumes - ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, i-peas (ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi, ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kokuswakama kwamanzi, ukuthuthukisa i-microclimate);
- i-currant emnyama, i-filbert;
- izimbali - petunia, i-gerbera, i-calendula, i-aster, njll (ungawomile umhlabathi, uhlobise).
- izihlahla zezithelo ezindala (ikakhulukazi izihlahla ze-apula). Izihlahla ezinezimpande zazo zomile umhlabathi. Ukumba i-circle-stem circle kuyingozi kwizimpande ze-actinidia. Isitshalo esichazwe singakwazi ukukhuphuka amashumi amamitha ama-meth kanye nezihlahla, okwenze kube nzima ukuqoqa izithelo;
- izihlahla zezithelo ezincane (zingase zife "ezixukwini" zama-lianas).
Kubalulekile! I-Actinidia idinga ukuthunjwa ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele eminyakeni engu-3 (ukukhanya kwelanga kungabangela ukushisa kwesimiso nezimpande).
Kulungile okulungile
Ngaphambi kokutshala, izithombo ze-actinidia zilungiswa ngale ndlela elandelayo: izimpande ezomile noma eziphukile, izimpande zifakwe emanzini obumba, i-pail yamanzi ithululelwa emgodini.
Intamo yentambo kufanele igubungele phansi. Kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ama-voids akhiwe, ukunyathelisa phansi kancane kanye nokuthungatha imithi ngezindaba eziphilayo.
Ukulimala zonke izitshalo zesifazane ezintathu kufanele kube yindoda eyodwa. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezithombo lapho utshala - okungenani amamitha amabili nesigamu. Lapho sekuqediwe ukutshala, kuyadingeka ukuthi uwase amanzi ase-2 - 3 amabhakede amanzi bese uvale ngelanga eliqondile nge gauze, iphepha, njll.
Uyazi? Kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiziphi abesifazane, futhi lapho kunesidingo sabantu abathinteka khona ngemibala ye-actinidia: uma phakathi kwembali kukhona i-ovary emhlophe enezinhlamba, imbali yesifazane, uma i-ovary ihaqwe yi-stamens, iyindoda.
Okuyisisekelo soMthetho we-Actinidia Care
Ukutshala ngokufanele kanye nokungabikho okuphelele kwezinambuzane kwenza kube lula ukunakekelwa kwe-actinidia. Ukuze ukhule kangcono kwesitshalo futhi ukwandise ukuzala, kuhle ukunikelwa nge-support - trellis (ucingo oluhlanganisiwe phakathi kwezikhalazo).
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo ezihlwanyelwe kusuka ku-actinedia e-lignified azikwazi ukutshalwe kabusha okungenani iminyaka emibili - uhlelo lwazo lwempande kufanele luqiniseke.
Ukuphuza nokufaka umquba emhlabathini
Ukuphuza i-actinidia - ukulinganisela. Umswakama owedlulele akufanele uvunyelwe (isibonakaliso singumhlabathi ezimpandeni). Zonke izenzo ze-actinidia zifana namaqabunga okuphalaza ngamanzi (ekuseni nakusihlwa).
Umanyolo ukhethwa ngokuvumelana nezintandokazi zesitshalo (inhlabathi encane ene-acidic kanye ne-acidic) - i-potassium chloride, i-ammonium sulfate, i-ammonium nitrate, i-ash ash, njll. Ama-fertilizer ane-chlorine aphikisana ngokuqondile, njengawo lime kanye nomquba omusha.
Ngaphambi kokudla i-actinidia entwasahlobo, ngemuva kweqhwa, lidingekile ukuba likhulule phansi phansi eduze kwezimpande (3-5 cm). Ukumba akunakwenzeka - ungalimaza izimpande. Ukudla kuyadingeka:
- ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (i-mulch nge-organic matter futhi ifaka) - yonke imitha yesikwele - ama-gramu angu-35 we-nitrogen, ama-gramu angu-20 we-phosphate noma umanyolo we-potash);
- phakathi - ukuphela kwentwasahlobo (ukwakheka kwama-ovari) (15-20 amagremu we-nitrogen, ama-gramu angu-10 e-phosphate kanye no-10 amagremu we-potash supplements per square). Ehlobo udinga ukuqapha njalo intamo yentambo, ugcwalise umhlabathi lapho uvezwa;
- ekupheleni kokuvuna, ngaphambi kobusika. Ama-creepers ahlwanyelwa i-superphosphate ne-potassium chloride. Izimpande zihlanganiswa ngaphezu koqweqwe lwe-peat namaqabunga.
Kubalulekile! U-Actinidia ngezinye izikhathi uthintwa yiqabunga lesikhumba kanye nogrey rot fruit. Izitshalo ezincane (amahlumela kanye nezimpande ikakhulukazi) zingadliwa ngamakati. Ukuze kulondolozwe izimpande, amahlumela atshalwe ahlanganiswe ngendwangu yensimbi.
Indlela yokunciphisa
Ukunakekelwa kwe-Actinidia kuhilela ukusika izihlahla njalo.. Ukudubula kuyadingeka ukuba i-liana encane (ngokubunjwa kwayo efanele) kanye nesitshalo somuntu omdala (ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwe-liana kuholela ekwenzeni ukuqina, ukunyamala, nokuvunwa okuphansi).
Lapho uhlela ukusika izihlahla, cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo:
- Isikhathi esihle kakhulu senqubo yizinyanga zasehlobo, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqedwa kwezimbali;
- ekwindla, cishe inyanga ngaphambi kwama-frost (izinkathi zamaqhwa zingahlukahluka ezindaweni ezihlukene) - ukusikwa akusiyo Kunconywa (ukuvusa amafulethi namahlumela amancane ngeke avuthwe futhi iqhwa lizowabulala). Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, izihlahla ezihlanzekile zenziwa emva kokuphela kweqabunga lokuwa;
- ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (lapho ijusi lihamba emvinini) ukuvunwa akuvunyelwe - noma yikuphi ukwephula ubuqotho besitshalo kubhekene nokufa kwayo.
Kubalulekile! Izinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-actinidia inezici zayo ezikhethekile okudingeka zicatshangelwe lapho zihlahla. Isibonelo, i-colomikt engaphezu kweminyaka engu-8 ubudala minyaka yonke isusa igatsha elilodwa elidala bese liyifake ngehlumela elincane. I-Kolomikt ngendlela yesihlahla ayitheli izithelo kahle futhi idinga i-trellis. Ngengxabano, umvini oyinhloko uphila impilo yonke, kepha kumele ube mnandi kakhulu futhi uthathe isikhathi esifushane (amahlumela amancane athele izithelo), njll.Ukunciphisa i-actinidia encane kuhlotshaniswa nokubunjwa kwezitshalo. Lapho lo mbuzo usuxazululiwe - lapho uzitshala khona u-actinidia, kufanele ucabange ukuthi uzokhula kanjani. Ukuze i-colomict, ukwakheka kwe-fan evamile kakhulu:
- unyaka wokuqala - unqume ingxenye yendiza, ushiye ama-2 - 3 efihlekile;
- unyaka wesibili - unqume wonke amahlumela, ngaphandle kwama-2 - 4 (amakhanda). Ngemuva kokuphela kweqabunga lokuwa, ama-apical awo aphelile;
- ngonyaka wesithathu - amahlumela ohlangothini oqine kakhulu akhethiwe futhi ahlanganiswe ku-trellis kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla;
- ngonyaka wesine nesikhombisa - i-garter eqhubekayo yamagatsha anamandla kakhulu futhi athela izithelo, ukusika izihlahla ezinobuthakathaka, ezincane, eziphukile nezingenabuthi.
Ubusika obunzima be-actinidia
Izinhlobo ze-Actinidia ezikhulile ezindaweni zethu zinezinga eliphezulu lokumelana nesithwathwa (i-colomicta ikwazi ukubekezelela iqhwa phansi -35 ° -45 degrees ° C). Iminyaka yokuqala emibili kuya kwemi-3 yokuphila yezitshalo ezincane ebusika kungcono ukumboza ngomcamelo wamaqabunga, amagatsha ase-spruce noma i-polyethylene.
Akuwona amazinga okushisa ebanda ebusika okuyingozi kakhulu emivini, kepha ama-frosts entwasahlobo (amahlumela amancane ase-actinidia, amafihlethi kanye namafihlethi awakhathazekile kakhulu). Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwe-zero ngama-degree ayisishiyagalombili kungabhubhisa ihlumela elincane.
Ukutshala i-actinidia esiseduze nesakhiwo sokuhlala kungatholakali ingozi yeqhwa, kodwa kungase kuvele inkinga ekugezeni kwamanzi emvula avela ophahleni.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
U-Actinidia uletha izithelo zokuqala ukuze afinyelele eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemibili ubudala. Izimila ezineminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala zikhulile izithelo njalo (isenzo esisodwa singakhiqiza kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-60 kg wezitshalo). Ukuvuna kuqala ekupheleni kuka-Agasti futhi kuqhubeka kuze kube seqhwa.
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa samajikijolo wezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-actinidia akufani:
- i-colomikta - phakathi kuka-Agasti (izithelo zivuthwa ngokungalingani futhi ezinye zazo zingaqhuma phansi). Izithelo eziluhlaza zingavuthwa ekushiseni ngemva kokususwa emvinini. Ukuhamba nokugcina isitoreji, kungcono ukhethe amajikijolo ahlaza okwedlulele;
- i-argut futhi iGaldada - ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba (bathola umbala obomvu okhanyayo nenyama yethando);
- isithembu - Septemba (umbala wamajikijolo - kusuka ophuzi kuya ku-orange);
- elibomvu - ekupheleni kukaSeptemba (amajikijolo awancishisiwe, aphuzi).
Izithelo ezintsha zigcinwa kahle emagumbini apholile, aphefumulayo (athola kakhulu iphunga).
Uyazi? I-actinidia berry eyodwa inikeza isidingo somuntu sevithamini C ngosuku. I-berry colomickt iqukethe uvithamini C izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-4 kunama-black currants futhi izikhathi ezingu-13 ngaphezu kwelamula. Ekusetshenzisweni kwamajikijolo e-actinidia wonke amavithamini nezinto ezisebenzayo zigcinwa. I-Pectin e-actinidia amajikijolo asusa ngenkuthalo izinsalela zensimbi ezisindayo kanye nama-isotopes asebenzayo emzimbeni.Ama-berries ka-Actinidia agcinwa:
- efriziwe (hlamba amajikijolo, sula futhi ushise);
- omisiwe (wageza futhi omisiwe kuhhavini (55 degrees);
- njengoba ujamu oluhlaza (umhlabathi amajikijolo noshukela - 2 kuya ku-3);
- omisiwe (amajikijolo ahlanjululwe athululiwe ngesiraphu eshisayo, evuthayo imizuzu engu-7, isiraphu idliwe, amajikijolo anomlilo ehhavini imizuzu engu-15 ngama-80 degrees.
Ukukhiqiza i-actinidia
Ukusabalalisa kwe-actinidia kulula. Ukukhiqiza izithombo zemifino kunezinzuzo - kuveza izici ezihlukahlukene, ubulili, kanye nokulimala ngonyaka wesi-3 kuya ku-4. Ukusakazwa kwembewu kunikeza ithuba lokuthola izitshalo eziqinile, kodwa fruiting - kusuka eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala.
Inzalo yomsuka
Ukusabalaliswa yizinzalo ezimpande kusetshenziselwa i-actinidia ye-polygam ne-colomicta.
Uyazi? Ukusabalalisa izimpande ezisuka ku-argut akunakwenzeka - inzalo yezimpande zalezi zinhlobonhlobo ayikho.
I-cuttings e-Green ne-lignified
Incazelo yezindlela zokusakazwa kwemifino ye-actinidia, umuntu kufanele aqale ngokusheshisa futhi okuvame kakhulu - ukuhlanganiswa. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba uzuze izimpawu ze-varietal futhi uthole izithombo eziningi. Isetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili - izicucu eziluhlaza futhi eziluhlaza.
Ama-cuttings ahlaza (engxenyeni engenhla yehlumela esuka ku-10 kuya kwezingu-15 cm) agcinwa ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kuka-June (lapho izimbali ziphela): ukusika ngezinhlamvu ezimbili nama-internodes. Ukusika okuphansi kwesiqu kufanele kube ne-45 °, phezulu-ngqo. Isiqu:
- batshayela ukuqhuma emgodini wokugeleza nge-substrate (amanzi, amanzi ayi-10 cm enhlanganisela ye-humus nesihlabathi kanye no-5 cm emfuleni wesihlabathi), agcinwa ngaphansi kwefilimu, aphethwe kabili ngosuku;
- emva kwezinsuku ezingu-30 baqala ukuphuma, kusukela ngo-Agasti bavula ubusuku;
- ngoba ebusika bahlanganisa umcamelo wamaqabunga, entwasahlobo - bafaka ukutshala.
Ukwandisa le nkomba, indlela yokuguqula isetshenziswa (inyanga ngaphambi kokutshala, izicucu zifakwa eqhweni ngezingxenye eziphezulu futhi zivaliwe - ukuthuthukiswa kwamafihlethi kuyayeka.Izingxenye ezingezansi zifudumele. Emva kwezinsuku ezingu-30 izimpande zivela, kanti izihlahla zitshalwe endaweni evulekile).
Uhlukana
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezihlahla kungavamile ukusetshenziselwa izakhiwo zasendlini njengendlela yokukhiqiza i-actinidia, kodwa uma kukhona isitshalo esihlahleni esiqhumeni (sikhula emhlabathini ompofu, sibhekene nesithwathwa, ngaphandle kokusekelwa, njll). Izihlahla zihlukaniswe emva kweqabunga liwela ngaphambi kweqhwa noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuhamba kwamaju. Ingxenye ngayinye yehlathini ehlukanisiwe kufanele ithwale iziqu kanye nezimpande ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Amapompi okuzala
Indlela yokusakazwa ngokubeka ilula futhi isebenza kahle. Ngaphansi kwe-liana bemba ama-groove (ububanzi obuyi-7-10 cm), inhlabathi emiphongolweni ihlanganiswe nama-humus, peat, sawdust.
Ukunakekela i-actinidia ngenkathi kuzaliswa ngamathampu entwasahlobo kuhlanganisa ukubeka ama-grooves amahlumela amancane aphansi, ukuwalungisa, ukulala emhlabathini nokuchelela njalo. Isihloko sehlumela sihlala ngaphezu komhlaba. Izendlalelo zihlukaniswa ngonyaka olandelayo.
Ukusakazwa kwembewu
U-Actinidia kusuka enzalweni ukhula kanzima. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngandlela-thile uphuthukise le nqubo, sebenzisa indlela yokuqamba:
- imbewu ehlanziwe futhi eyomile kufanele ifakwe ku-caprone futhi ifakwe emanzini izinsuku ezingu-4, bese ingcwatshwa esihlabathini (ebhokisini);
- ibhokisi ukufudumala izinyanga ezingu-2, isihlabathi sisiphuze. Kanye ngesonto imizuzu emihlanu kusukela esihlabathini ukuze uthole imbewu yokushayela;
- Emva kwalokho, ibhokisi lembewu kufanele liboshwe ngendwangu futhi lihlale libandayo emgwaqweni izinyanga ezimbili;
- Esikhathini esilandelayo, imbewu ifakwa endaweni epholile (engekho ephakeme kune-12 ° C), iphuziswa futhi ihanjiswa kanye ngesonto. Emva kwezinsuku ezingu-20-25, ukuqhekeka kwabo kuqala;
- Kusele ukutshala izithombo ezinqolobaneni zembewu (umhlabathi nge-perlite 1x1), futhi nokufika kweqabunga lesithathu langempela lifakwe emhlabathini.
