Indlela yokutshala iklabishi esivandeni sasekhaya evulekile: ukupheka, ukutshala nokunakekela izitshalo
Izitsha zokuklabishi zihlobisa ama-cuisine amaningi kazwelonke.
Isizathu salokhu kudumo sisezindaweni ezingavamile kakhulu zalesi sitshalo, kanye nezakhiwo ezizuzayo.
Ngalokhu konke, ukutshala iklabishi inqubo elula kakhulu engeyona inzima kulabo abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho noma abathandi be-novice.
Kunoma yikuphi, sizozinikeza lesi sihloko kuzo zonke izici zenqubo yokulungiselela, ukutshala nokunakekela iklabishi, ukudalula zonke izimfihlo zabachwepheshe abaphumelele kakhulu.
Futhi, sizokwazisa ngezinhlobo ezithile zalesi sitshalo, futhi sikufundise ukuqonda indlela esemqoka ngayo lezi zinhlobonhlobo.
Indlela yokulungiselela ukutshala iklabishi: wabelane ngemfihlakalo yabalimi abanolwazi nama-agronomists
Ukutshala iklabishi kuhlanganisa izici eziningi, phakathi kwazo indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ehlala ngokukhetha indawo enhle yokutshala, ngokulungiselela kokubili inhlabathi kanye nembewu yokutshala. Kodwa-ke, ungesabi yilolu hlu olubanzi - sizokwethula yonke le mibuzo kuwe ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngokumane, okwenza ube yisensimu esivundekile esikoleni.
Sikhetha izimo ezinhle zokukhula kweklabishi futhi sijwayele ezinye izici zalesi sitshalo.
Ukuphendukela eziqakathekileko zokukhulela lesi sitshalo, umuntu akakwazi ukuhlala kodwana ahlale phezu kwezinto ezihlukileko zeklabishi ngokwayo, okumelwe ihlolwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwayo.
Inzuzo enkulu iklabishi yile ukumelana okuhle emazingeni okushisa aphansiokuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa isikhathi esikude saleso sitshalo.
Ngokuyinhloko, ngisho nezinhlobo zakuqala, lapho zitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile ngaphandle kwezithombo, qhubeka nezimila zazo ngezinsuku ezingu-90-120. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukutshala iklabishi endaweni evulekile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izithombo, esifuna ukukutshela ngakho, akuyona indlela evamile kakhulu, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuyisebenzisa phakathi kwe-latitude nasenyakatho.
Ukucabangela ukukhanya okuthandwayo kwalesi sitshalo, kungatshalwa kuphela emibhedeni engadini ekhanyiswe kahle engafihliwe cishe kuwo wonke amahora okukhanya. Inani eliphelele lokukhanya okudingekayo iklabishi ngokuthuthukiswa okugcwele ngamahora angu-13.
Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuthi iklabishi isitshalo se-biennial. Ngonyaka wokuqala, ikhanda livuthwa ngokuqondile kumbewu noma izithombo, okuhloswe ukuba kusetshenziswe abantu. Ngonyaka wesibili, i-peduncle ikhula kusukela ekhanda eliphethwe, lapho kuzobe sekupheleni kwehlobo kuyokwazi ukuqoqa imbewu.
Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yokutshala iklabishi: indlela yokukhipha kahle nokutshala?
Ngaphambi kokuba ulungise inhlabathi, udinga ukukhetha okulungile. Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa umquba kungathuthukisa ukuzala kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi, kodwa kungcono ukutshala iklabishi kuhlelekile futhi ngezinga eliphezulu lokuzala.
Inketho enhle yi-loam, equkethe inani elikhulu le-humus. Ngenxa yalokhu, umswakama ungcono kakhulu futhi unomude osetshenziswa enhlabathini, ukondla uhlelo lwempande yesitshalo. Esinye isidingo esibalulekile sezimpawu zenhlabathi ukungabi khona kwe-asidi noma izinga eliphansi kakhulu lale nkhomba.
Okufanelekile, izitshalo ezifana namakhukhamba, anyanisi, imifino ehlukahlukene yezimpande, izithelo zommbila, noma izitshalo zokusanhlamvu kufanele kube yizimbangi zeklabishi ensimini. Emva kokukhula kwezitshalo ezinjalo emhlabathini, izakhi eziningi ezisekhona ezidingekayo iklabishi yokukhula okuphumelelayo nokuhamba phambili.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukutshala iklabishi embhedeni owodwa akukwazi ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-2-3 ngaphansi komugqa. Kungcono ukunikeza inhlabathi ikhefu ngaphansi kwezinye izitshalo iminyaka emine.
Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yokuhlwanyela imbewu iklabishi idinga ukuyenza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kufanele ukuthi ubambe ngokwanele ngokwanele, ugcwalise nge-oxygen edingekayo. Engadini kufanele kwenziwe imibhede emincane kakhulu, cishe imitha elilodwa.
Uma ingadi yakho isendaweni lapho amanzi ephakama khona, kubaluleke kakhulu ukumba ama-caavas ajulile engadini.
Izitshalo kufanele zisetshenziswe enhlabathini (ngokubala kwendawo yokulala ye-1m2):
- Mayelana namabhakede ayi-1-1.5 (ama-10-15 amalitha) abakwazi ukukhiqiza i-humus. Kuhle futhi ukusebenzisa umquba.
- Superphosphate ngesilinganiso sezipuni ezimbili.
- Isipuni 1 se-potassium sulfate.
- Uma kunokwenzeka, ungaphinda ufake izipuni ezimbili ze-fertilizer eziyinkimbinkimbi emhlabathini.
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zeklabishi nokuhlukana kwazo
Zonke izinhlobonhlobo nezinhlamvu zeklabishi zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amahlanu ayingqayizivele, inqubo eyinhloko yesikhathi sokuthi amakhanda avuthwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umehluko wokuvuthwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokuqala kanye nezinhlobo zakamuva kungaba izinsuku ezingu-50-70.
- Iqembu lezinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala zeklabishi. Imifino ihlala izinsuku ezingu-105-120, izinhloko zama-cabbages zivuthwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko klabishi enjalo - sebenzisa ngokuqondile efomu elisha. Iklabishi enjalo ayifanele neze ukukhethwa noma ukugcina isikhathi sebusika. Lokhu kuhlanganisa: "uJuni" (ama-cabbages kuze kufike ku-1 kilogram), "i-Golden Hectar" (ama-5-8.5 kilograms yokuvuna kusuka ku-1m2), "i-Ditmarsher" (ubuningi bama-cabbages angaba ngu-2.5 kilogram), "Isipho" (kusuka endaweni 1 m2 ukuqoqa kusuka 6 kuya 10 kilograms amakhanda amaklabishi).
- Medium zakuqala iklabishi izinhlobo. Bavuthwa cishe izinsuku ezingu-10 kamuva kunakuqala. Iklabishi enjalo ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuwa, ingaba mnandi, kodwa idliwe kuphela ngokushesha (igcina ukunambitheka okuhle kwezinyanga ezingu-2-3 kuphela)
Okuthandwa kakhulu kuleli qembu yizinhlobo ze-Stakhanovka (ama-cabbages afinyelela ku-1.5-2.5 kilograms ngesisindo), i-Lanedukererele (amakhekheji amakhulu kakhulu futhi anamandla anesisindo esingama 5 kilogram), i-F1 Metino (ama-kilogram ayi-3 izinhloko iklabishi ezingenakunyakazeka).
- Iklabishi lesikhampasi seminyaka - ukuvuthwa phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-131-145 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zigxile kakhulu kwisitoreji sesikhathi eside, kuhle ukukhethwa.
Kufanele uzinake izinhlobonhlobo ze "Slava 1305", enezinhlamvu ezinkulu ezimhlophe futhi ezinomsoco ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu, kanye "no-Slava Gribovskaya 231" cishe nama-cabbages amakhulu.
- Izinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi eziphakathi kwezinkathi eziphakathi nendawo eziphelile zinezinhloso zomnotho ezikhudlwana, nakuba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukulinda ukuvuthwa kwazo - izinsuku ezingu-146-160.
Amakhanda ama-cabbages anjalo alula ukuhlala phansi, uma uwagcina endaweni eyomile nepholile. "Ukukhiqiza" (izinhloko ezivela ku-2.9 kuya ku-4.5 kilogram) futhi "Okokugcina" (isivuno esisezingeni eliphezulu kuze kube ngamathani angu-50 kusuka ku-1 hektare) sithandwa kakhulu.
- Izinhlobo zeklabishi zokuvuthwa. Nakuba ukuphepha kwesitshalo sezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo kusezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokuvuthwa (kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-161 kuya kwezingu-185), ingafisa ezindaweni eziningi.
Leyo iklabishi "i-Bagaevskaya" (efika ku-5 kilogram), "i-Valentine F1" (isivuno semitha eyi-square - 8 kilogremu), "iWizard F1" (izithelo 2.5-3.5 kilogram).
Izinhlobo zakudala kuphela ezingahlwanyelwa emhlabathini ovulekile, kamuva kuphela ngaphansi kwefilimu.
Indlela yokulungisa imbewu yokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwezitshalo nezitshalo ezizayo, baphathwa ngamanzi ashisayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, imbewu yeklabishi ichitheka ngamanzi ekushiseni kwama-40-45 ° C imizuzu engu-15, bese iqondiswa imizuzu embalwa emanzini abandayo.
Futhi kubalulekile okungenani amahora angu-12 ukubamba isisombululo sezakhi kusuka kunoma yikuphi umquba wamaminerali.
Ukuze kuqiniswe imbewu, kusadingeka ithunyelwe usuku endaweni ebandayo ngokushisa kwe-1-2ºС, ngaphambilini yahlanza emanzini abandayo. Leli gumbi lingase libe phansi noma isiqandisini.
Izici zokufika: izigaba eziyinhloko nemithetho
Ukuze ikhanda iklabishi likhule kahle futhi livuthwe, imbewu nezithombo kudingeka zidalwe futhi zitshalwe ezikhathini ezichazwe kahle. Uma kungenjalo, lesi sitshalo sizogula, sihlakulele kahle futhi isivuno ngeke sibe yilokho okwakulindelwe kusukela ezihlukahlukene ozikhethile.
Ngaliphi isikhathi ungahlwanyela imbewu yeklabishi emhlabathini ovulekile?
Akudingekile ukuthi uqale ukuhlwanyela kakhulu, ngoba ama-frosts entwasahlobo angakuvimbela ukuhluma. Kungcono ukuhlwanyela imbewu emva kokuqala kukaMeyi, nakuba ezindaweni eziseningizimu kungenziwa ngemuva kokuqala kuka-Ephreli, noma ekuqaleni kuka-Mashi.
Ngakho-ke, ngisho nalapho utshala iklabishi ngembewu evulekile, izinhlobo zeklabishi zakuqala zingakhipha isitshalo nge-20 kaJulayi-Agasti. Futhi, akufanelekile ukubambezeleka ngaleli cala, ngoba ngo-Agasti, emva kwezinsuku ezingu-20-30, i-autumn frosts yokuqala ingaqala, okungalimaza kakhulu kakade kuvuna, kepha kungabi nokusimama, kuvuna.
Futhi, ukuhlwanyela imbewu yeklabishi, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zakuqala, akunakwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengoba wenze isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu-2-3 phakathi kwezitshalo, uzokwelula isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesitshalo.
Isu lokuhlwanyela imbewu nokutshala iklabishi izithombo
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu iklabishi emhlabathini kwenziwa ngendlela elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile kwalokhu kukhula kwemitha engamamitha amabili, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwabo lingama 3-4 cm. Imbewu ngaphambi kwalokhu kubalulekile ukuma kancaneukuze banganamatheli ezandleni, ngoba imbewu ihlelwe emigodini ngayinye ibanga elide le-1 cm.
Inhlabathi ke i-tamped kancane. Ngesimo sezulu esihle, amahlumela azobonakala ngesonto. Lapho izitshalo zifinyelela ngobukhulu obunjalo ukuthi ziqala ukuphazamisana, zidinga ukuhlala.
Uma utshala izithombo ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala zeklabishi, isikhala phakathi kwemigqa emibili yezitshalo akufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-40-45 amasentimitha. Kodwa emigqeni phakathi kwezitshalo ezimbili kuzoba ibanga elanele lama 20-25 cm.
Ngezinhlobo zakamuva, iphethini lokutshala lizohluka kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, isikhala sizoba ngamasentimitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-60, futhi isikhala phakathi kwama-cabbages amabili - okungenani amasentimitha angu-30.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zepelepele esifundeni saseMoscow
Ukuhlinzeka kanjani iklabishi ngokunakekelwa okudingekayo: imiyalo ebaluleke kakhulu
Ngeshwa, iklabishi ayikwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kokunakekelwa njalo. Ukugijima esimweni sesitshalo sasendle usengozini yokuba ngaphandle kwesitshalo. Kuye, udinga ukuhlala njalo sigcine izinga elithile lomswakama lomhlabathi futhi ungakhohlwa ukukhipha embhedeni wonke ukhula onganciphisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kweklabishi ngokwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunenqwaba yezinambuzane nezifo, ezingase zidale umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezizayo. Konke lokhu kudinga kumgadi wezinsimu ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela emibhedeni lapho iklabishi itshalwe khona, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezichazwe ngezansi.
Izifo nezinambuzane zeklabishi: kanjani ukumelana nokulwa
Ukuvimbela ama-aphid, ama-slugs ahlukahlukene kanye nemisinki iklabishi Kunconywa powder usebenzisa ukhuni ash. Kulesi simo, cishe 1 inkomishi yalesi setshenziswa isetshenziswe ku-1 m2. Futhi ungasebenzisa ugwayi.
Iklabishi esetshenzisiwe futhi ngosizo lwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ehlukahlukene ehlose ukubhujiswa noma ukulwa nenkinga ethize. Uma uyisitha samakhemikhali, izinambuzane zingaqoqwa esitshalweni ngesandla, kuyilapho zizama ukubhubhisa amaqanda abekwe wona.
Ukuphumelela ngokumelene nezinambuzane kukhona ama-infusions ezenziwe nge-burdock, ama-tomato phezulu, noma ikhasi le-anyanisi.
Namuhla, izindlela eziningi zokumboza zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulwa nazo, besebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile ezingagcini.
Kodwa kunoma yikuphi, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukulalela izitshalo, ukuqapha isimo sabo njalo.
Sinikeza imibhede yomswakama neklabishi
Iklabishi ithanda umswakama, kanjalo ukuphuza ngoba kusobala kufanele kube njalo.
Amanzi yonke isitshalo ngokushesha emva kokutshala, isikhathi esingaphakathi kokunisela akufanele sibe isikhathi eside kunezinsuku ezingu-3-4 kusukela ngesikhathi sokunisela okudlule. Lokhu kuvamile kufanele kugcinwe amasonto amabili, besebenzisa cishe amalitha angu-6-8 amanzi ngamitha yendawo ngayinye. Khona-ke ukuchelela kwenziwa kuphela kanye ngesonto, bese usebenzisa kakade amalitha 10-12 endaweni efanayo yombhede.
Ngezinhlobo zakuqala, ukuchelela okunamandla kuyakusihlwa ngoJuni, kodwa ngezinhlobo zakamuva - ngo-Agasti. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphuzisa lesi sitshalo kuphela ekuseni noma kusihlwa, besebenzisa amanzi endaweni yokushisa engaphansi kwe-18 ºС.
Kancane kancane ngokudla iklabishi: yiziphi izitshalo futhi ngingakanani engingayisebenzisa?
Ngidla iklabishi ngokuvamile futhi eningi. Ukukhulelwa kokuqala emhlabathini kwenziwa ezinsukwini ezingama-20 emva kokutshala endaweni ehlala njalo.
Ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-mullein: 0.5 amalitha ngamalitha ayishumi amanzi. Ukuze isitshalo ngasinye udinga ukuchitha cishe amalitha angu-0.5.
Ukudla okulandelayo kwenziwa ngezinsuku ezingaba ngu-10. Ngalesi sikhathi inani lomanyolo oludingekayo ngesitshalo esisodwa luyakhula ku-1 litre.
Futhi, kwisisombululo esingenhla, uzodinga ukwengeza isipuni esingu-1 se-Crystalline.
I-Mullear ingasuswa esikhundleni sezinkukhu zokudoba.
Ukudla okubili okuchazwe ngempela kuyadingeka kokubili izinhlobo zeklabishi zakuqala kanye nezinkathi zamuva.
Ukondla okwesithathu kufanele kwenziwe kuphela iklabishi eledlule, kubanjwe ngoJuni. Esikhathini isisombululo sama-10 amalitha amanzi anika izipuni ezimbili ze-superphosphate.
Cishe 6-8 amalitha omanyolo asetshenziselwa indawo ngayinye yemitha. Lokhu kudla kungabuyekezwa ngo-Agasti, besebenzisa i-nitrophoska kakade.
Ukugwaza iklabishi: kuyini futhi kungani kuyadingeka?
Ukuqina klabishi kufanele kwenziwe ngisho noma kusezingeni lesithombo. Kudingekile kuphela kulazo zitshalo ezazisakhula ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo noma endlini.
Ngakho-ke, ngisho nezinsuku ezingu-15-20 ngaphambi kokufakelwa kwakhe, bayambulala ngokushisa okuphansi nokukhanya. Ukuze izithombo ziphikisana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi, ifilimu iphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwayo noma amabhokisi akhishwa ebhaleni.
Awukwazi nje kuphela ukuvumela ukushisa kube ngaphansi kuka 5-6 ºС. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe emini kanye nasesimo sezulu esicacile ukuze isitshalo sithole ilanga ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izinsuku nezinye izici zokuvuna iklabishi
Iklabishi yokuqala ingavunwa ekupheleni kukaJulayi - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, nasezindaweni eziseningizimu - ngisho nasekupheleni kukaJuni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-cabbies kufanele anqunywe ngommese obukhali, ngoba izitshalo zalesi sitshalo zikhulu kakhulu.
Iklabishi ezayo, ezogcinwa ubusika, ivunwa ngesikhathi sokugcina - ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Okthoba nezinsuku zokuqala zikaNovemba. Uma uzibeka umgomo weklabishi omuncu, khona-ke uyayidinga ihlanzekile kusukela emibhedeni phakathi no-Okthoba.
Ukugcina iklabishi ingcono, inqunywa ngesitshalo eside. Futhi, kubalulekile ukushiya eduze kwekhanda lamaqabunga ambalwa aluhlaza angafanelanga ngokuqinile kuwo. Ngesikhathi sokugcina, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi eliphakathi kuka-0 no-5 ºС. Umswakama ophezulu womoya kufanele ube ngo-80-85%.
