Isakhiwo se-digestive system yezinkomo

Inkomo yilezi zinkomo, okuyinto, ngenkathi idla, idla ukudla, cishe ngaphandle kokuhlafuna, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenkathi iphumula, iyakubhidliza isisu esiswini bese iya kancane kancane, ihlafuna ngokucophelela. Yingakho, ubukela inkomo yokuphumula, ungabona ukuthi cishe sonke isikhathi afuna. Le ndlela yokudla imsiza isilwane ukuba isebenzise kahle isikhathi sokudla futhi sikhiphe inani eliphakeme lempahla ebalulekile ekudleni kwezitshalo.

Uyazi? Le ndoda yakhipha inkomo eminyakeni engaba ngu-8 000 edlule. Uma namuhla sibeka bonke abantu abaphilayo ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezilinganiso, futhi zonke izinkomo nezinkunzi okwesibini, isisindo esiphelele se "amahomoni" sizophindaphindwa kathathu isisindo sabantu bomhlaba.

Uhlelo lokugaya inkomo luqukethe izingxenye eziningana:

isikhala somlomo - izindebe, amazinyo nolimi. Ukhonza ukubamba, ukugwinya nokucubungula ukudla;
isophagus. Ixhuma isisu nge-pharynx, inebude obungaba ngamamitha angu-0.5;
isisu. Iqukethe amakamelo amane futhi ihlinzekela ukugaya nokufaniswa kokudla;
emathunjini amancane. Ivuselela ukudla okucutshungulwa nge-bile namajusi, ukumunca kwezakhi ezisegazini;
emathunjini amakhulu. Ukhonza uketshezwa okwengeziwe kokudla, imfundo nokukhululwa kwezixuku ze-fecal.

I-Scheme yezitho zokugaya izifuyo: 1 - isitho se-parotid salivary; 2 - umzila we-parotidi we-salivary; 3 - umphimbo; 4 - isigxobo somlomo; 5 - igundane le-submandibular le-salivary; 6 - i-larynx; I-7 - i-trachea; 8 - isisu; 9 - isibindi; 10 - imigodi ye-hepatic; 11 - i-cystic bile duct; 12 - i-gallbladder; 13 - i-buct evamile; 14 - igridi; 15 - ama-pancreas; 16 - ukuhamba kwe-pancreatic; 17 - i-abomasum; 12 - i-duodenum; 19 - jejunum; 20 - ikholoni; 21 - ileum; 22 - cecum; 23 - i-rectum; 24 - i-hem; 25 - le ncwadi; 26 - i-esophageal chute

Umlomo: izindebe, ulimi, amazinyo

Ngaphandle kwamazinyo, yonke indawo yangaphakathi yesigxobo sezinkomo yenkomo ihlanganiswe ngendwangu ebomvu. Izindebe, ulimi namazinyo ezilwane ezilapha zisetshenziselwa ukubamba, ukusila nokugaya ukudla kwezitshalo. Izindebe nezihlathi zikhonza njengomlomo futhi zenza umsebenzi wokugcina ukudla emlonyeni. Into eyinhloko yokudla okuthakazelisayo iyisici esishukumisayo sensimu - ulimi. Ngalo, inkomo ithatha futhi idla ukudla, isiza inqubo yokugwinya nokuphuza, izwa izinto ezihlukahlukene, inakekela umzimba wayo kanye noxhumana nabo nezihlobo. Emkhatsini walo kukhona ama-horny papillae amaningi, enza imisebenzi yokubamba nokugcoba ukudla.

Hlola ngokucophelela izici zezinto eziphilayo nezomzimba zezinkomo.

Amazinyo kukhona izitho ze-bone koqweqwe lwawo lwe-trapping kanye nokudla okugaya. Inkabi ayinayo imfucuza, esikhundleni sayo lapho kukhona ipulazi lezinyosi ezinzima emgqeni ophezulu ngokumelene nama-incisors aphansi. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela isilwane ukuba siphume kahle utshani. Amazinyo emfuyo ezinkomo: 1 - umzimba we-bone incisal; isisekelo samathambo somkhumbi wamazinyo; Indawo engenazintambo (onqenqemeni); I-incisors; C - amafu; P - premolars; I-M-molars. Amathole azalwe ngamazinyo, umhlathi wobisi ungabamba amazinyo angu-20, nomhlathi womuntu omdala wemilenze - amazinyo angu-32. Ukushintsha amazinyo ayisisekelo ngamazinyo ayisisekelo kuqala eneminyaka eyizinyanga ezingu-14.

Umhlathi ophezulu wezinkabi ukhulu kunalokho okuphansi, futhi umhlathi ophansi nawo uguqulelwe ukwenza ukunyakaza kwe-lateral (lateral). I-molars yesilwane ifaka indawo efana nesicholo, futhi ngenxa yokunyakaza okhethekile kwemihlathi, inqubo yokuhlafuna ukudla ngenkathi ukufuna i-gum kwenzeka ngokuphumelelayo.

Kubalulekile! Emanzini, inqubo ehamba phambili iqala cishe ngesonto lesithathu lokuphila kwabo. Ezimeni ezindala, ukuhlafuna igamu kwenzeka emaminithini angu-30-70 ngemuva kokudla noma ukudla, futhi kuqhubeka cishe imizuzu engama-40-50. Inani elijwayelekile lama-ruminants ngosuku liyizikhathi ezingu-6-8.

Izithobezi ze-salivary kanye nesifo somzimba

Emgodini wenkomo yenkomo, izigulane ezinamathele ezihlangene zendawo ezihlukene zitholakala: i-parotid, i-submandibular, izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe, zendabuko kanye ne-supraorbital (zygomatic). Imfihlo yabo inezinhlobo eziningi ze-enzyme ezikhulula isitashi kanye ne-maltose.

Okulandelayo, ukudla kudlula ku-esophagus, okuyi-tube muscle enebude bemitha eyodwa. Ngale ndlela, ukudla kuqala kuthunyelwa kusuka ku-pharynx kuya esiswini, bese ubuyela emlonyeni wokufuna.

Isisu

Inkomo inezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinomzimba ezinezindawo ezine:

ukwesaba;
umshini;
incwadi;
rennet

Eqinisweni, isisu esiphelele esikhiqiza ijusi esiswini sine-rennet kuphela. Amakamelo amathathu asele asetshenziselwa ukudlala ukudla, abizwa ngokuthi ama-foregutts noma ngisho nokwanda kwe-esophagus.

Isakhiwo sesisu senkomo. I-cicatrix, inetha kanye nencwadi ayinayo izigulane zokukhiqizwa kwejusi esiswini, i-fermented, ihlelwe futhi isetshenziswe ngokuphazamiseka.

Isikhala

Leli gumbi lokuqala lesisu, elinomthamo omkhulu kunazo zonke - amaminithi angu-100-200 nangaphezulu. Ukwesaba kutholakala ngakwesobunxele kwesigxobo esiswini, ukuhlala ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi sinezimboni ezincane ezihlinzeka ngokucubungula okuyinhloko kokudla. Ukwesaba kuqukethe isendlalelo esisodwa semisipha - i-longitudinal neyindilinga, futhi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili yi-chute. Embranini yayo eningilaki iningi lamapilenti ayishumi ubude. Kulesi sifo sangaphambi kwesisu kwenzeka ku-70% wenqubo yokugaya yonke. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezomile kwenzeka ngenxa yokuxuba nokugaya imishini, ukuvutshelwa ngezimfihlakalo zamagciwane kanye nokuvutshelwa.

Kubalulekile! Ubuningi bebhaktheriya kanye neprotozoa esiswini esiswini somuntu omdala singaphezu kwamakhilogremu amathathu. Ngenxa yalezi zingqimbazana, ama-starchy compounds kanye nama-cellulose aphukile abe ushukela olula, okwenza inkomo idinga kakhulu amandla.

Ngenxa yalokho, kuvela izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene, okuyingxenye yazo eyongena odongeni olubomvu egazini, bese ingena esibindi, lapho iqhubeka khona ukuguqulwa. Zibuye zisetshenziswe umdanso we-synthesis yezingxenye zobisi. Kusuka ku-rumen, ukudla kungena enetheni noma kubuyiselwe emlonyeni ukuze uhlafune.

Igridi

Kulo gridi, ukudla kudonswe, kuboniswe ezincane zamagciwane, futhi ngenxa yomsebenzi wemisipha, umthamo womhlabathi uhlukaniswe izingxenyana ezinkulu ezingena encwadini, futhi zinyene, zithunyelwe ku-rumen. Igridi ibizo layo ngenxa yesakhiwo seselula, esakwazi ukubamba izingxenyana ezinkulu zokudla. Lo mnyango empeleni wenza umsebenzi wokuhlunga kanye nomthamo wayo - kuze kufike ku-amalitha ayi-10 - uphansi kakhulu kunesibazi. Itholakala esifubeni, phambi kobuchopho, umkhawulo owodwa othinta isifenqo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, igridi isebenzela inqubo yokubamba, ukudlulisa izinhlayiya ezichotshoziwe nokubuyisela ezinkulu kulesisindo bese kuthiwa umlomo womlomo.

Sikukwazisa ukuba ucabange izici zesakhiwo, indawo kanye nemisebenzi yenhliziyo, ubude, izimpondo, amazinyo, amehlo ezinkomo.

Incwadi

Leli kamelo elinomthamo wamalitha ayi-10 kuya ku-20 lihloswe ukugaya ukudla, ukugwinya kabusha izilwane emva kokuhlafuna i-gum. Itholakala emgodini wesisu ngakwesokudla, esifundeni semiphetho engu-7-9 yesilwane. Lo mfula ubizwa ngegama lakhe ngenxa yesakhiwo se-membrane yamangqamuzana, okuyizinhlanzi eziningi ezinjengamaqabunga.

Le ngxenye yesisu iyaqhubeka nokucubungula amafiber fibres aqoqwe kakade, lapho ukuxubha kwawo kokugcina kwenzeka khona futhi kuphenduka i-mush, kungena ku-abomasum.

Abomasum

I-rennet iyisisu sangempela, izigulane zayo ziqhubeka zakha ijusi esiswini, eziqukethe i-hydrochloric acid, i-pepsin, i-trypsin nezinye izinhlobo ze-enzyme. Ngaphansi kwethonya labo, okuqhubekayo futhi sekuvele ukuhlukaniswa kokugcina kokudla.

I-abomasum enevolumu yama-5-15 amalitha itholakala esifundeni esiswini kwesokudla, isikhala esiphezulu esifundeni sezindawo ezingu-9-12 ze-intercostal.

Isebenza kakhulu ngamathole, ngoba zonke izisu azikakabandakanyeki. Ngaphambi kokugcoba ukudla okuqinile, ukudla okuketshezi - ubisi - ngokushesha ungena esiswini sangempela emgodini.

Kuphela ngesonto lesithathu, lapho izingxenye ezinamafutha ezibonakalayo zivela ekudleni kwesitoko esincane, i-belching iqalisiwe, i-microflora inabantu abaningi, futhi ukuphendula kokuvuthwa kwenzeka.

Amathumbu amancane

Ukuphuma esiswini, ukudla okucutshungulwa kungena emathunjini amancane, aqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

i-duodenum (90-120 cm);
i-jejunum (35-38 m);
ileum (cishe 1 m).

Lapha, ukudla kusetshenziselwa ama-pancreatic ne-bile, futhi izakhi ziyangena egazini. Amathumbu amancane atholakale ku-hypochondrium efanele futhi aya ku-vertebra yesi-4 ye-lumbar. Ubuningi bomathumbu amancane wenkomo omdala ngu-4.5 cm, ubude bayo bufinyelela kumamitha angu-46. Ubuso bayo obuphakathi buhlanganiswe nezinsimbane ezincane, ngenxa yokuthi indawo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwegazi kuyanda.

Uyazi? Izinkomo zaphoqeleka ukuba zibe yi-ruminants. Babengeke basheshe babalekele isitha futhi babengenayo imfucuza eqinile noma amahlumela, ngakho bahlakulela indlela yabo yokudla: bagwinya ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, bangafuni ukuhlafuna, badle futhi badle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi endaweni ephephile.

Ama-enzyme ama-pancreas kanye namadonga wamathumbu asungula inqubo ye-carbohydrate, amafutha kanye namaprotheni. Bile, ukungena kwi duodenum ngokusebenzisa i-bile duct, kusiza ukumunwa kwamanoni futhi kulungiswe imikhiqizo yokugaya ukumunca.

Amathumbu amakhulu

Okulandelayo, ukudla kungena ekoloni, okumelelwa yizigaba ezilandelayo:

i-cecum (30-70 cm);
ikholoni (6-9 m);
i-rectum.

Ububanzi bomathumbu amakhulu buningi izikhathi eziningana ubukhulu bomncane, futhi azikho i-villi ngaphakathi kwendawo yangaphakathi.

Umdwebo wamathumbu emfuyo: 1 - i-pyloric ingxenye yesisu; 2 - i-duodenum; 3 - jejunum; 4 - ileum; 5 - cecum; 6-10 - ikholoni; 11 - i-rectum I-caecum iyisigaba sokuqala samathumbu amakhulu futhi isakhiwo esivela kude nomgudu oyinhloko wamathumbu. Emva kokugaya kokudla ku-abomasum nesisu somzimba omncane, kutholakala ukuvutshelwa okuncane kwe-microbial ku-cecum.

Isigaba esilandelayo - i-colon - ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezihamba phambili nezivuthayo. Idlala indima encane ekwenzeni ukugaya nokugaya izakhi. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukwakhiwa kwemfucuza.

Kubalulekile! Ubude obuphelele bemathumbu emfuyo buvela kumamitha angu-39 ukuya kwangu-63, ngokwesilinganiso samamitha angu-51. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba wenkomo nobude bamathumbu ayo ngu-1:20.

Amagciwane emathunjini amathumbu abangela inqubo yokuvutshelwa kwama-carbohydrates, kanye nama-bacterium e-putrefactive - ukubhujiswa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina ye-protein digestion. Izindonga zangaphakathi zekoloni, naphezu kokungabikho kwe-papillae kanye ne-villi yokubamba izakhi, kutholakale ngempumelelo amanzi namaminerali amaminerali.

Ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwe-peristalsis, okuqukethwe okusele emathunjini amakhulu ngokusebenzisa ikoloni kungena emgqeni owodwa lapho izixuku ze-fecal ziqoqa khona. Ukukhululwa kwabo emvelweni wangaphandle kwenzeka nge-canal anal - anus.

Ngakho-ke, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi olunamandla lokugaya inkomo yindlela ephelele futhi ehambelanayo. Ngiyabonga, izilwane zingasebenzisa kokubili ukudla okunamandla - amaqebelengwane ama-bran namafutha, futhi amaqabunga, amancane - utshani ne-hay. Futhi noma yikuphi ukulimaza ngisho nomnyango owodwa wezinsiza zokudla kungabonakala kuwo wonke amandla awo okusebenza.