I-artichoke yaseJerusalema i-artichoke (i-pear) yomhlaba iyisitshalo esiwusizo, esivumela kakhulu, esingenakuzithoba, izilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa ezingasetshenziswa njengokudla, kanye nesisindo esiluhlaza sokudla kwesilwane.
Ukuze uthole i-artichoke i-Artichoke, kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi lesi sitshalo singakhula endaweni eyodwa iminyaka eminingi, esingasithinti isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yenhlabathi, kepha leyo ndawo kufanele isuswe kahle futhi ikude nezinye izitshalo, njengoba lesi sikhulu singasakaza enye isiko; kunomkhuhlane ophezulu weqhwa, akuyona into ekhethekile ngenhlabathi (noma iyiphi inhlabathi efanelekile, ngaphandle kwenhlabathi eyancipha), ibekezelela isomiso kahle, kodwa ngokuswakama ngokweqile kuhamba.
Indlela yokukhulisa i-pear yasebumba kusuka ezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nembewu kanye nokuthi ungayitholaphi, kanye nalokho okudingekayo ukuyikhulela ekhaya nokuthi kufanele ukhule kahle kanjani isitshalo esiqhingini sezwe ukuze uthole isivuno esihle. Lokhu nokunye okuningi kuzochazwa esihlokweni sethu.
Ungakhetha kanjani ibanga elilungile?
Ukuze ukhethe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-artichoke yaseJerusalema, udinga ukubona inhloso yokutshala lesi sitshalo:
- njengekhambi;
- ukubeletha njengengxenye ye-landscape design;
- ukusetshenziswa komuntu ekudleni noma ekudleni kwemfuyo.
Cishe zonke izinhlobonhlobo ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema ezizalweni zanamuhla zenzelwe ukutholakala kokubili izingxenye ezingaphezulu komhlaba ezingaphansi komhlaba, nenani elikhulu lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ehlathini. Kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezakhiwe, okuphawulekayo okukhona okukhuphuka kwesifo sofuba kanye nesisindo esincane esibomvu.
Ukuhlukahluka ngalunye kunezici zayo, ezingatholakala etafuleni.
| Igama leBanga | Umkhiqizo wezilimo eziyizigaxa ngamamitha ayizikwele | Ukukhiqiza okuluhlaza okwehlaza okuvela esihlahleni esisodwa | Isikhathi sokukhula, inkathi ekhulayo |
| Inzalo (efanelekile ukuhlanzwa okuhlelekile) | 2.6-3.8 kg | 4.3-5.6 kg | Ukuvuthwa okuzayo, asinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa ku-Middle Band |
| I-Omsk emhlophe | 4.3 kg | 3 - 3.5 kg | Isikhathi esiphakathi (izinsuku ezingu-130) |
| Pasko | 3 kg | 3, 4 kg | Ukuhamba kwesikhathi (izinsuku ezingu-178-190) |
| Ekuqaleni (efanelekile ukuhlanzwa okuhlelekile) | 2.5 - 3 kg | 3-3.5 kg | Izinsuku zakudala (izinsuku ezingu-120), ezifanele ukulima endaweni yangaphakathi |
| Kusha | 4 kg | 3.1 kg | Isikhathi esiphakathi (izinsuku ezingu-152-172) |
| Volzhsky 2 (efanelekile ukuhlanzwa okuhlelekile) | 1, 5 kg | 2 kg | Ekuqaleni (izinsuku ezingu-100) |
| I-Vylgothic | 1-1.7 kg | 3, 4-4,1 kg | Ekuqaleni (izinsuku ezingu-125) |
| Leningrad | 4.5 -4.9 kg | 4-4.2 kg | Ukuvuthwa phakathi (izinsuku ezingu-140) |
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathaniswa kwezinhlobonhlobo kubonisa ukuthi okwamanje i-Omsk emhlophe ne-Leningradsky ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, njengoba zifanelekile ukulima okusabalalisa futhi zinikeze isivuno esiphezulu sezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nobukhulu obuhlaza.
Isithombe
Isithombe sibonisa ukuthi i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ibukeka kanjani.
Kuphi futhi kungakanani ukuthenga imbewu?
Esifundeni ngasinye kukhona izinkampani, osomabhizinisi abazimele, abathandi be-topinambour abasebenza ekuzaleni izitshalo futhi banikeze izinto zokutshala ezithengiswayo. Izipesheli ezithengiswa kalula ukuthola kwi-intanethi.
Isibonelo, inkampani "Izindawo zaseRyazan" ezisuka emzini waseSapozhok wesifunda saseRyazan zithengisa i-artichoke yaseJerusalema iphakethe lika-30 kg, amanani entengo kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-15 ama-ruble kilogram. EMoscow, ukuthengwa kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema kungathengwa ngamanani kusukela ku-27 kuya ku-35 rublekhi ngayinye (i-Gorobets AV, IP, i-Starominskaya. I-Kryska ejabule, i-IP, i-Moscow). E-St. Petersburg - izindleko zephayari kusuka kuma-ruble angu-25 ukuya kwangu-150 kilogram (umyalo uthathwe kusuka ku-10 kg), isitshalo sithengiswa inkampani "Ezempilo Zesizwe".
Ukukhula endaweni evulekile kusayithi
Ukufika kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema kungenziwa endaweni evulekile futhi ekhaya ngaphakathi kweziqukathi. Ngokuvamile, lesi sitshalo sitshalwe endaweni evulekile ngenxa yesihlahla esinamandla. Unganda kanjani? Ipeyari yomhlaba ingasakazwa ngezindlela ezimbili.:
- vegetative (izilimo eziyizigaxa, izingxenye zalo noma amehlo);
- okukhiqizayo (imbewu, indlela ende, ibuhlungu, idinga ulwazi olukhethekile).
Lesi sitshalo singatshalalwa ekwindla (okungcono ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwe) ezinsukwini ezingu-10-15 ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa nasentwasahlobo, lapho inhlabathi ivunguza kuma-16-18 degrees.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa
Indlela yokukhulisa izilimo eziyizigaxa eziphakathi kwezwe elivulekile?
Khetha indawo evulekile kahle, eyomile ukuvimbela izilimo eziyizigaxa ukuba zibole.- Lungiselela umbhede wensimu ngokuwumba ku-bayonet ye-spade bese ufaka umquba noma umquba obolile.
- Ngaphambi kokutshala sebenzisa umquba we-phosphorus-potassium.
- Khetha izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu, ezinempilo engama-6-8 cm, ngaphandle kokubola nokulimala, ngeziqu eziningana.
- Hlanganisa indaba yokutshala nganoma iyiphi ikhambi le-immunocytophytic elivikela izifo futhi liphuthumise ukukhula.
- Yenza imithwalo emagqumeni bese uhlwanyela izilimo eziyizigaxa ebangeni lokungenani ama-40 cm komunye nomunye, uzifaka emhlabathini ngo-7-15 cm, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu be-tuber. Ikhule ngokuhlukanisa umugqa - 60-70 cm
- Ngemuva kokuthi amahlumela avele, ukhula umbhede bese ukhulula kahle. Yenza le nqubo kathathu ngekhefu lamasonto amabili.
- Hlala izitshalo lapho ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelela ku-10 cm: ibanga eliphansi phakathi kwezitshalo liyi-45 cm, phakathi kwemigqa - 30 cm.
- I-Spud ihlumela lapho ifinyelela ku-20 cm ukuphakama, bese upha urea. (Ephakathi kwehlobo ungaphinda ukhawuleze futhi uhlanganise ne-humus noma umquba wonyaka odlule).
- Hlanganisa izitshalo ezifinyelele ekuphakameni kwamitha kuya ezisekelweni eziqinile.
- Ukuze ukhiqize isivuno, unqume ukuqubuka kwezimbali noma ukusika izihlahla kuze kufike ku-1.5m ubude.
Khetha indawo evulekile kahle, eyomile ukuvimbela izilimo eziyizigaxa ukuba zibole.Ukukhula njengebhizinisi
Njengamanje, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ihlala emthunzini wezinye izitshalo, nakuba idatha yayo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokukhiqiza iphakeme kakhulu kunalokho izitshalo ezivamile. Ukuzuzisa kwezihlahla eziphakathi kwe-pear ezidlula ngaphezulu kuka-300% ngezindleko ezincane. Isibonelo, osomnotho baye bathola ukuthi ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo entsha ye-topinambur enezindawo ezingamahektare angu-50, kuzodingeka ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-812. Lena izindleko ezilinganiselwa zokulima. Le mali ihlanganisa izindleko zokuthengwa kwemishini yezolimo, ukuthengwa kwembewu, umanyolo we-organic and amaminerali, izindleko zikagesi nophethiloli.
Yiqiniso, inzuzo evela ekuthengisweni kwe-green mass kanye ne-Jerusalem artichoke nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ekuvuneni kanye nentengo yamanani. Kodwa ngisho nangesivuno esincane se-mass mass kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa (ngaphakathi kwemingcele engu-20 t / ha) ukubuya kwezimali ezinkulu kuzokufika ngonyaka wokuqala wokulima i-artichoke yaseJerusalema. Isitshalo singakhipha ubukhulu obuhlaza kuze kufike ku 1000 kg / ha, izilimo eziyizigaxa - 400 kg / ha!
Ukulima nokukhiqiza i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ngezinga lezimboni kunenzuzo kakhulu. Ukulima kwe-agrotechnical kufana nobuchwepheshe bamazambane okhulayo:
Kudingeka i-autumn ekwindla ngaphansi kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema.- Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iziqu ezifakwe emhlabathini ekwindla noma entwasahlobo, kuye ngesikhathi sokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa.
- Kunconywa ukukhulisa ipeyari yobumba emagqumeni ukuze ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zezulu isidleke esibuhlungu asibisi futhi asivimbeli ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema ezindaweni eziningana ezimbonini kwenziwa kuphela izilimo eziyizigaxa. Izinga lokutshala ihektha ngalinye li-1 lixhomeke ekuphatheni kokutshala kanye nosayizi wezilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala. Ngokwesilinganiso, amathani ayi-1-1.2 wezilimo eziyizigaxa atshalwe ngehektha ngalinye. Uma udinga ukuthola isivuno esikhulu se-tuber, khona-ke ukufika kufanele kube kaningi kangako (90x25 cm), uma udinga ubuningi obuluhlaza, bese wenza ukufika okuhlanganisiwe emigqeni bese unciphisa ububanzi bomugqa wokuhlukanisa u-70 noma 60 cm.
- Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthuthukiswa kokhula, ngaphambi kokuthi kuvele amahlumela kunconywa ukuba kwenziwe ukulimaza okukodwa noma kabili.
- Emva kokuvela kwamahlumela, kunconywa ukuhlakulela phakathi kwemigqa kanye nokulimaza. Ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo emasimini omnyaka wokuqala wokutshala kuhlanganisa ukukhulula isikhala nokubhubhisa ukhula emigqeni.
Kudingeka i-autumn ekwindla ngaphansi kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema.Ukulimala umhlaba ngamapheya emkhakheni wezimboni kudinga ugandagandaukuhlakulela umhlaba, kanye nomvuni wezambatho zokuvuna. Inani lemisebenzi lizoxhomeka enani lezinyunithi zemishini, kanti isisebenzi esisodwa singabandakanyeka ezinkambweni eziningana ezenziwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo.
Ukubhalisa inhlangano esemthethweni ukudala ibhizinisi lakho, udinga:
- qamba igama lenkampani yenkampani, hhayi ngokuphambene nomthetho;
- unquma ikheli lomthetho;
- khetha amakhodi OKVED;
- sinqume ngesamba semali yenzuzo;
- ukudweba isinqumo somsunguli noma imizuzu yomhlangano jikelele kanye nesivumelwano sokusungulwa kwe-LLC;
- lungiselela umqulu wenhlangano;
- bhala isicelo sokubhaliswa kombuso;
- ukhokhe imali yemali (ama-ruble angu-4000);
- thumela wonke amadokhumenti ekuhloleni kwakho kwentela.
Sinikeza ukubuka ividiyo, lapho kulandelwa khona imibono yebhizinisi ekulimeni i-artichoke yaseJerusalema:
Amaphutha nezisombululo
| Amaphutha | Izindlela zokunqoba amaphutha |
| Ukutshala okuqinile, okuholela ekunciphiseni ekuvuneni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa | Ukuhlwanyela ukuhlunga okufinyelele ekuphakameni kwe-10 cm. |
| I-crust encane enezimpande ezisezingeni elingaphansi komhlaba. | Ubumnene bukhulula ngokuhambisana nemigodi lapho kufike khona ukufika. |
| Ukufika komhlaba akuwamanzi | Izihlahla ze-Topinambur zidinga ukuchelela okuningi okungenani isikhathi esingu-1 ngenyanga. |
| Izimila azikondli | Ukondla kwe-Topinambur kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezingu-2-3. Ekuseni kwentwasahlobo nangengxenye yesibili yehlobo:
|
| Ekwindla ingxenye engenhla yesitshalo inqunywe. | Ekwindla, ingxenye engenhla ayinqunywanga kuze kufike ukuvuna, njengoba ikhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwezakhi ezilimo eziyizigaxa, ezishiywe emhlabathini ngonyaka ozayo. |
Ukuvuna
Ukuvuna amapheya asemhlabathini akhiqizwa, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba. Ngaphambi kokuhlanza, usike iziqongweni ekuphakameni kuka-15-17 cm. Uma ukumba izithelo kukhethwa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu kakhulu, khona-ke badinga ukugezwa, omisiwe, abagcobe, abafafazwe ngesihlabathi esimanzi noma i-sawdust, futhi bahlale endaweni encane epholile, begcina izimo zokugcina: 85-95% umswakama namazinga okushisa +4 degrees.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zingagcinwa emgodini ofudumele, esiqandisini, kodwa isikhathi sokugcina sincane - amasonto angu-2-3. Cishe ngonyaka, izithelo ezinontiwe zingagcinwa ngendlela efomile.
Izifo nezinambuzane
Lesi sitshalo asitholakali izifo nezinambuzane. Kodwa ngesikhathi sehlobo esomile noma epholile futhi sezulu singagula:
- ukubola okumhlophe (ngeziqu zizwakala ziqhakaza, ziphendukela ekukhuleni kombala omnyama);
- Alternaria (amaqabunga ahlanganiswe nezindawo ezimnyama, bese isitshalo soma);
- i-powdery isikhutha (amaqabunga ahlanganiswa kancane kancane ngesiqhakabhaka esibhakabhaka esimhlophe).
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulwa nalezi zifo: ukusika nokushisa izitshalo noma kanye kanye noma kabili ukucubungula izitshalo nge fungicides esimweni sezulu esifudumele.
I-Eartha ikhasi elilodwa lingalimaza:
- i-moles;
- amagundane;
- Izinyosi;
- i-slugs;
- ukuhleka;
- Kwangathi beetle nezimpungushe zabo.
Ukuze ulwe nabo, ungasebenzisa isisombululo esithile esiqanjiwe, ukumnika i-garlic. Ama-slugs kudingeka ahlanganiswe ngesandla noma ahlukaniswe phakathi kwemigqa yesicupho.
Isitshalo esimangalisayo se-artichoke saseJerusalema siyanqoba kancane kancane emasimini ezwe lakithi, futhi ukungathobeki kwayo, ukumelana nezifo kanye nezitshalo eziphakeme kuzonikeza isitshalo esikhathini esiseduze esikudingayo.
