Izinkomo zaseMelika: TOP 7

Ezweni kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkomo (izinkomo) ezingaba ngu-1000. Ukuze abalimi bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezilwane nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo yokuhlala, badinga ukuthola izici zezinhlobo ezithile kanye nezimfanelo zayo eziyinhloko. Kulokhu, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinkomo ezithandwa kakhulu futhi zifunwa ezweni elinjalo njenge-USA.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenkomo yenkomo nenkomo e-USA

Omunye wabasebenzisi abakhulu bemikhiqizo yenkomo yenkomo emhlabeni wonke yi-United States. Izinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhiqiza ubisi zisezindaweni ezisentshonalanga zezwe. Ziyakhiqiza minyaka yonke imikhiqizo yobisi engaphezu kwama-6.9% kusukela ekukhiqizeni umhlaba jikelele, okungu-750 million amathani wobisi.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umbuso ubonile ukwehla kokusetshenziswa ubisi cishe 22% uma kuqhathaniswa nezibalo zango-2014. Imfuno yemikhiqizo iyawa - ezimweni eziningi ngenxa yentshisekelo yomthengi kwezinye iziphuzo.

Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kuze kube ngu-2020, ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi kungase kuwele ngo-11%, okungama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-15,9. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunesidingo sokubizwa ngokuthi "ubisi lwemifino" e-States. Kuze kube manje, ivolumu yokuthengisa yesiphuzo esinjalo ngu-$ 2 billion.

Ngokuqondene nenkomo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2014 futhi kwehle ngo-19%. Ngokusho kwe-CattleFax, inkampani emele, ngo-2015 kwakukhona cishe ama-kg angu-25 enyama ngayinye ngabathengi, kanti ngo-2005 lesi sibalo sasiyi-30 kg. Kubikezelwa ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2018, ukusetshenziswa kwenkomo yenkomo kuyodlula ku-26 kg umuntu ngamunye. Ukukhiqizwa kwenkomo yonyaka wonke kuhlala kuzinzile. Isidingo somhlaba jikelele se-US sisanda, futhi iningi lemikhiqizo yokukhiqizwa ithunyelwa.

Hlola izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zezinkomo zobisi.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinkomo ezidumile eMelika?

Zonke izinhlobo zezinkomo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: ubisi, inyama nenyama kanye nobisi. Abamele bohlobo ngalunye bahluke ngemingcele, ngaphandle, izinkomba zokukhiqiza, njll. E-United States of America, izinhlobo eziningi zokuhamba ngezinyawo ziye zathandwa kakhulu.

I-Ayrshire

Inkomo yase-Ayrshire ibhekisela ezilwaneni zobisi. Lezi zinhlobo zakhiwe e-XVIII, eScotland, nase-Ayr County. Njengesizathu sezakhi zofuyo lwe-Ishir, kwakunezinkomo nezinkomo zomlando wangaphakathi, lapho umvuthwandaba wayo wawugeleza igazi lezihlobo zaseDutch no-Alderney. Uhlobo lwaluthola isimo sakhe esisemthethweni ngo-1862. Incazelo yangaphandle Izinkomo zase-Ayrshire zinezi:

• okulinganiselwe, isisekelo somthethosisekelo;
• emuva;
• imilenze emifushane enamandla;
• Inhloko ephakathi, okuyizimpondo ezisontekile.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinkomo ze-Ayrshire.

Izinwele ezimfushane nezinhle zenkomokazikazi inombala omuhle kakhulu we-motley, lapho izindawo ezibomvu ezibomvu zivela ngaphandle kwesizinda esimhlophe. Ngokuphakama okuphakathi kuka-125 cm, isisindo sezilwane sifinyelela: abesifazane - 480 kg, izinkunzi - 700-800 kg.

Izimfanelo ezikhiqizayo Imikhiqizo yobisi ayikona nje inombolo enkulu kuphela, kodwa futhi ikhwalithi ephakeme kakhulu ngenxa yenani eliphansi lamaseli ombele, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuhle kwamafutha. Inani lenyama liyanelisa.

1. Isivuno sonyaka Inkomo yase-Ayrshire iyakwazi ukukhiqiza u-5 000 kg ubisi ngonyaka.
2. I-Milk Fat ihluka kusuka ku-4% kuya ku-4.3%, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kuyahluka kusuka ku-3.3% kuye ku-3.5%.
3. Ukuqhathaniswa kwamantombazane pretty esheshayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1.5 bangafakwa. Amathole enkomo azalwa enesisindo esingama-25-30 kg, kodwa athola isisindo ngokushesha futhi angandisa izinyathelo zabo ngesisindo se-10 ngaphezu konyaka owodwa.
4. Ukuphuma ekuhlatshweni inyama - cishe 50%.

I-Holstein (Holstein-Friesian)

Umholi ekuthandweni e-United States yi-breeder yaseHolstein, eyadalwa enyakatho yezwe. Okhokho bakhe yizinkomo ezimnyama nezomhlophe, ezavela kuqala emazweni aseYurophu futhi zalethwa eMelika phakathi nekhulu le-XIX.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinkomo zeHolstein.

Ngenxa yeminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi wabalimi ngokuthuthukiswa kohlobo, lapho bebona khona izimfanelo ezivelele kakhulu, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkomo, okuthiwa iHolstein noma i-Holstein Frisian, zakhiwe.

Incazelo yangaphandle Kulula kakhulu ukubona inkomo yaseHolstein, ngoba ibonakala ngezici zangaphandle:

• i-trunk inomumo ohlotshisiwe;
• umbala omnyama nomotley;
• amahlombe aqinile futhi anamandla;
• udder lukhulu kodwa hhayi ukugwedla, nge-veins kahle.

Isisindo sowesifazane omdala sifinyelela ku-600-700 kg, owesilisa - 900-1000 kg. Ukuphakama lapho kubuna khona: yizinsikazi 145-150 cm, inkunzi - 160 cm. Izimfanelo ezikhiqizayo

Izinkomba zezinkomo zeHolstein zixhomeke kakhulu ekunakekelweni, ekugcinweni, ekudleni nasezimo zezulu:

1. Isivuno sonyaka Ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane uyakwazi ukukhiqiza ngonyaka kusukela ku-6500 kuya ku-9000 kg ubisi, kodwa, ngokudala izimo ezilula zokugcina, kanye nokuqinisekisa izinga eliphakeme, elincithakalo lamavithamini namaminerali ekudleni, ungafinyelela ubisi isivuno sika-10,000 kg
2. I-Milk Fat I-Burenka i-3-3.6%, futhi okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kungu-3-3.2%.
3. Ukuhlatshwa inyama. Izinkomo zaseHolstein ziyinkulu phakathi kwabameleli bemikhiqizo yobisi. Abantu abesilisa bangafinyelela izinsimbi ezifika ku-1250 kg, kanti abesifazane, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, bangafinyelela ku-1000 kg. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivuno sezinkomo sokuhlatshwa singama-52-56%. Ikhwalithi yenyama inhle.

Uyazi? Umholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni ubisi ngonyaka ube yinkomo yenhlobo ye-holstein. Ngo-1983, ngezinsuku ezingu-305, sakwazi ukudla ubisi obisi-25,000 kg. Njengoba kunikezwe umthamo wobisi, okuqukethwe kwawo okunamafutha kwakungaphansi kwejwayelekile, futhi kwaba ngu-2.8%.

Isi-Dutch

Lezi zinkomo, naphezu kwegama lazo, zadalwa yi-USA kusuka ku-U. Cheney eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu edlule. Isici sabo esihlukanisayo siwumbala omnyama newomotley onemivimbo emhlophe ehlezi ngemuva kwamahlombe kanye nangaphambi kwe-macklock.

Incazelo yangaphandle Inkomo yaseDutch inayo:

• ikhanda elikhulu elomile elinempondo ende;
• umzimba omkhulu;
• uhlelo lwe-muscular kahle;
• umzimba wezinga elilingene;
• amahlombe abanzi kanye ne-sacrum enkulu.

Isisindo esijwayelekile senkunzi sifinyelela ku-900 kg, izinkomo - 550 kg. Ithole lizalelwa ngesisindo esilinganiselwa ku 35-40 kg. Ukuphakama lapho kubuna khona kuyinto 132.5 cm, esikhwameni - 132.4 cm.

Kubalulekile! Izinkomo zaseDutch zithandwa kakhulu ngokuqukethwe nokudla, ngakho ukuntuleka kwezimo ezifanele kungathinta kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwesilwane.

Abamele isizwe samaDashi bangaziqhayisa kakhulu ukukhiqiza ubisi waminyaka yonke kanye nezinkomba zenyama:

1. Isivuno sonyaka Ngokwesilinganiso - kusuka ku-4,000 kuya ku-5 500 kg ubisi.
2. I-Milk Fat futhi amaprotheni amandla elilingana no-38-4.1% no-3.3-3.5% ngokulandelanayo.
3. Precocity ekuqaleni Isikhathi sokuqala sokusakaza abesifazane kwenzeka enyangeni eyizinyanga ezingu-14-18.
4. Ukuhlatshwa inyama - ngaphakathi kwama-52-60%.

Galloway

Izinkomo zaseGallowi ziyizinhlobo zenyama. Ziye zanda kakhulu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu ye-United States. Indawo yokuzalwa yaseGallowayers yisifunda saseScotland saseGalloway, lapho umsebenzi wekhulu le-18 owaqala khona ekuzaleni inyama entsha.

Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukuthi ufunde ukuthi ingakanani inkomo ejwayelekile enesisindo nokuthi isisindo sincike yini, nokuthi ungathola kanjani isisindo sesilwane ngaphandle kwezici.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, izilwane zathunyelwa eCanada nase-USA, lapho umsebenzi osebenzayo waqala ukuthuthukisa ukwanda nokudala inqwaba yezinkomo zaseGallouvean.

Incazelo yangaphandle

Namuhla, abameleli balezi zinhlobo bangahlukaniswa yi:

• ijazi elimnyama elibomvu elibomvu eliphethe "ibhande" elimhlophe;
• amathambo aqinile;
• i-torso ehlangene;
• ikhanda elifushane elifushane entanyeni encane encane;
• ukungabi khona kwezimpondo.

Inyama yenkomo yaseGallowi ithambile, iyamanzi, inephunga elimnandi futhi liqukethe inani elikhulu lezakhi eziwusizo.

1. Isivuno sonyaka Umsebenzi wezilwane ezilwaneni azikhuliswa kahle, ngonyaka unika inkomo engaphezu kuka-1500 kg.
2. I-Milk Fat liphakeme futhi lilingana no-4%. Amandla amaprotheni avela ku-3.6% kuya ku-4%.
3. Ukuvusa abesifazane isilinganiso futhi uqala ezinyangeni ezingu-33.
4. Ukuhlatshwa inyama. Ukwanda kwesisindo esibukhoma, okuxhomeke ekudleni nasezimweni zokuboshwa, kuyahlukahluka ku-800 g kuya ku-1.1 kg. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinyangeni ezingu-15, inqwaba yezinkunzi zilingana no-400-430 kg, isivuno sokubulala siphakeme kakhulu - 58-62%.

Jersey

Olunye uhlobo lwezinkomo zobisi yi-Jersey, ukuzaliswa kwesintu okubophezelekile kubalimi besiNgisi. Igama lezilwane ezitholakala egameni lesiqhingi saseJersey, esise-English Channel.

Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinkomo zeJersey.

Eminyakeni yokuqala yokutholakala kwezilwane, iziphathimandla zendawo zazinqabela ukuba zithumele ngaphandle ukuze zigweme ukuwela nezinye izilwane futhi zilondoloze uhlobo oluhlanzekile. Emiphakathini yezolimo, lolu hlobo lwalulondolozwe kuphela ngo-1872. Incazelo yangaphandle

Izici ezihlukile zohlobo lweJersey ziyi:

• umzimba omude, okwakunokulinganisela onemuva ebuyisiwe;
• ikhanda eliphakathi elikhanyayo;
• intamo emincane enezinhlanzi eziningi;
• ubude obukhulu, obombele indebe;
• Umbala wesilwane ubomvu noma umnyama omnyama, ngokuvamile engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba kungathathwa indawo yamhlophe.

Ukukhula ekugcineni kwe-artiodactual kungaba ngu-120 cm. Isisindo esibukhoma sezinkunzi siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-600 kuya ku-750 kg, kwabesifazane - 400-450 kg

Sincoma ukufunda mayelana nokuthi imishini yokudoba ingcono yini izinkomo.

Izimfanelo ezikhiqizayo

Ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwayo, i-Jersey freenka iyakwazi ukujabulisa ngisho nabalimi abadinga kakhulu:

1. Isivuno sonyaka Phakathi nonyaka unikeza uketshezi olungaphezu kuka 4,000 kg, kodwa ngokucophelela ungathola u-11 000 kg.
2. I-Milk Fat ephezulu futhi ezimweni ezingavamile ukuthi ingaphansi kwama-5%, ama-5.5-6%, angafinyelela ku-7%. Futhi imikhiqizo iqukethe amaphesenti amakhulu amaprotheni.
3. Precocity eside, kakade eneminyaka yobudala, inkoma iyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithole elinesisindo esingama-22-25 kg lizalwa ngenkathi kukhonjiswa.
4. Ukuhlatshwa inyama esincane kakhulu, esichazwa ngokuzikhandla kobisi oluqinile, futhi ngu-50-54%.

Shorthorn

Uhlobo lwezinkomo lwe-Shorthorn lwalubizwa ngegama ngenxa yobuncane bezimpondo zabo - amagama athi "uphondo oluncane" ngesiNgisi luzwakala kanje. Indawo okuzalwa kuyo yiNgilandi, lapho yayidalwa khona ngekhulu le-XVIII, ngenxa yokuwela kwezinkabi zenkomo nezinkomo zezinhlanga zaseDutch. Kamuva, izilwane zahlala e-United States naseCanada.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuzalwa kwezinkomo.

Incazelo yangaphandle

Izici ezihlukile zangaphandle zohlobo lwe-Shorthorn yizi:

• umgqomo, kunalokho unamandla, ububanzi, nesimungulu esithuthukile;
• ikhanda elincane elomile;
• intamo emfushane.
• izitho ezinamandla nezifushane;
• udder lobukhulu obuphakathi;
• uboya obukhulu obomvu, ovame ukungena emigqeni;
• Iningi lezilwane linombala obomvu, obomvu-motley; ungathola futhi abantu abamhlophe nabomvu.

Ukuphakama kwezinkomo ekubundeni kuyisisindo esingu-128-130 cm. Isisindo esibukhoma senkomo siyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-700-950 kg, abesifazane - 550-750 kg. Ngokunakekelwa kahle, isisindo sezilwane singafinyelela ku-1300 kg no-800 kg, ngokulandelana.

Izimfanelo ezikhiqizayo Njengoba ubuhlanga bungokwesigaba senyama, angeke ujabule ngezici zayo ezikhiqizayo kakhulu ngobisi.

1. Isivuno sonyaka Izinkomba zonyaka ezijwayelekile ziyi-2500-3000 kg.
2. I-Milk Fat amabanga kusuka ku-3.8% kuya ku-3.9%.
3. Ukuhlatshwa inyama phakathi kwabameleli be-shorthorn liphakeme kakhulu kunelominye imikhakha, futhi liba ngu-75-80%. Kulesi simo, ithole lizalwa ngesisindo sika 25-35 kg, kodwa kakade ezinyangeni ezingu-18 isisindo sayo sibe ngu-600 kg. Ukuthola ngosuku kungu-1-1,2 kg.

Kubalulekile! Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwalolu hlobo kuyinkimbinkimbi ephansi, okuye kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuthi inani lemfuyo liye lancipha kakhulu namhlanje.

Schwycka

Izinkomo zohlobo lweSwitzerland, inyama kanye nobisi, zihlukaniswa nobuhle babo obukhethekile nobuhle. Izwe labo liyi-Alps eSwitzerland, kanti lo mfuyo yizinkomo ezimfushane ezihlala kuleli zwe iminyaka eminingi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umbala futhi kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo, ababelethi bakhetha abameleli abakhulu abahlukaniswe ubisi oluphakeme nobisi lwezinyama. Izilwane zafika eMelika ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

Uyazi? Izindebe zaseSwitzkie zinezinhlamvu ezihamba phambili. Ezimweni eziningi azivumeli ukusebenzisa ukukhanda ubisi ukukhanda umshini, kodwa ukhetha izandla zomuntu. Futhi bathanda uthando nomzimba omncane we-udder ngaphambi kokubamba.

Izinkomo zikaShvitskie zihluke kakhulu kakhulu, ubukhulu obuhle. Zifanele futhi zilinganiselwe. Unayo:

• umzimba omude ode;
• imisipha enhle kakhulu;
• amahlombe aqinile;
• intamo enamandla;
• ikhanda elomile eliphakathi;
• umkhumbi omkhulu ezinezigaba ezine ezithuthukile.

Izilwane zinemilenze efanele futhi zime ngokuqinile ezinyaweni zazo. Owesifazane omdala unesisindo esingama-500-800 kg, inkunzi - 1100 kg.

Izimfanelo ezikhiqizayo

Izinkomba kokubili ubisi nobisi zisezingeni eliphakeme:

1. Isivuno sonyaka Ngokuba unyaka wesifazane ungatholakala kusuka ku-4 500 kuya ku-10 000 kg ubisi.
2. I-Milk Fat Ngokwesilinganiso, kufinyelela ku-4%, futhi okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kungu-3.2-3.6%.
3. I-precocity yabesifazane lide kakhulu.
4. Ukuhlatshwa inyama - cishe 50-60% futhi incike ekuziphatheni kwabantu, isisindo nobudala. Njengomthetho, ithole lilinganisa 35-40 kg emva kokuzalwa. Ngemuva konyaka wokudla okunomsoco, isisindo saso singaba ngu-250 kg. Ezinyangeni ezingu-18, isisindo sesilwane sifinyelela ku-350-370 kg. Lapho ukwandisa ukunyuka kwansuku zonke kulingana no-800-1000 g.

Izinkomo zokubeletha ibhizinisi elinenzuzo, kokubili ekhaya nasemkhakheni wezimboni, abalimi abafuywayo kumele banakekele izinhlanga ezithandwayo nabangane babo basezilwandle.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane zivumelane kahle nezimo ezihlukahlukene, zanda futhi zikhule ngokushesha. Futhi ungathola kubo hhayi kuphela ubisi obuphilile, kodwa futhi nesinambitheka, esinomsoco, inyama yokudla.