Birch ngumuthi ogcwele kakhulu enyakatho yezwe. Izizwe eziningi zazihlanganisa izinkolelo zabo nabankulunkulu bazo, ezisetshenziselwa ukuphila kwansuku zonke nokuphilisa. Kuyini lokhu okushiwo yizizwe ezisenyakatho, ukuthi kubonakala kanjani, yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu futhi ukuthi i-birch isetshenziselwa kanjani emakhaya nasemithi - lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngokuqhubekayo.
Okubukeka sengathi: incazelo yezinto eziphilayo
Izihlahla ezincane ezimhlophe ezinamabala amnyama, amaqabunga aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amagatsha aguquguqukayo - ama-birch enkundleni yasenyakatho ayinzima ukuthola.
I-Birch iyisihlahla esinamasongo amaningi, hlola ama-10.
Bark
Umbala wamagxolo ezinhlobo eziningi ze-birch ulula - kusuka ophuzi kuze kube obomvu obomvu. Kukhona izihlahla ezinegreen elimnyama nelomhlophe. Umuthi omhlophe ubukeka sengathi ungenxa ye-betulin - izinto ezingxenyeni zomgodla wamagxolo; zigcwalisa zonke izikhala kulolu hlu. Ingqimba engaphezulu kakhulu yamagxolo, okuthiwa i-birch, imincane kakhulu futhi ihlukaniswe kalula nesiqu.
Amahlamvu
AmaSpredishithi aqinile, emagatsheni ahlanganiswa ngenye indlela, anesigqebhezana esiyindilinga esinezintathu, avuliwe esisekelo futhi agxile emaphethelweni, aphethwe. Ekwindla bashintsha umbala ophuzi bese bewa. Amaqabunga amancane agcwele i-gummy substance.
Ngomzamo wokuhlobisa isakhiwo sakho ngomuthi onjalo omuhle futhi owusizo, kubalulekile ukwazi inqubo ye-birch ekhulayo nezinhlobonhlobo zayo ezinamathele.
Izinso, amacici abesilisa nabesifazane
Izinso zingenye, ezihlanganiswe nezikali zokunamathisela.
Izimbali zihlukaniswe zaba abesilisa nabesifazane. Indoda, eyakhiwe yi-inflorescences, efana namacici, ikhula ngamahlumela amade amabili noma amane. Ekuqaleni ziluhlaza, kuze kube ngu-4 cm ubude, bese ziqala ukunyama.
Amacici anezimbali ezigcwele izikali; embali ngayinye kukhona i-perianth enezinhlamvu. Ihlanganiswe nge-resin, ivikela iziqhumane kusuka emswakeni, izimbali eziphezu kwezinhlobo ze-winter and spring ziqala ukuvula.
Entwasahlobo, kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, izimbali ziphuma impova eqhutshwa umoya, emva kwalokho amacici awela.
Uyazi? Izihlahla ze-birch ziyindoda - "birch" futhi birch wesifazane. Ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokuqondene nokukhula kwamagatsha - amagatsha wesilisa aqondiswa phezulu, owesifazane - ohlangothini.
Amacici wesifazane avela emaphethelweni amagatsha amancane avela kusukela ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amancane kunamadoda. Zombili izimbali zesilisa nezinsikazi ziyaqhakaza ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ngemuva kokufaka umanyolo, indlebe yesifazane iyanda, ingaba nomlenze; kancane kancane indlebe iphenduke ibe "inhlama" encane. Lapho izithelo zivuthiwe, i-earring izonyuka.
Isithelo
Isithelo yi-nutlet, i-oblate ezinhlangothini zombili futhi izungezwe izinambuzane ezincane.
Imbewu
Imbewu ye-Birch ilula - igramu eyodwa iqukethe imbewu engama-5,000. Zithwalwa kahle umoya. Yehla ezinyathelweni ezimbili - ekwindla nasebusika. Imbewu yasebusika ihlala kahle ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi iqala ukuhluma entwasahlobo endaweni entsha.
Uhlelo lomsuka
Uhlelo lwempande lunamandla futhi luhlanganiswe, ngokuvamile luya enhlabathini. Ngezinye izikhathi kunezimpande eziphezulu. Ukushiya phansi izimpande zaxoshwa ngokujulile, zigcwele izimpande eziningi ezincane ezithandekayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo sezimpande, ngonyaka wesithathu noma wesine wokuthuthukiswa, umuthi uqala ukukhula ngokushesha futhi ngenkuthalo.
Thola ukuthi yiziphi izici ezihambisana nama-acacias, ama-beeches, ama-elms, ama-hornbeam, ama-oki, ama-lindens, ama-alders, imithi yomlotha, i-ailanthas, i-vurvets, izihlahla ze-sausage, i-ginkgo biloba, i-glades, i-paulownias, i-catalps, i-chestnuts, i-eucalyptus.
Iphi i-birch ekhula khona
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo kubangela izihlahla ze-birch ezihlala enyakatho yezwe. Lezi zihlahla zihlala kahle kakhulu e-Arctic Circle nasezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia.
Ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kubangelwa ukungahloniphi kwabo ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi - basinda kokubili endaweni ehamba phambili ngemuva kwe-Arctic Circle nasezindaweni zezintaba, kanti izihlahla ze-birch eziphilayo ezinomdlandla zikhula ngokugcwele kule tundra.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko
Ayikho imibono eqondile neyomfaniswano ngenani lezinhlobo zezihlahla; Iningi lama-botanists liyavuma ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 zezinhlobo ze-Birch emhlabeni. Zonke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane:
- Alba - lokhu kufaka phakathi izihlahla ze-birch ezine-trunk elula.
- I-Costata - izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga e-ribbed namaqabunga amabi.
- Acuminata - izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ezikhula kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo.
- Nana - izihlahla nezihlahla ezinemibala.
- I-Fluffy (i-pubescent) - ikhula ngamamitha angu-25, isakazeke ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho zeYurophu naseMelika, ikhetha umhlaba wamaxhaphozi.
- I-Warty (hung) - Ukuphakama ngamamitha angu-25-30, amagxolo emithi emincane ibumnyama, kepha lapho eneminyaka engu-10-11 ithola umbala omhlophe. Amagatsha anesici sokugqoka futhi ahlanganiswe ne-resin ehamba phambili.
- Amatshe (Herman) - i-birch ehlala isikhathi eside, iphila iminyaka engaba ngu-400. Ikhula emaqeleni nase-tundra yase-Asia. Ukungavikeleki kwamakhaza, ukungahlambuluki emanzini, okunciphisa kahle emhlabathini ophansi.
- I-Cherry (enhle noma enhle) - Igxolo elimnyama, cishe njenge-cherry, linamakha elimnandi. Iyakhathaza kakhulu, ngakho-ke cishe ayitholakali enyakatho, ivela eNyakatho Melika.
- Isisindo - mfushane, shrub esikhundleni somuthi. Ikhula ezindaweni ezihlala ezintabeni nasezintabeni.
- Karelian - ngokuvamile izihlahla eziphansi ezikhula emahlathini asenyakatho yeFinland naseKarelia. Izihlahla ezinamagatsha namagatsha aphikisiwe anesibonelo esingavamile, okuyisikhumbuzo semabula. Izinkuni eziyigugu kakhulu.
Ezinye izici
Kunezinye izici ezihlukanisa i-birch ezivela kwezinye izihlahla ezihlukahlukene futhi zenze zibe zikhulu emahlathini. Ngakho-ke, yilo muthi oba ngowokuqala endaweni engenalutho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuwa, ukushayisana, noma ukuphuma.
Ukuphakama okulinganiselwe, ibhande le-trunk
Ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ukuphakama kwe-trunk kufinyelela ku-30 m. Ezinye izibonelo zikhula zibe ngamamitha angu-40-45. Kukhona amancane, ukuphakama kwawo akudluli kwamamitha amathathu.
Izihlahla ezivame kakhulu ne-trunk ibhande kuze kube ngu-150 cm.
Izinga lokukhula
Ekuqaleni, i-birch ikhula kancane kancane. Kodwa emva kweminyaka emithathu noma emine, isimo siyashintsha futhi ukukhula kusebenza. Ngenxa yokukhula okuphakeme, izilwane ezincane zingakwazi ukuncintisana ngotshani olukhula ngokushesha.
Uyazi? Ezikhathini ezahlukene zemikhosi nezinkolo zenkolo, i-birch ihlala endaweni ebalulekile - amaCelts angcwaba abafayo ngezigqoko ezenziwe ngezihlahla ze-birch, futhi ngama-Orthodoxy, ama-birch amahlumela ahlobisa izindawo zokuhlala nezethempelini emkhosini woZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele.
Ukuphila
Ukuphila okujwayelekile kwe-birch kungu-100-150 iminyaka. Kukhona izihlahla ezihlala iminyaka engu-300-400.
Ukuphikiswa kwe-Frost
Izinhlobo eziningi zibekezelela isimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu samandla ajwayelekile. Abanye basinda ngisho nase-Arctic, emazingeni aphezulu aphansi. Kukhona okufana ne-birch birch nomfula we-birch, ongenakubekezelela ukushisa futhi ukhetha isimo sezulu esishisayo ngewubusi obumnene.
Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali
Izingxenye ezihlukene zomuthi zicebile ngezakhi ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ezithatha izindawo zazo eziwusizo nokubukeka.
Bark
Cishe zonke izinhlobonhlobo zamagxolo, i-betulin ikhona - i-pigment ebomvu elimhlophe eyenza igxolo libe umbala omhlophe. Okuqukethwe kwe-betulin kuyahluka kusuka ku-5 ukuya kuma-44%, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomuthi.
Izinso
Izinhlamvu ze-Birch ziqukethe i-tar, i-alkaloids, i-vitamin C, i-flavonoids nama-fatty acids. Amafutha abalulekile nawo akhona.
Amahlamvu
Amaqabunga acebile ngamafutha abalulekile, izidakamizwa ze-dammaran, ama-coumarins, ama-tanins nama-flavonoids.
Ungayisebenzisa kanjani
Izihlahla ze-Birch ziye zathola ukusetshenziswa kwazo emisebenzini yezomnotho yabantu, umkhuba wezokwelapha kanye nokuklama.
Zijwayeze ngezakhiwo ezizuzisayo ze-birch ne-birch efihlekile.
Emklamo wezwe
Emklamo we-landscape, izihlahla ze-birch zisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amachibi, ama-alleys kanye nokwakha izingqungquthela zeqembu ngama-conifers. Izinhlobo ezingavamile ziyasetshenziswa njengezitshalo ezisemqoka zesayithi.
Kubalulekile! Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-birch inomthelela omubi kakhulu ezitshalweni eziningi, njengoba ikhula futhi ikhula ngokushesha, ichithe inhlabathi ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlamvu awo avuthiwe avimbela izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo.
In beekeeping
Izinyosi ziqoqa i-birch impova hhayi ngokuzithandela. Kodwa i-resin enamathela emagqabeni kanye namagxolo ngumthombo omuhle we-propolis - into ebalulekile ye-bee swarm.
Emithi yokwelapha
Abahlengikazi nabaqambi bemithi bayasebenzisa i-birch emithini yabo. Izimali ezisekelwe kuso ziphilisa amanxeba, ziqede ukuvuvukala, zikhulule umkhuhlane, ziyi-diuretic ehle kakhulu. Futhi wonke umuntu wezwa nge-bathhouse ngama-birch amahlumela - ngakho-ke okhokho bethu baphatha ukushisa, amanxeba nezifo zesikhumba, ukukhathala okukhishiwe.
Kubalulekile! Imikhiqizo yaseBirch ingaba yingozi kubantu abanesifo sezinso, ngakho kufanele basebenzise ngokuqapha.
Izinkuni
Izinkuni Kusukela kulo muthi banikeza ukushisa okuningi futhi bashise isikhathi eside - lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezinhle zokushisa izitofu.
Thola ukuthi yiziphi izinkuni ezingcono.
Akufanelekile njengezinto zokwakha - iqala ukubola futhi iwele ngefungi ngokushesha, kodwa kuyinto enhle yefenisha nemisebenzi yezandla ezehlukene. I-birlian ye-Karelian ne-texture yayo engavamile yokhuni iyaziswa ngokukhethekile.
Birch yenza skis enhle futhi eqinile, butts izikhali, amathoyizi; Ibuye ifanele njengento eluhlaza yokwenza i-plywood.
I-Cap - ukwakheka emathuneni - isebenza njengento enhle ekwenzeni amabhokisi amancane, amacala okubhema, izinkumbulo ezihlukahlukene. 
I-Tar
I-Tar - lokhu yi-liquid etholakalayo ngesikhathi i-pyrolysis yezinkuni. I-birch tar iqukethe iparafini, i-creosote, i-toluene, ne-tar. Yayikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi eMbusweni waseRussia, ithunyelwa futhi yaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi "amafutha aseRussia".
Yayisetshenziswa njengendlela yokulondolozwa embonini yesikhumba ukuze ivikeleke ekubolekeni nalapho yenza isithambile (lesikhumba esithambile), njengendlela yokugcoba izingxenye zokhuni, kufaka phakathi amasondo, ukuvikelwa ezinambuzaneni nasezinambuzane ensimini.
Ama-balsams kaVishnevsky noWilkinson, kanye ne-soap soap, yadalwa ngesisekelo se-tar. Emithi yezilwane, ama-lichen kanye namanxeba ezilwaneni ziphathwa nge-tar, futhi ama-hoove ezinkomo namahhashi aphathwa.
Uyazi? Ekuhumusheni, igama lesi-Icelandic elithi Bjork lisho ukuthi "Birch".
Beresta
Beresta - Lona ungqimba oluncane lwe-birch bark. I-Beresta yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhathini zasendulo - njengento yokwakha izindlu nazo zonke izinto. Benza izitsha zokuzenzela okuvela kuso - u-tesa kanye namabhasikidi. Yayisetshenziswe i-birch kanye nezinto zokubhala.
Manje i-birchwood isebenza njengezinto zokuqedela ukwenza umdwebo wezandla ezihlukahlukene - izingalo zemimese, imikhumbuzo, imikhiqizo yabantu abanamakhono.
Ukukhuluma nge-birch, kufanele kukhunjulwe, inhlanzi noma i-birch fungus igaxaza emthini womuthi, izindawo zokuphulukisa ezaziwa kabanzi.
Ijusi
Lapho kuqala ukugeleza kokushisa emva kokusalaza nangaphambi kokuphuza, izihlahla zikhiqiza isitshalo esakhiweni samagatsha okuphuka noma kusukela ekusikeni esihlahleni - isilawuli esicacile, esifanele ukuphuza. Kusuka komuthi owodwa ngosuku uthole 2-3 amalitha of ijusi.
Birch sap ocebile amavithamini eqembu B. Ijusi eliqoqwe lidla njengesiphuzo esizimele, noma silungiselela iziphuzo ezihlukahlukene ngokusekelwe kulo - iwayini, isiraphu, i-kvass.
Thola lapho i-birch iqoqwa futhi iwusizo.
Ngakho-ke, i-birch ayiyona nje isihlahla esasakazeke futhi esihle, futhi siyasiza kakhulu kubantu. Akumangalisi ukuthi izinkolelo nezinkolelo eziningi zihlobene ne-birch, futhi abantu abaningi abasenyakatho bamkhulekela njengonkulunkulukazi. Futhi nanamuhla iyaqhubeka nokuletha abantu inzuzo.
Ividiyo: amaqiniso amangalisayo mayelana ne-birch
