Uma utshala isitshalo esithile, akufanele unakekele izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zenhlabathi esetshenzisiwe, ngoba ikhwalithi yesitshalo incike ekuzaleni kwayo. Sijwayele ukusebenzisa iziqu ezihlukahlukene, kepha bambalwa abantu bacabanga ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezingekho ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi. Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa lokhu ngeso, kodwa kudingekile ukwazi ngezici eziyinhloko ze-substrate - sizozihlaziya ngokuqhubekayo.
Izakhiwo zomhlabathi eziyisisekelo
Inhlabathi iyisistimu yonke enesigqi sayo sokuphila kanye nemithetho yentuthuko, ngakho akumangazi ukuthi kungase kube nezinto ezihluke kakhulu. Cabangela okuyinhloko.
Ukuzala
Ukuzala kwenhlabathi kuvame ukuqondwa ngokuthi isethi yonke yezindawo zayo nezinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwezinqubo ezifaka ekukhuleni okujwayelekile nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. I-substrate equkethe inani elikhulu lezakhi ezinomsoco libhekwa njengelivundile, phakathi kwe-nitrogen, i-potassium, i-magnesium, ithusi, i-phosphorus, isulfure, kanti-ke, ama-humus kufanele ahlonishwe ngokukhethekile (kuze kufike ku-10% enhlabathini enhle).
Funda indlela yokuthuthukisa inhlabathi yokuzala.Zonke lezi zakhi zihlobene kakhulu, ngakho akufanele umangale uma ukungabi nalutho komunye noma ukwephulwa kwanoma iyiphi inqubo kubangela ushintsho kubo bonke abanye. Kusukela esikhathini esidlule, umuntu uhlola ikhwalithi yomhlabathi kusukela ekubukeni kokuzala, okukhomba ubuningi besitshalo kanye nobuhle bezitshalo zokuhlobisa.
Uyazi? Inhlabathi yiyona yesibili yokugcina isitoreji carbon, enikeza indawo yokuqala olwandle.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhi
Ukwakhiwa kwama-mechanism kungenye impahla ebaluleke kakhulu evumela ukuthi ilandele inhlabathi ethile ehlukahlukene. Ngokubanzi, lo mqondo ubhekisela ekubunjweni noma ekubunjweni kwe-substrate, okwakhiwa kwezigidi zezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezihlukile. 
Leli nani liboniswa njengephesenti yesisindo somhlabathi owomile ngokuphelele. Izici zokwakhiwa kwemishini azisekelwe kuphela ezimeni zokuqala zedwala lomzali, kodwa futhi nemingcele yezinqubo zokubunjwa kwenhlabathi, okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi ngaphakathi.
Izakhiwo zomzimba
Ukwakhiwa kwamangqamuzana ngokuqondile kuthinta izakhiwo zomzimba zenhlabathi, njengokungathi amanzi aphezulu (noma ubukhulu), i-porosity, amandla okumswakama. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, zonke ziyizici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni kwesayithi lapho utshala izitshalo. Ngolwazi oluthe xaxa ngalezi zimpawu kanye nokuxhumana kwabo sizokhuluma ngokuqhubekayo.
Sincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana nezinhlobo zemhlabathi enehlelo lomanyolo kubo.
Yini enquma ukuzala futhi indlela yokwandisa ngayo
Yiqiniso, kunoma yimuphi umlimi wezolwandle noma ohlala ehlobo, okhulisa izitshalo ezihlukahlukene esiqhingini sakhe, okokuqala kuyoba ukwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi, okumele kwandise inani lemvelo elikhulile. Cabanga ngezici eziyinhloko zokulondolozwa kwenhlabathi nezindlela zokufeza umphumela oyifunayo. 
Izinto zokuzala
Ngezici zokuzala, siyaqonda konke inani lamanzi, umoya, ukushisa, izakhi zezitshalo nezitshalo ezithinta ngqo ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlelwa kwezimo ezifanele zokuzala kufaka indlela edidiyelwe yokuhlinzeka izitshalo ngezidingo ezidingekayo zokukhula kubo.
Kuyothakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi ibaluleke kangakanani ezitshalweni, indlela yokunquma ukuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi isayithi, nokuthi ungayikhipha kanjani inhlabathi.Izinto eziyinhloko ezinjalo zihlanganisa:
- inani lamanzi emhlabathini;
- imvula kanye nokuchelela (ukwanda kwe-sodium kungakhuthaza isivuno);
- ukubaluleka kokushisa okuphelele komswakama, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwanda kwenani lamanzi unyaka wonke;
- izinga elanele lezakhi.
Uyazi? Inqubo yokwakheka kwenhlabathi iyashesha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-0.5-2 cm kuphela kwendawo engenawo umhlabathi kuthatha cishe ikhulu.
Izindlela zokwandisa ukuzala
Izimo ezibaluleke kunazo zonke, lapho kuzokhulelwa khona, kufaka izinga lokushisa, izakhi, umthombo wamanzi, i-biochemical, i-physico-amakhemikhali, usawoti kanye nemibuso ye-redox. 
Izici zezinye zazo zingathonywa ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuhlelwa kwezitshalo ezikwazi ukutshala izitshalo ngokutshala izitshalo endaweni efanayo phakathi kwezinyanga ezinhlanu. Yilokho, noma yini okhulayo, kuhle ukuba ushintshe indawo yokukhula kwesiko njalo eminyakeni emihlanu.
- Ukuhlwanyela esakhiweni sezinto okuthiwa "izitshalo-abaphilisa", okuphakathi kwazo okuyinto ephawulekayo igalikhi, umhlonyane, isikhwama somalusi, isikhwama semifino.
- Priyvanivaya komhlaba. Sekuyisikhathi eside kusungulwe ukuthi ngokuqoqwa kwazo okukhulu, inhlabathi inikeza imibala ephakeme yesitshalo, okusho ukuba khona kwabo kuyisifiso esihle kakhulu (izinhlobo zeCalifornia zihlukaniswa nokugaya ukudla okwezinto ezihlukahlukene).
- Ukwenza ukwelashwa kokushisa ukubhubhisa zonke izinambuzane kanye nokhula. Ukulimala okuyinhloko kwalendlela kungenakwenzeka kokusebenzisa ezindaweni ezinkulu (okubaluleke kakhulu ezindlini zokugcina izithombo kanye nokugcina izithombo).
- Ngokuletha indaba engokwemvelo emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi umquba, umlotha kanye nomquba.
- Ngokwenza ukutshala okuhlangene kwezitshalo. Kanye nesitshalo esitshalwe, ochwepheshe batusa ukutshala "umakhelwane" ofanelekayo ozozesabisa izinambuzane futhi avimbele ukuchithwa kwe-substrate. Kule njongo, ungatshala i-basil, i-rosemary, i-chamomile, i-marigolds, okunye phakathi kwezinye izinto okuyokwenyuka kakhulu ezinyosi, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nomthelela ekuvuthweni kwezitshalo nokunyuka kwemifino yezitshalo.
Izinduna ezinhle kakhulu zenhlabathi ziyi-lupine, isithombo se-oilseed, i-oats, i-rye ne-phacelia.
- Ukuhlela ukuphumula ngezikhathi ezithile kwendawo ngayinye ehlukene yensimu. Ngokulimala okuvamile, okungaphazanyiswa kwezitshalo ezifanayo, noma yikuphi umhlabathi ukhathele, ngakho-ke unyaka okhethiwe kungcono ukutshala noma yini, ukwenza i-weeding kuphela, i-mulching ne-fertilizing. Lapho kufika ekwindla, bamba isakhiwo, bezama ukuhambisa ungqimba oluphezulu phansi.
- Ukutshala izitshalo ze-siderata lapho kukhona khona ukwanda okunamaprotheni, isitashi kanye ne-nitrogen. Kulesi simo, "izakhamuzi" ezifanele zesayithi lakho zizoba yi-oats, i-rye, lwesinaphi, i-sunflower. Zihlwanyelwa ikakhulu emva kokuvuna, nakuba kwezinye izimo zikhulelwa kanyekanye nezitshalo eziyinhloko.
Kulula kakhulu ukwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi evaliwe kunokuthola umphumela ofanayo endaweni evulekile, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi abalimi abaningi bahlomisa izindawo zokugcina izithombo kanye nama-hotbeds emasimini abo, banikeza ngemishini yokunisela nokuphuza umoya, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokushisa.Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nomphumela walo emhlabathini
Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko sesivele sichaze isici esinjalo somhlabathi njengokwakhiwa kwemishini, futhi manje sikhuthaza ukuba uqonde ngokuphelele izici zayo nokusatshalaliswa kwenhlabathi zibe yizilwane ngokuhambisana nalesi simo.
Iyini isakhiwo semishini
Esikhathini somhlaba kukhona izinhlayiya zohlobo oluhluke kakhulu: zombili zomatshe, izinsalela zamatshe nezinsimbi zamaminerali (ububanzi ngokuvamile zifinyelela ku-10-12 cm), futhi izakhi ezincane kakhulu ezingabonakali emehlweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngeke ubone ezinye zazo ngisho ne-microscope evamile, ngakho-ke, uma ufunda izingxube zomhlabathi kufanele usebenzise amadivaysi akhethekile kagesi. 
Izakhiwo ze-substrate, ingcebo yayo kanye nokuzala ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekulinganiseni kwalezi zingxenye, futhi uma wenza ukuhlaziywa komshini we-substrate, khona-ke singakwazi ukuyihlolisisa uhlobo oluthile: ubumba obungokwenyama (ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana cishe ngu-0.01 mm), isihlabathi somzimba ( izinhlayiyana zifinyelela ngobukhulu kusukela ku-0.01 kuya ku-1 mm), izingxenye ze-colloidal (0.0001 mm ngobukhulu). Cabanga ngezinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu zenhlabathi, ezikhethiwe ngesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwemishini.
Izinhlobo zehlabathi kuye ngokuthi zenziwe kanjani
Ngisho noma ungenayo imishini ekhethekile, futhi akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ngokubona ukuxuba kwenhlabathi, isakhiwo salo cishe sizobikwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo zokuxilonga (ezomile nezimanzi).
Clayey
Le substrate iqukethe ubumba obuhlanzekile obungama-50% futhi ibonakala ngezincazelo ezinjengokuthi "okuluhlaza", "okunamahloni", "okunzima", "okunamathelayo" kanye "okubandayo". Umhlabathi oshaya kancane kancane uvumele emanzini, uwugcine ebusweni, yingakho kungenakwenzeka ukuhlakulela isakhiwo: ubumba olumanzi lufaka amathuluzi engadini. 
Esimweni esomile, inhlabathi enzima kunzima ukugubha ngeminwe yakho, kodwa uma lokhu kusengenzeka, uthola umuzwa wokuthi unomphetho ofanayo ezandleni zakho. Uma ithola imanzi, iqala ukugoqa kabi, igoqa ngokuphelele entanjeni, futhi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ivumela ukuba yenze indandatho evela enhlabathini.
Sandy
Ngokuphambene nokuhluka okuqala, inhlabathi eyomile enhlabathi enhlabathini enomhlabathi ihlushwa kalula ngeminwe futhi esimweni esinjalo sivumela ukuba sibone izinhlamvu ezincane zesihlabathi sinamehlo. Uma umisa i-substrate bese uzama ukuyilayisha ngochungechunge, uthola ingxenye encane kuphela. Kulesi simo, kanye nobumba ekubunjweni kwe-substrate, isihlabathi sisekhona, okukhona okungaphezulu kwalokho (20% kuya ku-80%). 
Kubalulekile! Uma inani lesitshalo enhlabathini lidlula inani elibekiwe, izinga lehlabathi lonke lizokwehla.
Sandy
Inhlabathi enjalo yenziwa kuphela ngamabele asetsheni, enezela elincane lezinhlayiya zobumba noma uthuli. Lolu hlobo lwe-substrate aluhlelekile futhi alubonakaliswa ngezakhiwo ezigcizelelayo.
Loamy
Uma ugoqa u-loam owomile eminwe, uthola i-powder ecolekileyo enomhlabathi. Ngemuva kokumanzisa, ingafakwa ingcingo ephula uma uzama ukwakha indandatho. I-loam ekhanyayo ngeke ikuvumele ukuthi udale indandatho, futhi intambo izoqhekeka uma igoqa. Ama-substrates anamandla kakhulu avumela ukuthola indandatho ngokuphahlazeka. Izitshalo ze-Loamy zicebile ezimayini zamaminerali, futhi zinezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, aziphazamisi ukuhamba komswakama zibe zingxenyeni ezingezansi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukujikelezwa kwemvelo evamile.
Funda futhi mayelana nokuxuba, ukulima nokulimaza kwenhlabathi.Uma umhlaba uqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane zesihlabathi esinesihlabathi esikhulu, khona-ke kuwuhlobo oluphakeme. Ukuze unqume inani elilinganisiwe lalezi zinto, ungaqhuba isifundo sekhaya esincane. Thatha isampula yomhlabathi kusayithi lakho, uyibeke esitsheni ngamanzi bese uqhubezela ekutheni awuketshezi kakhulu. Kusukela kusixazululo esilandelayo, qala wenze ibhola, bese uzama ukuphulukisa i-harness.
Yiqiniso, kulokhu indima enkulu idlala ngumphumela wokugcina. Lokhu kungukuthi, uma ungatholi ibhola noma ihhashi, khona-ke kukhona isihlabathi phambi kwakho, futhi uma uphatha ukwakha ibhola, ungacabanga ukuthi kukhona khona i-lozenge. Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwe-harness kuphela i-loam kufanelekile, futhi uma ifakwa ibe ngendandatho, kungenzeka ukuthi ubumba kakhulu. Isiphetho sokugcina nesiphendule kakhulu mayelana nokubunjwa kwemishini yenhlanganisela yenhlabathi kungenziwa kuphela ngesisekelo semiphumela yokuhlola i-laboratory ngesikhathi se-laboratory.Ithonya lokubunjwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna okulandelayo
Okuncane noma okungaphezulu kokubumba kanye neshlabathi esihlabathini kuyohlale kuthinta ikhwalithi nobuningi besitshalo, ngakho-ke lapho ukhetha isayithi lokutshala izitshalo ezikhulile kubalulekile ukucabangela le nuance. Ngomhlabathi ocacile noma onhlabathi onesihlabathi, iningi lezitshalo ezijwayelekile zensimu ngeke kube lula uma zihlala phansi. Ukutshala emhlabathini we-loamy noma onesihlabathi kungaletha imiphumela emihle, kodwa awukwazi ukuqhathaniswa nomhlabathi omnyama, uhlolwe ngendaba ephilayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamaminerali.
Izakhiwo zomzimba zomhlabathi
Izakhiwo ezisemqoka zomhlabathi, okumele zihanjelwe kuqala, zinabantu kanye ne-porosity, futhi akukwazi ukusho ukuthi azikuthintana nganoma iyiphi indlela. I-denser inhlabathi, kancane kancane i-porosity yayo, ngakho-ke, amanzi amnandi, ukuphefumula emoyeni noma i-aeration ayikwazi ukukhuluma. Sizoqonda le ndaba ngokuseduze kakhulu. 
Ubuningi (ubuningi bomthamo)
Ubukhulu benhlabathi bubuningi beyunithi yevolumu, kubalwa amagremu ngamentimitha angu-cubic, noma inhlanganisela yomhlabathi eyomile ngokuphelele ekubunjweni kwayo kwemvelo. Ubuningi bendawo bukhomba isikhundla esiphathelene nazo zonke izinhlayiya ezikhona, kucatshangelwa isikhala samahhala phakathi kwazo, futhi kuthinta ukungena kwemvelo, ukushintshwa kwegesi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande zezitshalo ezikhulile.
Funda ukumba umhlabathi ngogandaganda ohambahambayo, nokuthi yini ukulima.Ngokuqondene nesilinganiso senhlabathi, kuxhomeke kwizinto zamaminerali ezakha isigaba esiqinile, ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana, okuqukethwe kanye nesakhiwo sezingxenye eziphilayo. Ubungako obuhle bokukhanya kwezitshalo zemifino ezitshalwe ezweni lethu kubhekwa njengengu-1.0-1.2 g ngamamitha ayi-cubic. bheka
Uma sicabanga ngobuningi bomxube wehlabathi esimweni sabo esomile, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezilandelayo:
- Ukwengeza noma okunamandla kakhulu, lapho umhlabathi ungathinteki kalula ngefosholo (ungangena emhlabathini okungaphezu kuka-1 cm). Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kukhethwe ngokujwayelekile kumhlabathi we-chernozem kanye ne-columnar usawoti.
- Isakhiwo esinamandla, lapho ifosholo engena khona emhlabathini engabi ngaphezu kuka-4-5 cm, futhi i-substrate ngokwayo ihlukana nobunzima. Imfanelo yobunzima obunzima, nobumba kanye nonhlabathi obungenalimi.
- Ukwakha okulula - amathuluzi wezolimo awela kalula emhlabathini, futhi umhlaba ngokwawo uhlelekile kahle. Lezi zensimu ze-sandy loamy nezindonga ezingaphezulu, ezihlelwe kahle.
- Ukwengeza okunamandla kukhonjiswe ukuphakama okuphezulu komhlabathi, izinhlayiya ezizimele zazo ezixhunyaniswe kahle. Lolu khetho luyinto ejwayelekile yezingxenye zeshlabathi nezisakhiwo ezingenasakhiwo.
Kubalulekile! Uhlobo oluthile lobuningi aluxhomeke kuphela kumishini, kodwa nakwezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye nomswakama. Le mhlaba yomhlabathi inenani eliwusizo kakhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ngokwengxenye yokusebenza kwayo.
I-Porosity
I-porosity yiyona ehluke ngqo kulokhu okungenhla, kepha kusukela ekubukeni kwesayensi kuyindleko yenani eliphelele lamahhala (pores) phakathi kwezingxenye eziqinile zenhlabathi. Kuboniswa njengephesenti yenani eliphelele le-substrate, futhi ngezinhlobo zamaminerali ukuphumula kwalezi zimiso kuzoba ngu-25-80%. Ezingxenyeni zomhlabathi, ama-pores awahlale enesimo esifanayo nobubanzi, ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe ngobukhulu bawo, ahlukanisa izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezinama-capillary nezingenascapillary. Owokuqala ulingana nomthamo wawo wonke ama-capillary pores enhlabathini, kanti okwesibili kungumthamo wama-pores amakhulu kuphela. 
Isibalo samanani amabili sizoba yingxenye yonke. Ngezindlela eziningi, lesi sici sincike ekubambeni, isakhiwo nokuthungwa, esikuchazile ekuqaleni. Ezingxenyeni zemvelo, ama-pores azoba nevolumu eyengeziwe, ezinsizeni ezincane zemishini - ingxenye encane yayo. Lapho i-substrate engakhiwe yakha, ifomu le-crust emhlabeni, elichaphazela kakhulu ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. Yiqiniso, kufanele isuswe ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi uma kungenzeka, ubuke ezinye, izindawo eziphumelele kakhulu zokutshala.
Lungisa kahle inhlabathi yezithombo bese uhlahlela phansi ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo.I-porosity enganeleyo ibangela umoya ompofu nomswakama ukuphelela, yingakho izimpande zendabuko ehlwanyelweyo ayitholi izakhi ezanele futhi azikwazi ukukhula ngendlela evamile. Njengoba ubona, inhlabathi ihlukile. Ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo zakho ezithandwayo ozithandayo e-cottage yakho ehlobo, kufanele ufunde ngokucophelela izindawo zendawo yangaphansi ukuze wenze zonke izimo ezifanele izitshalo kusengaphambili.
