Umlimi wensimu uzama ukuthuthukisa noma yikuphi isikhala samahhala esiqhingini. Ukutshala amapheya kuyindaba enesibopho neyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa imiphumela emihle yombono onjalo ayibi kakhulu. Lapho ukhetha ezihlukahlukene, balimi balinake isivuno, izici izithelo nobusika hardiness wesihlahla. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo eziphakathi kwezinto eziphakathi kwamaparele, okuyinto iningi eligcwala yonke imingcele engenhla.
Ukuzala
Izinhlobonhlobo zamapayipi "Permyachka" zakhiwe eYekaterinburg eSeledlo Sokukhethwa Kwezitshalo zeSverdlovsk. Ukukhethwa kuhilela uProfesa Leonid Andrianovich Kotov. Iphakathi kwe "Permyachka" itholakala ngokukhethekile emasimini asezindaweni ze-Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kirov naseNizhny Novgorod. Izinhlobonhlobo zatholakala ngokuwela izinhlobo "Isihloko" × "Elena" + "Cosmic".
Incazelo kanye nezici ezihlukile ezihlukahlukene
Ngokusho incazelo ye-botanical, i-pear ehlukahlukene "i-Permyachka" inokumelana nokuqina kwamaqhwa. Ukuzalana kwakuhloswe ekuphethweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zokutshala engxenyeni esemaphakathi nasenyakatho yeRussia. UProfesa Kotov uthi "i-Permyachka" ngokunakekelwa kahle kuyokwazi ukuthela izithelo ngisho naseSiberia.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokutshalwa kwezinto eziphakathi kwe-otradnenskaya, i-Lada, i-Fairy Tale, i-Veles, i-Rogneda, i-Nika, i-Talgar Beauty, i-Duchesha, i-Petrovskaya, i-Severyanka, i-Avgustovskaya amazolo, uKokin, uBryansk Ubuhle, iThumbelina, Hera, Izintandokazi zikaKlapp, iMarble, Ububele.
Izinkuni
Isihlahla salolu hlobo lwepeyari sibonakala ngamazinga okukhula okusheshayo, futhi uma engenzi izihlahla ezifika ngesikhathi, ingafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu (ubude nobubanzi bomqhele). Umqhele ugcwele-pyramidal noma umumo we-oval ohlangene. Eminyakeni esebenzayo ye-fruiting amahlumela ngeke akwazi ukumelana nenqwaba yezithelo futhi aphule ngaphansi kwesisindo sabo. Isiqu somuthi sinamandla futhi sihlala njalo, cishe singalokothi silimazwe yizilokazane.
Uyazi? Abaphulukisi baseGrisi lasendulo basebenzisa amapheya ukuze baphathe isicanucanu nokugula okuhambayo.
Lesihlahla sidinga umlingani wokuvotela. Okuhle kunazo zonke kuzoba yizinhlobonhlobo zamapheya "Severyanka". Ngokunakekelwa kahle kwesitshalo enkabeni yeRussia, ungakwazi ukuqoqa kuze kube ngu-80 kg wezithelo ngesikhathi ngasinye.
Izithelo
Izithelo ezihlukahlukene ze-"Permyachka" zinamasayizi amakhulu (kusukela ku-80 kuya ku-150 g). Uma ukhule ngezinhloso zezimboni, uma ulandela inqubo efanele yokunakekelwa, izithelo zifinyelela isisindo sika 200 g noma ngaphezulu. Amapheya ayinsimbi enobunxele bomhlaba.
Umbala wezithelo ezingavuthiwe uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuvuthiwe - ophuzi ophuzi. Njengoba abanye abalimi bethi, amahlumela amnandi ngamapheya angabonakala kuphela ngezikhathi zehlobo elide elisebusuku olunezinga eliphezulu lokushisa kwezinga elingaphansi kwe-+30 ° C, okuyinto engavamile esifundeni esifundeni saseRussia.
I-pulp yesithelo salolu hlobo oluphakathi kwe-pear lukhulu kakhulu futhi lunomusa, ubuhlungu abukho ngokuphelele. Izithelo ezingxenyeni zombala omhlophe, ngaphandle kwamaseli we-stony, ukuhambisana kahle okuhlelekile. Ama-tasters amaningi angalinganisa lolu hlobo lwamapheya ngamaphuzu angu-5 avela ku-5. 
Ukuvuna kwenzeka phakathi no-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Uma izithelo zisuswe esihlahleni ngendlela engavuthiwe, khona-ke "zizofinyelela" ezinsukwini ezingu-3-4 (kumele zilandelwe elangeni).
Indlela yokukhetha izithombo
Okokuqala, ngingathanda ukuphawula ukuthi udinga kuphela ukuthenga izithombo kubathengisi abathembekile. Kungcono ukuvakashela isikhungo esikhulu se-horticultural noma okunye okuceliwe okunconywayo. Ukuthenga izinto zokutshala emakethe, usengozini yokuthenga umlilo oshisayo noma ngisho nokuhlukahluka kwamapheya (futhi uma ulwazi lwakho lokulima lungalungile, abashayeli bezitshalo bangakutshengisa esinye isitshalo esikhundleni sepheya).
Uma ukhetha isithombo, kuyadingeka ukuba ukhethe isitshalo saminyaka yonke, ngoba uneminyaka emibili ubudala unesimiso esinesisindo esiqinile futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kuyoba nzima ukuxazulula imbewu enjalo. Futhi unake kakhulu indawo yokugoma. Kumele kube sezingeni lika-5-15 cm kusukela entanyeni ye-basal. Umuthi oxhunyiwe kahle unesivinini esincane esivinjelwe, ngoba isitoreji sinqunywe futhi uhlaka luba kancane ekhoneni.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokutshala, izithombo zingcono kakhulu ezigcinwe ku-prikope.
Lapho uhlola isithombo, gwema amagxolo ngeminwe yakho. Uma unemibala eluhlaza, khona-ke indaba yokutshala inempilo futhi ifanele ukutshala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bheka uhlelo lwempande yesitshalo esincane: kufanele lukhululeke ekulimaleni kwemishini nokubola. Futhi ekugcineni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izithombo zathengwa ngesiqu esingenalutho kanye namahlumela - okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwamaqabunga. Iqiniso liwukuthi amahlamvu akwazi ukukhuphuka umswakama, ngenxa yalokho isitshalo singagoma. 
Ukukhetha indawo kusayithi
Ukutshala amapheya "Permyachka" udinga ukukhetha indawo enelanga. Iningizimu-ntshonalanga noma empumalanga ingxenye yesayithi iyadingeka kakhulu. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kuhokhwe kumanzini angaphansi komhlaba akufanele kube khona eduze kwamamitha amathathu kuya phezulu. Imhlabathi enobumba obuningi ayifanele ukutshala izinto zokutshala, futhi uma lolu hlobo lwenhlabathi lukhona esakhiweni sakho, kufanele luguqulwe ukususwa kwesendlalelo ngezingqimba.
Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobo ze-pear "i-Permyachka" kangcono ukutshala eduze kwe-ash ash. Ukuthi lezi zitshalo zithinteka yizinambuzane nezifo ezifanayo, ngakho akudingeki ukuba lula umsebenzi wabo. Lesi sitshalo siphenduka ngokujwayelekile kumhlabathi we-acidity (khetha inhlabathi ngezinga elijwayelekile le-pH). 
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela ngaphambi kokufika
Umgodi wokufika kufanele uqale ukupheka ekwindla (uma ukutshala kwentwasahlobo kushiwo). Inhlabathi iyancipha, futhi uma ugoba umgodi ngosuku lokutshala, isithombo sizojula emhlabathini kanye nentamo eqinile, futhi lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu kwisitshalo esincane. Uma ekwindla ukhohliwe ukumba imbobo, khona-ke yenzeni entwasahlobo, kodwa kungakapheli isonto ngaphambi kokuqala kokutshala.
Ukujula komgodi kuxhomeke ekutheni umthamo wesimiso se-seedling (ngokwesilinganiso, udinga ukumba ngamanzi angama-50-70 cm). Ngezinye izikhathi kungcono ukwandisa ukujula, ngoba amashumi amakhilogremu enhlabathi evundile athululelwa phansi.
Njengensimu evundile, ungasebenzisa inhlanganisela yomfula wesihlabathi, i-humus, i-peat nenhlabathi yensimu.
I-potassium sulfate ne-superphosphate kufanele futhi yengezwe enhlabathini. Ukwenziwa umquba we-nitrojeni akuthandeki.
Uma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eseduze kakhulu nomhlabathi, insimu kufanele inikwe uhlelo lokuhambisa amanzi. Njengengxenye yokwakha efanele izitini eziphukile, imfucumfucu, njll. Futhi, ngaphambi kokutshala, ungakhohlwa ukwenza izinhlamvu kulo lonke ivolumu ye-fossa. Lezi zinothi zizokwenza ngcono ukushintshaniswa kwemoya yesistimu, ngenxa yalokho, isitshalo sizokhula futhi sikhule ngokushesha.
Uyazi? Amapheya alethwa eYurophu evela eNingizimu Asia eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000 eyedlule. Ngaphambi kwalokho, bahlakulela ngentshiseko eChina, lapho babhekwa khona izipho zaphezulu.
Uma umgodi wokutshala ulungisiwe, khona-ke udinga ukuqala ukulungiselela isithombo. Le nqubo ilula: lungiselela ingxube ye-peat, i-humus, inhlabathi yensimu, i-superphosphate ne-wood ash, engeza amanzi amancane (kuze kube nokwakhiwa kwesisindo somswakama) bese uphonsa izimpande ze-seedling kwisisombululo esiphelele. Inqubo enjalo izosheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sezimpande futhi ivikele umlingana omncane kusuka ezinambuzane eziningi nezifo eziningi. 
Inqubo ngesinyathelo-sinyathelo sokutshala izithombo
Inqubo efanele yokuhlwanyela izithombo ze-pear ihilela lokhu okulandelayo:
- Izinto zokutshala kufanele zifakwe emgodini ukuze intamo eqinile ibuyele ngqo emngceleni womngcele phakathi kwenhlabathi nomoya.
- Okulandelayo, isithombo simbozwe umhlaba cishe cishe 1/2 kokujula komgodi, inhlabathi yincinjana encane.
- Manje umquba obunzima ohlanjululwe emanzini usetshenziswa, bese umgodi ufafaza kuze kube sekugcineni.
- Eduze entanyeni ye-basal udinga ukushiya ukucindezeleka okuncane okuhloswe ukuchelela. Masinyane emva kwalokhu, isithombo siboshwe esigxotsheni samapulangwe (lokhu kunomthelela ekukhuleni okujwayelekile kwesihlahla).
- Okulandelayo, isithombo siphuziswa ngamanzi angu-20, khona-ke inhlabathi ejikeleze isiqu ihlanganiswe. Njenge-mulch ungasebenzisa i-sawdust, utshani, izinaliti zephayini, i-peat, njll.
Izici zokunakekelwa kwonyaka
Ukunakekelwa okusemandleni ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla ze-pear "I-Permyachka" kuzokuvumela ukuba unyaka wonke uqoqe inani elikhulu lezitshalo, izithelo zazo ezinikezwa ukunambitheka okukhulu.
Ukunakekelwa komhlabathi
Ngokushesha kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi ezungeze isitshalo kufanele kwenziwe ngemuva nje kokutshala. Esikhathini esizayo, inqubo enjalo ayidingekile futhi iyenziwa kuphela ezindaweni lapho kunamaqhwa aqinile ebusika.
Nokho, ukuchelela njalo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekunakekeleni isitshalo esincane. Esikhathini esishisayo, umuthi kufanele uphuze njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10. Ngaphansi kwesihlahla uthele 20-30 amalitha amanzi afudumele. Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, inani lamanzi kumele linciphise, ngaphandle kwalokho ingozi yezifo zefungal iyakwanda ngokuphawulekayo. 
Amahora ambalwa emva kokunisela okunzima okumelwe kwenziwe kwantambama noma ekuseni, umhlabathi ozungeza umuthi kumele uguqulwe. Le nqubo izosiza ekuthuthukiseni umoya emoyeni. Enkambweni yokukhulula, ungakwazi ukufaka i-weeding ngesikhathi esisodwa, uma kudingeka ngenhlabathi. Ukhula oluzungeze izitshalo kumele lususwe njalo, njengoba luphuma emhlabathini izakhi eziningi ezidinga umuthi.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukondla amapheya akho, udinga ukuzijwayeza ngomqondo "wendawo yokudla". Indawo yokudla okunomsoco insimu enemijikelezo enemibandela, ehlanganisa ngokufanayo isitshalo sesitshalo; indawo ehlinzekwayo kumele iphathwe nomunye noma enye imanyolo esikhathini esithile sokuphila kwezitshalo. 
Isibonelo, isitshalo esincane (kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-4 ubudala) sinendawo yokudlela engamamitha angu-5. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbuthano (okuphakathi kwawo okuyi-trunk) ene-125 cm (ungakwazi ukuphindaphinda ngokulandela ifomu yendabuko yendawo yombuthano) kufanele uphathwe ngamanyolo omanyolo. Lokhu kungukuthi, isisombululo se-aqueous of umquba othile senziwa futhi sisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phezu kwendawo yonke yombuthano. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi indawo yokudla okunomsoco kusuka eminyakeni engu-4 kuya kweyisishiyagalombili iyahluka endaweni yesifunda esingu-9-12m (ingqikithi yombuthano ungama-170-195 cm). Izihlahla ezineminyaka engaphezu kweyisishiyagalombili zinezindawo zokudla ezifika ku-20 m² nokuningi.
Kubalulekile! Ukweqa ngokweqile izakhi ze-nitrogenous enhlabathini kuzothatha ukuwohloka kwezinga eliphelele le-fruiting.Imithi yamapulangwe eqondisa kahle "Permyachka" kufanele ihleleke:
- Entwasahlobo, lapho amaqhwa ebusuku ehamba ngokuphelele, inhlabathi ezungeze isihlahla kufanele ikhululwe. Masinyane emva kwalokhu, iziqu zomquba kufanele zisetshenziswe: umquba, peat, umquba, humus, njll.
- Ehlobo nasekwindla, umuthi kufanele udliwe nge-complex potassium / phosphorus / nitrogen ngokulingana kwe-4: 1: 3. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zamaminerali zingathengwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo segesi. Ngokuvamile ukugqoka okwenziwe ngamaminerali kuhlanjululwe ngamanzi futhi kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele endaweni yonke yokudla komuthi wepere.
- Ukuze kube ne-fruiting engcono futhi ngesikhathi se-ovary izithelo, umuthi ungadliwa ngendaba ephilayo. Ukondla kuyenziwa futhi endaweni yonke yokudla. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulolu cala kuyoba yi-mullein noma i-slurry. Ngayinye yalezi zakhi kumele zichitheke ngamanzi ngesilinganiso se-1: 5 (ngengxenye eyodwa yezingxenye eziphilayo 5 izingxenye zamanzi).
- Ngemuva kokuphela kwezimbali, akuvunyelwe ukondla umanyolo we-nitrogen, kodwa kudingekile ukuthi umanyolo we-potashi kanye ne-phosphate (fruiting).
Khumbula ukuthi ukufaka umanyolo kumele kube nokuhlelekile futhi kunembile ngokwemingcele. Ukweqa ngokweqile emhlabathini we-macro / microelements ezithile kungaholela ezifweni zezihlahla futhi kunciphise ezingeni eligcwele le-fruiting.Ukudubula
Izinhlobo eziphakathi kwamaparele "I-Permyachka" iphendula kahle kakhulu entwasahlobo yezihlahla kanye nokuvuselelwa. Kodwa akudingekile ukunciphisa amahlumela namagatsha asezinteni, njengoba ukukhula okusebenzayo ekuqondiseni okungadingekile kungasheshisa izikhathi eziningana. Ngokuvamile, lezo zitshalo zisuswe kuphela eziqondiswa emkhathini womqhele noma eziphazamisa ukukhula kwamagatsha asele.
Enkambisweni yokunciphisa, amagatsha aqakathekileko we-oda lokuthoma nekwesibini anciphise i-1/5 yobude. Kule trunk kuphela lezo zihlumela zisusiwe eziphazamisa ukwakheka kwefomu le-longline yomqhele. 
Izihlahla ezineminyaka engama-6-7 ubudala zidayiswa zonke iminyaka engu-1-2. Kunalokho, kuyoba izihlahla ezivuselelayo. Inqubo yayo kubalulekile ukususa wonke amagatsha owomile futhi awonakele, kanye nalawo amahlumela avimbela ukukhula kwamahlumela amancane athelayo. Ngemuva kokusika isilonda, kubalulekile ukumboza ngobumba ukuze izifo ezingaguli zihlaselwe esihlahleni.
Ukuvikelwa emakhazeni namakhaza
Ukuze ukwesabe ama-pear rodent kusuka ezindlebeni ebusika, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezidingekile ngesikhathi esifanele. Enye yezindlela zokuzivikela isithuthukisa isitshalo sesitshalo emagatsheni omgqa wokuqala nge-brushwood, i-plaster rubbing, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezikwazi ukwesaba amagundane. Ungathenga amathuluzi anjalo cishe noma yimuphi isikhungo segadi esikhulu. 
Ukuqala ukulungiselela umuthi ebusika kufanele kube ngo-Okthoba. Okokuqala zonke izithelo ezimisiwe zisusiwe, khona-ke amaqabunga awele aqoqwe futhi konke kushiswa. Ngemuva kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqhuba amanzi okukhipha amanzi (ikakhulukazi uma ihlobo limile futhi lingenamvula). Ukulayishwa kwamanzi okuthambisa kusho ukuphuzisa umuthi emthonjeni ngamanzi amaningi (kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-1000 amalitha).
Ngokushesha emva kokutholakala kwamanzi amaningi, inhlabathi kumele ihlanganiswe ne-peat, sawdust, humus, utshani, njll. Umbhede we-mulch uzovikela uhlelo lwempande lomuthi phakathi nenkathi ebusika yamaqhwa ebusika.
Uyazi? Ngaphambi kokuvela kogwayi eYurophu, amaqabunga aphakathi kwesikhumba ayebhema.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-trunk namagatsha amancane omzimba kumele ahlanganiswe ngento engekho eboshwe lapho kufanele ufake i-lapnik. Manje umuthi uvikelekile emazingeni aphansi asebusika, kepha uma iqhwa elikhulu liwela ebusika, "inqamu" enkulu yeqhwa "kuzodingeka ihlelwe emhlabeni wonke. 
Pear "Permyachka" ine ukumelana frost high, ngakho uyintandokazi abalimi abaningi esifundeni central Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithelo zawo zinambitheka kakhulu futhi zinomsoco, kanye nendawo yonke ekusetshenzisweni kokudla. Ukuqaphela yonke imithetho yokunakekelwa komuthi, ungathola minyaka yonke isamba esikhulu sezitshalo eziphezulu.
