Izinhlobonhlobo ze-apula ezinamahlathi zilokhu ziheha abalimi, ngoba ngezihlahla ezincane ungakwazi ukuvuna isivuno esikhulu. Omunye wabameli abakhulu balolu hlobo yizinto ezihlukahlukene "Isihlahla se-Bratchu", esibonakala ngezithelo ezihlwabusayo nezomnandi, okungekho isidingo sokuthi usebenzise amandla amaningi. Indlela yokukhulisa izihlahla ezinhle futhi eziqinile nokuthi yini okudingeka ukwazi ngokukhathalela okwengeziwe - uzokwazi ngemizuzu embalwa.
Umlando wokuzala
Inguqulo ephelele neyokuqala yegama lezinhlobonhlobo - "Mfowethu we-Wonderful", futhi isifinyezo esithi "Bratchud" savela kancane kancane. 
Kunoma yikuphi, bobabili amagama abhekisela emithini yama-apple emifula yokuvuthwa kwasebusika, okwakhiwa yibo abalimi beSouth Ural Research Institute for Fruit-Growing and Potato-growing in the city of Chelyabinsk.
"Abazali" bezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha kukhona i-hybrid yeVydubetskoy i-apula yokulila kanye nehlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi ye-Ural Winter hybrid. Apple "Bratchud" yabonakala ngenxa yemizamo yabacwaningi njengoMazunin N. A., Mazunina N. F. noPutiatin V. I.
Ngo-2002, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zenziwe ngempumelelo.
Hlola izinhlobo ezinjalo zezihlahla ze-apula njenge-Red Chif, Inkazimulo Kwabalandeli, Iziqashi, Rozhdestvenskoe, Ural Bulk, iKrasa Sverdlovsk, Orlinka, Orlovim, Zvezdochka, Kandil I-Orlovsky "," i-Papirovka "," Isikrini "," i-Antey ", i-" Antonovka "," i-Uralets "," uMongameli "," i-Champion ".Naphezu kokuthi amasampula okuqala afika ezindaweni zase-Southern Urals naseSiberia, kamuva abe yindlela enhle kakhulu yokuphuma kwezinye izingxenye zeRussian Federation, ikakhulukazi, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-Altai Territory nezindawo zenyakatho ye-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.
Isihlahla sibekezelela ukushisa kwama-frosty lapho izinga lokushisa liwela -40 ° C.Izici ezibalulekile nezici
Enye yezinzuzo zalezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-apula yiyona ndlela yokugcina isitoreji sasebusika eside.
Incazelo ye-"Bratchud" ibhekisela ezinsukwini ezingu-140 zokulondolozwa okuqinisekisiwe, kodwa kuphela uma uvale ngemva kokuvuna, faka ama-apula emabhokisini enkuni enezimbobo bese uwabeka egumbini elingaphansi, lapho izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ligcinwa khona + ku-10 ° + 15 ° C.
Uyazi? Ukubamba ama-apula ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ama-20-25% emoyeni we-mass total.Esinye isici sezinhlobonhlobo, esichazwe ngezidingo zokugcina izinto, ukungabekezelelani kokusondelana namazambane, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukubeka amabhokisi ngamasiko ezinhlangothini ezahlukene zesakhiwo esingaphansi.
Manje ake siqaphele izici zangaphandle zezihlahla ngokwabo nezithelo zazo. 
Izihlahla
Izinhlobonhlobo "i-Bratchuda" nazo zibizwa ngokuthi "ezincane zemvelo", ziphethe umqhele ojikelezayo olinganiselwa ku-2.5-3 m kanye nokuphakama kwamamitha amabili (uma sikhuluma ngomuthi onclonal rootstocks). Uma usebenzisa inhlanzi yembewu, ungakhula ama-apula futhi ufike ku-2.7 m ubude.
Umbala wamagxolo emahlumela amakhulu kanye ne-shtambe unombala omnyama, nakuba kuncike ezimweni ezikhulayo zomuthi ngezinye izikhathi kunomthunzi omnyama noma okhanyayo. Ukutshala izihlahla kuhanjiswa kuwo wonke amagatsha ezithelo, kuhlanganise nokukhula konyaka odlule.
Amahlumela amancane aphakathi nendawo, anemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ahlukaniswa ngamazinga okukhula okusheshayo. Amaqabunga angama-altare amancane, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ombala, futhi kancane kancane i-pubescence ibonakala ngokucacile engxenyeni engenhla yamapuleti amaqabunga. 
Emaphethelweni amaqabunga ane-serration enkulu.
Izithelo
Ama-apula ase-bratchu ayingayizi ephakathi, ahlukaniswe kancane futhi angabhekwa, nakuba isici esiyinhloko esibonakalayo sezithelo ezinjalo kuba khona kwesigxobo sezinhlangothi zomzimba, ngesimo sezintambo.
Ubuso obungaphandle be-apula bubushelelezi, bumile, buncane obumnyama obuqhakazile kanye nokungabikho okuphelele kwezingubo ze-wax ezijwayelekile. Ikhasi lincane kakhulu.
Umbala wezithelo zezinhlobonhlobo uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho cishe yonke ikhasi le-apula limbozwe ngokugqama okubomvu okubomvu. Isiqu esincane asikona isikhathi eside futhi sibeke eceleni. 
Ngama-apula avuthiwe ngokugcwele, i-pulp inombala omhlophe, kuyilapho ingavuthiwe inika uhlamvu oluhlaza. Ukungaguquguquki kokuphakathi kwe-apula kuhloswe kakhulu, kungabi namanzi amaningi, kumnandi kumnandi.
Ukubheka ngokucophelela ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali wezithelo ze-apula "i-Bratchud", kulula ukubona ukuthi banezakhi zonke eziwusizo: isamba ushukela, ama-acid titrate, i-ascorbic acid, ama-pectin, ama-sollic acid.
Ama-apula amnandi kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okusha futhi okusetshenziselwa ukufakwa ku-kissel, ama-compotes, ama-juice, njll.
Uyazi? I-aple elide kunazo zonke elingazange liphule ngesikhathi sokuhlanza lifinyelele ubude bamamitha angu-52 no-51 cm, eyaziwa eNcwadini ye-Guinness yamaRekhodi. U-Katy Velfer waseNew York ngo-1976 waphakamisa i-apula amahora angu-11 nemizuzu engu-30.Isisindo se-apula eyodwa siyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-140-250 g, futhi cishe izithelo ezingaba ngu-120 kg zingaqoqwa emthini owodwa. Ukulimala njalo ngonyaka kungalindelwa kakade ngonyaka wesine emva kokutshala.
Imithetho yokukhethwa nokuthengwa kwezithombo
Ngaphezu kwemithetho ejwayelekile yokukhethwa kwezithombo (ukukhethwa kwezinto ezingenayo izimpawu zesifo, umonakalo, njll), uma kwenzeka izinhlobo ezincane kunezinye izinkomba eziningana zekhwalithi yezithombo.
Yiqiniso, uma uthenga isitshalo esincane endaweni yokubeletha, khona-ke akungabazeki ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeBratchud ziphambi kwakho, kodwa uma ukhetho lokutshala luyenziwa ezimakethe noma ezimweni ezifanele, khona-ke kudingeka uqaphele kabili ukuthi ungathengi isihlahla sama-apula esikhundleni se-sapling encane wow.
Ukuze ukhiphe ukhetho olunjalo, uma uhlola isitshalo, qaphela isikhala phakathi kwentamo impande nesitshalo se-seedling: kufanele kube khona ukugqama okunjenge-knee-like in the rootstock encane, okubonisa ukugoma.
Isitembu esineminyaka emibili ubudala sinamagatsha amane athuthukile ayenamaphuzu amakhulu kuwo. Uma uqhathanisa, udokotela angakwazi ukubona amagatsha amaningi abukhali ngaphandle kokuhluma. 
Uhlelo lwempande yesitshalo esikhethwe kahle kufanele lwakhiwe nenani elikhulu lezimpande ezincane eziqinile, kodwa izimpande ezinjengezinduku kufanele zigwenywe, ngoba zibonisa ukuthi unesihlahla sama-apula asendle.
Uma izithombo zithengiswa zinesitifiketi sekhwalithi - lokhu kuzoba ubufakazi obengeziwe bokufaneleka kokuthengwa.
Ukukhetha indawo kusayithi
Ngaphambi kokutshala izinhlobo ze-apula "Isihlahla se-Bratchu" kubalulekile ukucacisa kahle indawo yokukhula kwesihlahla esizayo, ngoba inqwaba yokuvuna esizayo ixhomeke kulokhu.
Njengeminye imikhakha eminingi emifushane, isitshalo esichazwe sithanda ukuphakama futhi sivikelwe kahle ezindaweni zomoya, elisekukhanyeni noma emthunzini omnyama. 
Ngokuqondene nomhlabathi, izansi ezinomsoco kakhulu zilungile, nakuba ukuhluma okuhle kungatholakala uma utshalwa enhlabathini enesihlabathi noma enesihlabathi.
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela
Ukulungiselela konke kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuhlanza nokucubungula indawo ekhethiwe, futhi kamuva ukuhlola nokwelashwa kwesithombo ngaphambi kokutshala. Sizoqonda ama-nuances womunye wabo eduze.
Ukulungiselela isayithi
Uma uhlela ukutshala kwentwasahlobo yezithombo ze-apula ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Bratchud, kufanelekile ukwenza umquba bese umba umhlabathi endaweni ekhethiwe ekwindla.
Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukususa wonke amaqabunga nezitshalo ezisele ezisezindaweni ezikhethiwe, bese ugoba inhlabathi bese wengeza kuwo amakhomikhali e-organic noma amaminerali (ngokuya kokubunjwa komhlabathi wokuqala, inani lomquba elisetshenziswe lingashintshwa). 
Lapho kufika entwasahlobo, cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokutshala, umgodi wesigcawu kufanele ugubwe, 1.5 x 1.5 m ngobukhulu (cishe ukujula okufanayo), futhi ufake i-peat noma i-humus phansi.
Kubalulekile! Abanye balimi batusa ukulungiselela imbobo yokutshala kusukela ekwindla, ukuze umhlaba uhlale kahle uma kufika isikhathi sehlobo. Kodwa-ke, abanye osebenza nabo bafuna "ukuhlanzeka" okuqhathaniswa kwesihlalo, okusho ukuthi kuzovumela ukuthi isithombo siphume ngokushesha. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yiyiphi indlela eqinisile, ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuhlola ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ngamunye wabo kuphela ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe.Izitshalo ezingomakhelwane aziqedi ukukhula komunye nomunye, phakathi kwazo zihamba okungenani amamitha amathathu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Ukulungiselela izithombo
Ngokungafani nokulungiswa kwesayithi, inqubo efanayo ehlobene nezithombo ngokwayo, yenziwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokutshala ngokwayo, cishe usuku. Udinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela isithombo (ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwempande) futhi unqume ukuthi kusebenza kanjani.
Uma izimpande zomile, kuhle ukuwafaka emanzini amahora angu-24, noma kunjalo, kungaba ngcono uma ngemuva kokuthenga izinto zokutshala wena ngokushesha ugoqa i-rhizome yayo ne-rag emanzi kanye nomhlaba kusayithi lakho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. 
Izimpande zesithombo esifanele kufanele zihlulwe kancane ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini, okuzosiza ukwakha umqhele ophansi we-shtambur (ngesikhathi esizayo ukukhula kuphelile ngemuva konyaka).
Inqubo ngesinyathelo-sinyathelo sokutshala izithombo
Isikhathi esihle sokutshala izihlahla ze-apula (kanti izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeBratschud akuyona into ehlukile) kubhekwa njengentwasahlobo, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke ukwazi ukutshala izithombo ezitholiwe, ngokwesibonelo, ekwindla.
Yiqiniso, udinga ukwenza lokhu ngaphambi kokuphela kukaSeptemba nokuqala kuka-Okthoba, ukuze ngaphambi kokuqala kweqhwa isitshalo sibe nesikhathi sokuhlala phansi.
Ekwindla, ngokushesha nje lapho izihlahla ziqala ukungena endaweni yokuphumula (ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni noma phakathi kuka-Okthoba), ungaqala ukuhlela indawo yokutshala nokubeka imbewu ngqo kuyo.
Ingqimba engaphezulu kwamamitha angamashumi amabili nanye ukusuka emgodini wesikhathi esizayo kufanele ifakwe eceleni, bese isetshenziselwa ukwakha i-substrate yezakhi, ukuxhuma ngamabhakethi amabili ama-humus (noma i-peat) nokufaka u-600 g we-superphosphate no-700 g wezinkuni zomuthi. 
Ngemuva kokuxubaniswa kahle, i-substrate elungiselelwe ibuyele emuva emthonjeni, ngaphambili iqhutshelwa phakathi nendawo yokubala. Ngenxa yalokho, kufanele ube nesigundane sobumba lapho kuyobe khona khona isithombo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izimpande zesitshalo esincane kufanele ziqondiswe ngokucophelela, bese zihlala kuphela ukumboza umgodi nazo zonke ezinye i-substrate.
Ingqimba ephezulu kunazo zonke yegundane iyoba yindawo evamile elahliwe ngaphambilini kusukela enqabeni engenhla, ngaphandle komanyolo. Lapho sekuqedile umsebenzi, indawo yokugoma kufanele ifakwe ngamamentimitha amathathu ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Kubalulekile! Izimpande zesitshalo esincane akufanele zihlangane ngokuqondile ngamakhemikhali noma izithasiselo eziphilayo, ngoba lokhu kungabangela ukuthi bashise.Emva kokutshala, inhlabathi ezungeze izitshalo ezincane kufanele ihlulwe, futhi ihambe ukusuka ku-0.5 m ukusuka esihlahleni, yakha umkhumbi we-15 cm ukuphakama kusuka emhlabathini.
Ama-25-30 amalitha amanzi adluliselwa emjikelezweni oseduze, futhi uma usungenwe ngokugcwele, isayithi ingaxhunyaniswa ne-humus noma i-peat (okungaphezu kwamamentimitha amathathu ku-ungqimba), kodwa ukuze bangathinti isihlahla somuthi. Izithombo kumele ziboshwe esigxotsheni.Ukutshala isihlahla sama-apulaki se-Bratchudi entwasahlobo (umhlabathi kufanele usuvele ususwe, kepha amahlumela emithini avuliwe), yonke imisebenzi yokutshala yenziwa ngokusho kwalokhu okushiwo ngenhla, ngaphandle kokuthi lapho kulungiswa umgodi ngeke kudingeke ukuba ifakwe emgodini.
Hamba nje emgodleni, unqwabe emhlabathini bese ubeka insimu kuso, ugcwalise inqubo ngendlela efanayo nasesikhathini sokuqala.
Ukuze kube lula ukuvuna kanye nenhlalakahle yemithi yama-apula lapho utshala insimu emkhatsini wezitshalo eziseduze kufanele kushiywe okungenani amamitha amathathu, futhi phakathi kwemigqa - cishe ngamamitha amane esikhala samahhala. 
Izici zokunakekelwa kwonyaka
Emva kokutshala kwe-apple yezinhlobonhlobo "UMfoweth 'omuhle" phambi kwakho kuyoba nomunye umsebenzi obalulekile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwesikhashana esifanele kwesihlahla esincane.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi le nqubo ihluke kakhulu ezenzweni ezifanayo lapho ukhula amanye ama-apula, kodwa akufanele ukhohlwe ngezici zobuntu.
Ukunakekelwa komhlabathi
Ngaphambi kokuqala kokuhluma kwesitshalo esincane, imbewu izodingeka ziphuze ngezikhathi ezithile, kepha zingekho izikhathi ezinhlanu ngonyaka, zithwala amabhakede amahlanu amanzi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lapho nje uketshezi lwangena, inhlabathi embuthaneni womgqomo idinga ukuhlunga, ingawuvumeli ukuba uqine.
Inqubo yokukhulula, okuyinto, ngendlela, engenziwa emva kwemvula, kuyasiza ukususa ukhula emhlabathini, ukugwinya ukukhula komuthi osabuthakathaka. 
Phakathi nezikhathi ezishisayo ikakhulukazi nobusika, imibuthano ye-trunk ihlanganiswe, okusiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhuphuka ngokweqile komswakama futhi kuvikela uhlelo lwempande kwiqhwa. I-peat, sawdust noma utshani obuminyene kufanelekele indima ye-mulch.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Uma ufuna ukuthola izivuno eziphakeme futhi eziphezulu ze-apula, ukuphuza yedwa ngeke kusebenze. Noma yisiphi isitshalo sidinga izithako ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze uthole izakhi zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Uma kwenzeka izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-Bratchud, kuzolungela ukutshala inhlabathi ngamanyolo eziphilayo izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ngezikhathi ezithile: i-mullein ikhiphe, ihlanjululwa emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1:10 noma i-infusion yenkukhu yomquba, kodwa ivele ixubene namanzi 1:20.
Ukukhulelwa komzimba kuhlanganisa utshani, ama-droppings, ama-pigeon droppings, amathambo nesinkwa sezinhlanzi, amasondo obisi, amazambane amazambane, amaqanda amaqanda, izikhumba zebhanana, uthuli othuza ugwayi, ikhasi le-anyanisi, i-nettle.Eminyakeni emithathu emva kokutshala, isisombululo samaminerali omanyolo singathululelwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye: isibonelo, entwasahlobo kungaba yi-nitrogen equkethe noma eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali.
Ukwelashwa okuvimbelayo
Ngeshwa, izihlahla ze-apple ezincane zihlushwa izifo ezifanayo nezinambuzane njengezihlobo zazo ezide, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olumangalisa ukuthi ngokuvamile kunezibazi ezihlahleni ezihlukahlukene zeBratschud.
Izinhlamvu zalesi sifo zihamba kalula kanye nomoya, futhi uma ubheka eduze amaqabunga amaqabunga, uzozibona: ngokuvamile ngemuva kweshidi kunamabala amafutha ombala obala okhanyayo, okugcina uguqule umnqumo omnyama.
Kubalulekile! Uma izihlahla zingaphathwa ngesikhatsi, isikhumba sisakazeka ngokushesha ngezithelo, futhi siqala ukuphahlazeka, ngenxa yalokho isitshalo sonke singalahleka ngokungenakwenzeka. Ngokuvamile, isifo esinjalo sihlasela izitshalo ngesikhathi sezimvula uma kuba semanzi ngaphandle.Ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, kubalulekile ukwenza isipiliyoni ngezikhathi ezithile zezitshalo.
Lapho sekufika intwasahlobo, i-3% yeBreeaux liquid isetshenziselwa le njongo, ngokuphindaphindiwe kokwelashwa esigabeni sokuqhuma. Ngemuva kokuvuna, umuthi uchithelwa u-5% urea.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela ukuhlwanyela kwakho ezifweni nasezinambuzane kuzosiza kanye nokwesekwa kwekwindla, okwenziwa ngokushesha nje lapho wonke amaqabunga ewela ezihlahleni ze-apula. Ukupuniza ngokusebenzisa isisombululo esisodwa sephesenti se-Bordeaux ingxube noma "iNitrafen".
Ukudubula
Ngoba ama-"bratchuda" ayesetshenziselwa ukudubula ayadingeki nje kuphela ngezinhloso zokuhlanzeka, kepha ngisho nokusabalalisa izithelo nokuqeda amahlumela abuthakathaka.
Ngaphandle kwamagatsha omile omile noma abonakalisiwe, izimpande ezibuthakathaka ezifanayo ziyakususwa, okuvumela ukuncipha kancane komqhele, kodwa into esemqoka akushiwo izikhala ezingenalutho. 
Abalimi bezitshalo batusa ukusika iziqu eziphezulu ze-apula ukuze abaphakathi bangathuthuke kangcono. Ukusika izihlahla ze-apple ezinamaqhinga kwenziwa ngokuphindwe kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
Kubalulekile! Ungakhohlwa ukuthi wonke amagatsha angeke akhule ngokulinganayo, futhi phakathi kwawo kuzohlale kuqina futhi kuphelile, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wakho ukulawula ukukhula nokuguqula izihlahla ze-apula ukuze amagatsha aqinile ahlale engaphansi kwezinto ezibuthakathaka futhi hhayi ngaphambi kwezingxenye eziyinhloko.
Ukuvikelwa emakhazeni namakhaza
Uhlelo lwempande ye-apula encane ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Bratchud" iseduze kakhulu nomhlabathi, okusho ukuthi ingaba lula ngokushisa ebusika. Ngakho-ke, ngisho naphezu kokubanda kwebusika okuhle kwezihlahla ezihlukahlukene, izihlahla kuzodingeka zivikeleke ebusika.
Ngaphambi kwezulu elibandayo ngokwalo (cishe maphakathi noNovemba), izihlahla ze-apula ziyaphuza futhi, emva kwalokho i-trunk yomuthi ihlanganiswa. 
Kodwa-ke, uma izihlahla zakho zama-apula zikhula ezindaweni ezinamanzi aphakeme angaphansi komhlaba, kungcono hhayi ukuqhuba ukuchelela okunjalo, okuhlanganisa ngokushesha umjikelezo oseduze-ukugoqa komquba.
Ukuvikela izitshalo ezivela emaqanda ebusika kanye namagundane azoba khona okumele aguqe izihlahla zomuthi ngesinye sezixhobo ezitholakalayo: amagatsha ase-spruce, iphepha le-kraft noma izinto eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphahleni, amashidi okuphahla noma amacenge ohlanga.
Ukwengeza, ama-plastic grids akhethekile, okuvikela ngokuqinisekile izihlahla ekukhathazweni okucasulayo kwezilokazane eziphefumulayo, wenze umsebenzi omuhle lo msebenzi.
Uma yonke imithetho yokukhulisa i-apple yesihlahla eminyene ibonakala, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-Bratchud zizokuthokozisa ngokuvuna okunomsoco we-apula okumnandi, okungagcinwa ngokuphepha kuze kufike entwasahlobo. Lokhu kungukuthi, ngisho nasebusika uyohlale unezithelo ezintsha.
