Umquba we-phosphoric yizakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-agronomy, futhi namhlanje sizobuka ukuthi zingobani, yiziphi izinhlobo zalezi zinhlanganisela ezikhona, futhi zifunde namagama abo. Ake sizame ukuyihlola. imithetho yesicelo se-phosphorite esivandelwaneni sethu sensimu kanye nensimu.
Kuyini?
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-Phosphoric kungokwamaqembu amaminerali. Lokhu kungenye yezakhi eziyisisekelo ezandisa ikhwalithi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Isici samakhemikhali "i-phosphorus" iyinxenye ye-DNA ne-RNA nezinye izinto eziningi ezithintekayo ekuthuthukiseni nasekuvuneni izitshalo zezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "i-phosphorus" iyinhlangano yesithathu (kanye ne-nitrogen ne-potassium), ebalulekile ekutshaleni izitshalo. Ama-phosphorites anomphumela onenzuzo ezithombeni ezikhiqizayo zezitshalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-potassium ne-nitrogen, okubangela ukukhula nokunambitheka kwezakhiwo zemikhiqizo, i-phosphorus isebenzisa ukulawula okuqhubekayo phezu kokuphendula kwe-exchange emzimbeni wesitshalo. Ngakho-ke, i-phosphorus iyimithombo ebalulekile yomsoco yazo zonke izitshalo nezitshalo, ngaphandle kokunye.
Ama-fertilizer e-nitrojeni kanye nama-potash, kanye namanyolo we-phosphate, ama-fertilizer amaminerali futhi ahlukaniswa ukuxilongwa okuphezulu kwezakhi.
Ngokudla okunamandla kwedwala le-phosphate, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kokutshala kuqhubeka ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, amanye amasiko adinga i-phosphorus ngaphezulu, abanye bangaphansi. Kodwa ngisho noma ukufaka umanyolo kungeniswa emhlabathini ngokweqile ngokweqile, ngeke kubonakalise ukulimala. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi izitshalo zithatha izakhi ze-phosphate ngokulingana nesamba abadingayo.
Uyazi? Ukuntuleka kwe-phosphorus kungathinta kakhulu ukulimala, futhi ngokujwayelekile izinqubo zokuzala zomhlaba wonke. Uma ngokungazelelwe yonke i-phosphorus iphela kusukela ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi, iplanethi yethu izolahlekelwa yikusasa, izitshalo zezitshalo zizophela. Ezitshalweni, ukubunjwa kwembewu kuzophela, ngezinhlobo ezihlukene, ukukhula kuzokwehla noma kuphele ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus, ngisho nokulwisana namagciwane we-cereal spikelets kuzoba yi-sod.
Izimbangela nezimpawu zokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus
Ukuqala, cabangela Izizathu ezenza izitshalo zingabi namaphosphorites:
- Inhlabathi enamandla yobumba evimbela ukungena komanyolo ngaphakathi emhlabathini. I-Phosphorus igxila engxenyeni yezingxube zenhlabathi futhi iphenduka ibe yizinto ezinamandla kakhulu zokugaya.
- Ukungayinaki imithetho yokusebenzisa umquba we-phosphate-potassium.
- Ukuhluma okujulile, okuholela ekusebenzeni kabi kwe-microflora yenhlabathi.
- Indlela engavamile yokulimaza inhlabathi.
Ukwazi izimpawu zokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus, ungakwazi ukulungisa ngokushesha isimo, ubalethe ngobuningi obufanele. Okulandelayo kukhona izimpawu ezivamile zendlala yase phosphorus:
- izingxenye ezingenhla ezingezansi ze-landing kuqala zithole ubumnyama obumnyama bese zibala umbala obomvu-violet;
- ukubonakala kwamapulangwe amaqabunga kushintshana, amahlamvu aqhuma ngaphambi kwesikhathi;
- emaqenjini aphansi ama-necrotic transformations kanye namafomu amnyama athathwa;
- isitshalo siba sezingeni eliphansi;
- i-rhizome isakhiwe buthakathaka, isiqu "siphume" emhlabathini.
Izinhlobo nemithetho yokusetshenziswa kwamaminerali e-phosphate
Ukuze ukhethe umanyolo we-phosphate efanele, kubalulekile ukwazi ukubaluleka kohlobo ngalunye nemithetho yokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, siphendukela ekucatshangweni kwezigaba ze-phosphorites. 
Superphosphate elula
Superphosphate elula - kahle unsaturated, i-accumulated mineral compound kalula emanzini. Ukwakhiwa komanyolo kuhlanganisa kuphela u-16-20% we-phosphorus. Ezinye izingxenye ze-superphosphate elula yi-calcium, isulfure ne-magnesium. Umanyolo ufanele ukungeza kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi. I-superphosphate elula ikhuthaza ukukhula okuhle kwezitshalo ezifana nokudla okusanhlamvu, izitshalo zommbila, i-cruciferous. Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli phosphorus kunomphumela omuhle ekutshalweni kwamazambane, izaqathe, i-beet, i-flax, anyanisi, kanye nama-turnips nama-radishes. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kufaka ukubukeka kwe-powdery noma ifomu le-granules.
Ukwenza izinketho:
- ingxenye enkulu ingcono ukwenza ekwindla (Septemba) noma entwasahlobo (April) ukumba, ekujuleni kwenhlabathi ukulima;
- lapho uhlwanyela noma utshala - emigodini, imigodi, imigodi (ngo-May);
- njengokugqoka okuphezulu (June, July, Agasti).
I-Superphosphate icebile
Iphuthumise i-superphosphate - Ukugqoka i-phosphate yamaminerali e-granulated. Kuyinto ingxube yamakhemikhali amaningi e-calcium phosphate. I-P2O5 engaphezu kwezingu-95% iphezulu ekugqoka ngendlela ehlelekile, kanti ngaphezu kwama-50% ku-soluble amanzi.
I-superphosphate ehlotshisiwe isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi njengendlela yokuhlwanyela phambili, ukuhlwanyela umquba, kanye nokugqoka okuphezulu. Ephumelela kakhulu emhlabathini we-alkaline ne-neutral. Ingasetshenziswa ezimweni zensimu evikelwe.
Kubalulekile! Emhlabathini we-acidic, i-phosphoric acid ye-superphosphate eyetshenziselwa iguqulwa ibe yi-phosphates ye-aluminium nensimbi okulukhuni ukuyifinyelela izitshalo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuxuba umanyolo ngepuphu ye-phosphate, i-limestone, i-cholk, i-humus.Imigomo yokungena. Loluhlobo lwe-phosphate luvame ukusetshenziswa kuhlelo lokusebenza oluyinhloko. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-superphosphate okucebile kusebenza ngokukhethekile lapho kuhlanganiswa ukuhlanganiswa kokuyisisekelo nokuhlwanyela ngaphambili. Ukuze uthole isivuno esiphezulu nesicebile samazambane, isithombo sebhitrudi, ummbila, i-flax, okusanhlamvu, imifino kanye nezinye izitshalo, kuphakanyiswa ukuhlanganisa ukwengezwa kwe-superphosphate ecebile kumanyolo eyisisekelo ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nengxenye encane yayo emithonjeni nasemigqeni lapho uhlwanyela.
I-superphosphate ye-granular kabili
I-superphosphate ene-granulated kabili ihlanganisa i-dose kabili ye-phosphorus (42-50%). Le nqubo isetshenziselwa zonke izitshalo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okumele kusetshenziswe kufanele kube yanciphisa kancane. Ngokuvamile lesi sici sikhombisa izihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla.
Amanani we-superphosphate kabili granulated:
- for apula ezincane kuze kube neminyaka engu-5 - 60-75 g isitshalo ngasinye;
- for izihlahla apula izihlahla 5-10 ubudala - 170-220 g;
- izithelo zamatshe (i-apricot, cherry, iplamu) - 50-70 g ngomuthi ngamunye;
- for currants kanye gooseberries - 35-50 g per shrub;
- for raspberries - 20 g ngesikwele ngasinye. imitha yokufika.
Kubalulekile! Khumbula ukubaluleka okubalulekile uma usebenza nama-superphosphates: ungawaxube nge-chalk, urea, ammonium nitrate kanye ne-lime.
Phosphoric Flour
Ekubunjweni kwe-phosphate rock yi-20-30% ye-phosphorus. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kunomthelela onzima wezitshalo zezitshalo, kodwa lokhu kungaphezulu kwesimo esingaphezu kokungalungi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-phosphate rock isebenza ngokugcwele emhlabathini onobuthi (peat noma podzolic). Imvelo e-acidic iguqula ngokuphelele i-phosphorus efomu elifanele izitshalo.
Imithetho yokusetshenziswa kwedwala le-phosphate. Ufulawa we-phosphate awuhlanjululwa emanzini, lisetshenziselwa ukumba ekwindla kuphela. Umphumela wokusebenzisa le umanyolo awubonakali ngokushesha, kodwa kuphela eminyakeni engu-2-3 emva kokufaka isicelo. 
Nciphisa
Nciphisa - Olunye uhlobo lokudla okuphefumulayo okwenziwe nge-phosphoric. I-compound ayikwazi ukuchithwa emanzini, kodwa ihlanjululwe kahle kuma-acids eziphilayo. Umanyolo ufanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi. I-precipitate iyatholakala kwifomu le-powder, umbala we-compound ulula ngama-cream amanothi. Umanyolo awunayo impahla yokugqoka futhi uphuthunyiswe ngokuphelele emoyeni (ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya).
I-precipitate yilona umanyolo wokuqala we-phosphorus. Cishe ingxenye (40%) iqukethe i-phosphorus.
Indlela yohlelo lokusebenza. I-precipitate iyinhlanganisela ebaluleke kakhulu yazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezensimu. Yengezwa kwimikhiqizo eyisisekelo yokudla okukhulelwe. Hlanganisa kahle futhi kuleli fomu unikele ensimini yensimu. 
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa
Ukuhlaziywa kwamaminerali e-phosphate kubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunakho inzuzo enkulu yezitshalo nezensimu. Ikakhulukazi:
- ukhiqiza ukwanda;
- ukwandisa ukumelana kwezitshalo ezifweni ezihlukahlukene;
- ishalofu eliphezulu impilo yezithelo;
- ukubuyabuyelela nokuthuthukiswa kwama coefficients organoleptic.
Ingulube, inkomo, izimvu, ummbila wehhashi kanye nonogwaja zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo.Uzocabangela izinzuzo ze-phosphate esibonelweni sethonya labo emasimini athile kanye nezitshalo:
- Amagilebhisi. I-phosphate yokudla ikhulisa kakhulu ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kweziqu zezithelo zomvini; ukwandisa ushukela womvini; amajikijolo avuthwe ngokushesha.
- Utamatisi . Ukunikezwa kwe-phosphorus kwandisa ukukhula kwesimiso sotamatisi kusukela ekuthuthukiseni imbewu yokuqala, kwandisa ushukela.
- Ummbila, ukolweni. Ama-phosphorites akhulisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nokwandisa umsoco.
- Amazambane, ama-legumes. Izakhi ze-phosphoric zandisa isivuno, ngcono ikhwalithi yokutshala.
Uyazi? Into ephayona "i-phosphorus" isazi sesazi senzululwazi waseJalimane uHennig Brand. Ngo-1669, usosayensi wanquma ukususa igolide emcimbini womuntu. Ngokufudumala, ukupholisa nokushisa kwe-fluid eziphilayo Ibhulogi walungisa i-powder emhlophe ekhanya ebumnyameni. Usosayensi wanquma ukuthi wadala "indaba eyinhloko" yegolide futhi wabiza le "powder" (okusho ngesiGreki ukuthi "phosphorus"). Lapho ukuhlolwa okulandelayo ngezinto ezintsha kungakhanjiswe ngempumelelo, lo mdwebi wama-alchemist waqala ukuthengisa lolu daba oluyigugu ngaphezu kwegolide eliyigugu.Ngokufaka umquba wokutshala, ungalokothi ukhohlwe i-phosphorus. Ukwenza umquba womanyolo we-phosphate njalo, uzokugwema izinkinga eziningi futhi ukhule isivuno esicebile.
