Ezweni kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo, ezihlukile ekubukeni, kanti isici esiyinhloko sitshalo ngasinye siyingxenye yaso eluhlaza. Amaqabunga ahlukene ngobukhulu, ubujamo nemibala, kodwa lezi zici zakhiwe ngenxa yesakhiwo esithile esiyingqayizivele seselula.
Ngakho-ke, namuhla sicabangela isakhiwo sangaphandle nesingaphakathi sephepha, kanye nezinhlobo zayo eziyinhloko namafomu.
Yiziphi amaqabunga: isakhiwo sangaphandle
I-plate eluhlaza kuzo zonke izimo itholakala eceleni kwehlumela, ku-node yeziqu. Iningi lezitshalo zinamahlamvu aphalayo ahlukanisa le ngxenye yesitshalo kwabanye. Lolu hlobo lweshidi alukho ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngoba ngenxa yefomu elinefayili, liqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphezulu nomoya nokukhanya. Lesi sitshalo sesitshalo siboshwe ngamagqabi amaqabunga, i-petiole, i-stipule kanye nesisekelo. Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingenazo iziqu kanye nama-petioles. 
Uyazi? Amapuleti ashisa kunazo zonke emhlabeni abekwe. Lesi sitshalo sivame eNew Guinea kanti izizwe zendawo zizisebenzisa ukuze zihlombe, zibiza ukuthi azibi kakhulu kunezici ezikhethekile zokugcoba.
Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo namafomu
Cabanga ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamapuleti aluhlaza yizinhlobo namajamo, ukuthi ahluke kanjani komunye nomunye.
Kulula futhi kunzima
Amaqabunga ezitshalo eziningi alula ngoba aqukethe ipuleti eyodwa kuphela, kodwa kunezinye izinhlobo eziqukethe amapuleti amaningi, ngakho kuthiwa ziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ezihlukahlukene ezilula kuneqabunga leqabunga, elingase liqinile noma lihlukaniswe. Ukuze unqume uhlobo lwe-dissection, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi izingxenye ezihamba phambili zeplate zihanjiswa kanjani, kuye ngokuthi i-vein ne-petiole. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhulume mayelana nokuqoqa, uma izingxenye ezenza ngaphesheya kwesisekelo sepuleti zilingana nomvuthwandaba omkhulu. Kodwa uma behamba kancane, bevela endaweni ethize, babizwa ngokuthi izigxivizo zeminwe.
Amagama ezinhlobonhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ahlotshaniswa nezilula, kepha igama elithi "complex" lengezwe kubo. Lezi yi-palmate-complex, peristosis, triple kanye nezinye. 
Ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda amaqabunga alula futhi anzima, ungacabangela izibonelo ezimbalwa zezitshalo.
Izibonelo ezilula yi-birch, maple, i-oki. Kunzima - i-rowan, umlotha.
Ngokusho kwesimo sepuleti
Kukhona amapulethi wephepha alandelayo asemandleni:
- ukuvota ngokubanzi;
- okuzungezile;
- ovoid;
- ukuthutha ngokungahle;
- i-elliptical;
- obovate;
- i-linear;
- i-oblong;
- ukukhishwa ngokungafanele;
- i-lanceolate;
Emaphethelweni
Imiphetho yesitshalo ingaba:
- konke;
- okungafakwa;
- i-wavy;
- i-prickly;
- okungafakwa;
- i-double-toothed;
- i-serrated;
- i-crentate;
Ngaphezulu
Iziqongo ze-Plate kungaba:
- i-spiky;
- ukukhomba;
- i-spinous;
- inhlanhla;
- okungafakwa;
- i-rumpled;
- okuzungezile.
Ngesisekelo
Izisekelo zamapuleti aluhlaza zingaba ngamafomu alandelayo:
- okuzungezile;
- ifakwe emgqeni omisiwe;
- i-sphenoid;
- izinso ezinjengezinso;
- i-swept;
- umkhonto;
- okungafakwa;
- i-truncated;
- edonselwa ngu
Uyazi? Kukhona umuthi, iqabunga ngalinye eliphethe iphethini yalo eliyingqayizivele. Lesi sitshalo saseMalaysia sixhala.
Izinhlobo zendawo
Lapho ukuhlolwa kokubonakala kwengxenye ebhekwe njengento yesitshalo kwenzeka, imithanjeni, emincane, ibonakala ngokucacile. Ngenxa yemithanjeni, ipuleti inondliwa ngamanzi kanye nosawoti wamaminerali, kanye nokuqedwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziqoqiwe esitshalweni.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezindawo zithi: yi-arcuate, parallel, reticular noma pinnate, palmate. 
Njengendawo yamaqabunga amaqabunga, umuntu angakhuluma ngezibonelo zezitshalo ezinjalo: izimbali zomfula, i-plantain, enesakhiwo esikhulu, esethulwa ngesimo esisodwa se-vein flat, lapho kuyo yonke iminye imifino ihlelwe ngendlela ephikisayo. Njengezindawo ezifanayo, singacabangela izibonelo zezitshalo zommbila nezikolweni.
Njengoba izibonelo zezindawo ezinamahhashi kukhona ama-aspen, i-oki, i-birch. Zine-vein enkulu, ezungezwe ezincane ezincane, zakha uhlobo lwegridi.
Njengesibonelo se-venation efana nomunwe, i-platanovo maple, i-buttercup ye-caustic, evezwe ngendlela yemifudlana emikhulu, ehlukanisa ngendlela efana ne-fan, inezinhlamvu eziningi ezincane zama fan.
Ngesikhala sekhasi
Ukuhlelwa kweqabunga kufakwe ngesimo se-oval, alternate, rosette nokuphambene.
Njengesibonelo se-leaf layout, ungacabangela i-horsetail yehlathi, indawo elandelayo yeqabunga - amaqabunga e-vanilla, isikhundla samaqabunga e-rosette - amaqabunga e-plantain, isikhundla seqabunga elihlukile - i-eyebright yama-Rostok.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sephepha
Uma sikhuluma ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi, singacatshangwa ukuthi kuyoba umbuzo wesakhiwo samaselula. Ukuze ulandele ngokunembile isakhiwo seselula sephepha, indawo yokuhlola ukucubungula isigaba saso.
Sikukwazisa ukuba ujwayele izindawo ezizuzisayo nezilimazayo zamaqabunga: ama-blueberries, ama-raspberries, ama-burdock nama-beet.
Ingxenyeni engenhla yeqabunga leqabunga limbozwe isikhumba, esinikezwa ngesimo sezinhlamvu zeselula ezibala. Amaseli esikhumba asondelene kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuphelele kwamangqamuzana angaphakathi ukusuka ekucindezelekeni komshini nokomisa. Ngenxa yokuthi isikhumba siyabonakala, senza ukuba kungene ukungena kwelanga okungcono engxenyeni yangaphakathi yeshidi.
Ingxenye engezansi yeqabunga ihlinzekwa ngesimo se-stomata - amangqamuzana ahlaza anama-slits. Bangase bahlukanise noma baguquke, bavule noma bavale igebe. Ngenxa ye-stomata, ukushisa kwamanzi nokushisa kwegesi kwenzeka.
Kubalulekile! Uma kukhona ukungabi nomswakama, i-stomata isendaweni evaliwe.
Okungenani ama-stomata angu-100 atholakala kwelinye iqabunga lamakhasi. Ezinye izitshalo zine-stomata ebusweni bekhasi leqabunga, isibonelo, iklabishi. Eminye imifino yamanzi, njenge-lily amanzi, ayinayo i-stomata ngaphakathi kwekhasi nhlobo, njengoba ikhona emanzini, futhi ukuphuphuma yizingxenye eziphansi zeplate akunakwenzeka.
Ingaphakathi leqabunga ligcwele uginindi olunezingqamuzana eziqukethe ama-chloroplast ezingenakubalwa, ngenxa yokuthi zinemibala eluhlaza. Kulesi sigaba senqubo ye-photosynthesis, ukuze kutholakale izinto eziphilayo. 
I-pulp ye-hardwood ingxenye ihlukaniswe ngokuphindaphindiwe kwamaseli. Uhlobo lokuqala luboniswe ngamakholomu asesigxeni sebheksi elukhuni, ngaphansi kwesikhumba, futhi kuthiwa i-columnar fabric. Ngezansi ukwakheka kwezicubu ze-spongy, amangqamuzana awo ahlukaniswa ukuphelelwa amandla, abe phakathi kwawo ngokwanele isikhala somoya.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yendaba ephilayo isakhiwe emathisini ekholomu - lokhu kubangelwa ukukhanya okungcono kwesibhakabhaka seqabunga, okwenza kube nenqubo ejulile ye-photosynthesis. Izicubu ze-spongy zinikeza izinqubo zokushintshaniswa kwegesi.
Kubalulekile! Uma lesi sitshalo sihlala endaweni ekhanyisiwe, kunezingxenye eziningana zezicubu ze-columnar. Izimila ezisemthunzini, zine ungqimba owodwa kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma ingxenye eyodwa yomuthi isemthunzini, kanti eyesibili ilanga, khona-ke amaqabunga angakhiwa esihlahleni esisodwa ngesigamu esisodwa noma eziningana zendwangu ye-columnar.
Ukuze ufunde ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaqabunga, kuyadingeka ukuba unake nje kuphela ukuma kwekhasi leqabunga, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo sangaphakathi nangaphandle, esichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.
