Abasimili bevame ukubhekana neqiniso lokuthi amakhukhamba abo abamba ukushisa, abawazisa, kuthinta izifo nezinambuzane. Isimo, esakhiwa ngaphakathi, sisiza ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezihlukahlukene. Ukulwa nalezi zinkinga kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa kwezitshalo zemifino. Cabanga ngesifo samakhukhamba kubamba lokushisa bese uchaza izindlela zokwelashwa kwabo, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezithombe ezizosiza ngokushesha ukubona "isitha". Ngokushesha lapho uthola futhi ubona isifo noma izinambuzane, izitshalo ezinempilo futhi ezitholakalayo ozothola.
Izimbangela ze
Ama-ukhukhamba abamba ukushisa abhekana nokutheleleka kwe-fungal, amabhaktheriya kanye nesandulela ngculaza kunemifino ekhulile emhlabathini ovulekile. Izidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezifo nokusabalala kwezinambuzane yizici ezilandelayo:
- microclimate yokufakelwa (ukungabi nemibandela edingekayo ekuthuthukiseni nokukhula okujwayelekile);
- izimo zokushisa ezingavamile (izinguquko zokushisa okuvame futhi ngokuzumayo ku-greenhouse);
- umswakama ophezulu;
- ukuchelela kwamanzi abandayo, ukuchelela ngokweqile, ukuchithwa okuvamile kwezitshalo;
- ukuba khona kwemidwebo; ukungabi nokukhanya; ukungabi namsoco emhlabathini;
- ukunganakwa kwemigomo yokujikeleza kwezitshalo (ukushintshwa okungavamile kwesayithi nomhlabathi wokutshala);
- ukutshala izithombo emhlabathini, lapho abanduleli ababi bekhukhamba (ikhava, ikhabe, i-zucchini, u-squash, ithanga) lakhula ngaphambilini;
- ukuhlanza okungavamile;
- ukutholakala kwesikhashana kwezitshalo ezithintekile.
Uyazi? Izindawo zokugcina zokugcina zokukhuphula ikhukhamba ezinyakazayo zakhiwa eRoma lasendulo. Umbusi waseRoma uTiberius (42 BC AD-37 AD) wayefisa ukudla le mijelo nsuku zonke.
Izifo eziyinhloko zamakhukhamba abamba ukushisa kanye nokwelashwa kwazo
Izifo ezivame kakhulu ezithinta isiko ezindaweni ezibamba ukushisa: i-anthracnose, i-powdery isikhutha, i-downy isikhutha, i-gray and white rot, i-bacteriosis, i-root rot. Lezi nezinye izifo zamakhukhamba, manje sibheka ngokuningiliziwe, kanye nokuhlinzeka isithombe samaqabunga aphethwe yilokho.
I-Anthracnose
I-Anthracnose - isifo esibangwa yi-fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium. I-fungus ikhula ngokuphindaphindiwe esigabeni se-vegetative. Yazi lesi sifo ngamachashazi aphuzi okwesibhakabhaka emaqenjini kanye nama-cotyledons. Kancane kancane, izingxenye ezithintekayo zamaqabunga ziba zikhukhume futhi zinyuka. Emahlumela avela ezindaweni ezijulile ezigcwele umcibisholo obomvu-nethusi. Uma lesi sifo sithinta izithelo, khona-ke futhi zakha indentations ngesimo sezilonda. Ezimweni zomswakama ophezulu, lezi zakhiwo zihlanganiswa ne-pink mold, bese ziphenduka abamnyama. 
Ukunambitheka kwemifino kuba mbaba, futhi ngesikhathi sokugcina kanye nokuhamba bahamba. Ukudla imifino enjalo kuyinto engathandeki.
Uma uthola lezi zibonakaliso, izithelo ezithintekile kungcono ukususa ngokushesha, nemivini ukucubungula nge-0.4% i-chlorine dioxide. Ungasebenzisa nesisombululo se-1% se-Bordeaux ingxube. Inqubo yenziwa kanye emva kwezinsuku eziyishumi.
Idonsa likaMealy
Umkhuhlane we-powdery (I-mycelium yi-agent causative ye-Erysiphales) ingenye yezifo ezivame kakhulu zamakhukhamba endaweni evikelwe. Ezitshalweni ezithathelwanayo, kuphawulwe amaqabunga ekufeni, futhi isivuno sinciphile. Esikhathini sokuqala sesi sifo singabonakala ngokukhanya okukhanyayo emaqabunga. Ngokuhamba kancane, amabala akhula, isikhumba se-powdery sisakazeka emanzini nasezinhlakeni, futhi amaqabunga aphendukile futhi afe. 
Uma uthola izimpawu ze-powdery mildew, ususe izingxenye ezithintekayo zezitshalo emthonjeni we-infection, bese uphatha izihlahla ezinomkhuhlane we-sulfur based based (Topsin, Bayleton, Tiovit Jet, Carat, i-colloidal sulfur). Umphumela omuhle unikeza ukukhipha kwe-mullein. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwenziwa ngemva kwamasonto amabili kuphela.
Kubalulekile! Imithombo ye-infections fungal kufanele isetshenziswe eduze kwamafasitela, amapayipi okushisa kanye neminyango yokushisa.
I-Perinosporosis (i-downy isikhutha)
I-Downy isikhutha noma i-perinospora- isifo esiyingozi esibangelwa i-fungus Plasmopara futhi sithinta kakhulu amahlamvu. Ngesinye isikhathi esitshalweni, i-perinospora mycelium ikhula ngokushesha, ivimba ukunikezwa kwezakhi. I-mycelium ingase iphikelele imbewu yekhukhamba iminyaka eminingi. Phezu kweshidi, amabala ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka ifomu lokuqala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zilonda zanda futhi zikhule ndawonye. Ngakwesokunxele kwekhasi kukhona ukuqhakaza okumpunga-okubomvu okuluhlaza. Amahlamvu asomile, imibimbi nokuwa. 
Ukuze unqobe lesi sifo, ayeke ukuchelela, ufafaze inhlabathi ngamapulangwe ash. Vala imivini kahle ebusuku futhi uyenze umoya emini. Sula isixazululo sePhytosporin. Shiya izinhlangothi zombili ngokucophelela ukucubungula i-Bordeaux ingxube noma i-pulp-soap emulsion.
Njengendlela ezithandwayo ezisetshenziswa i-kefir ne-iodine noma ubisi omuncu.
Grey ukubola
Grey ukubola - ukutheleleka okubangelwa ukunqotshwa kwezihlahla kanye neBotrytis cinerea mycelium. I-Mycelium igula ama-ovari, amaqabunga, izimbali kanye nezithelo zekhukhamba. Ukutheleleka kubonakala ngokubonakala kwe-grey ehambayo ngezithelo, okungase kukhule ndawonye. 
Izingxenye zezitshalo ezitheleleke ngokubola okumhlophe kudingeka zisuswe, zifake ingxenye yehlumela enempilo. Izindawo zitheka nge-lime, i-sulfate yethusi noma amalahle achotshoziwe.
Ngokwelashwa okutheleleka kokutheleleka kungaba ingxube yeBordeaux. Endabeni yokubonakala kokubola ezihlahleni, ochwepheshe baqhuba ukupompela amafungicides. Imithi elandelayo isetshenziswa: "Rovral", "Khom", "Inzuzo", "Fundazol", "Ditan M-45", "i-Ordan", "Skor".
Ukubola okumhlophe
Ukubola okumhlophe noma i-sclerotinia (I-Botrytis cinerea mycelium yi-agent ye-causative) yisifo esivamile esithinta izitshalo eziningi zemifino ezindaweni zokushisa. Izinto ezifihliwe yi-mycelium, zibhubhisa amaseli ezitshalo, okuholela ekuhlahleni okuncane. Ukutheleleka kuphelela ngokuphelele isitshalo sekhukhamba: ama-cuttings, amahlumela, amaqabunga nezithelo zamakhukhamba awonakele. 
Isibonakaliso se-sclerotinia singumdwebo omhlophe nomfutho, ofana noboya bekotini. I-plaque iyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi iphenduke insimu. Izishukela ezithintekayo ziphenduka abamnyama futhi zibole.
Izinyathelo zokulawula zifana nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukubola kwegrey. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthungatha amahlumela kanye namaqabunga nge-copper-chalk powder kufanele kwenziwe. Lesi senzakalo senziwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwefungus.
Bacteriosis
Bacteriosis noma ukuphawula okungenangqondo - Ukugula okubangelwa u-fungus oyingozi Pseudomonas lachrymans. Ekuqaleni, izilonda ezincane ezikhanyayo zitholakale ema-cotyledons, futhi amahlamvu ahlanganiswe namabala angangena. Amachashazi abukeka egcwele amanzi noma amafutha. Kamuva, izicubu ezithathelwanayo ziphenduka umbala obomvu, zome futhi zinyamalale. Izithelo nazo zingabonakaliswa ukubonakala kwe-angular: ikhukhamba ibonakala sengathi yayinyanyiswa yizinyoni. 
Lapho izimpawu zokuqala ze-bacteriosis zivela emaqabunga noma ama-cotyledons, okokuqala kudingeka udedwe izitshalo noma izithombo. Khona-ke ngokushesha uphathe imbiza yaseBordeaux noma amafungicides ajwayelekile.
Umsuka wokubola
Umsuka wokubola - isifo esiyingozi samakhukhamba, esingenabubele kokubili izitshalo ezincane nezindala. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo sithinta izitshalo ezibuthakathaka. Ebonakala endaweni ye-basal, leli bhala lidala ukuma nokufa kwazo zonke izimpande. Ngenxa yalokho, amahlamvu aphansi aphenduka aphuzi, bese kuthiwa isihlahla sifa ngokuphelele.
Amahlumela abonisa ukukhula okubuthakathaka. Kukhona amaphesenti aphezulu okufa kwamahlumela. Ezenzweni ezithelelekile, izindawo ezibomvu zifakwe kwi-collar yezimpande, ezanda ngokushesha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ihlumela iba mncane, kanti amaqabunga amancane abuna. Izithombo ziphuma kalula emhlabathini. Lesi sifo kulula ukubona ngisho namaqabunga. Akhubazekile futhi ahlanganiswe nezindawo ezincane ezimnyama. 
Ukuze unqobe izimpande, izitshalo ziphathwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo: i-Trichodermin, i-Pseudobacterin-2, ne-Baktofit.
Kubalulekile! Zonke izidakamizwa ezingenhla zisetshenziswa njengoba kuqondiswe imiyalelo.
Ukushisa izinambuzane zokushisa
Kanye nezifo, ukhukhamba wakho wokushisa ungabhubhisa ezinye izinambuzane. Ikhukhamba imivini ivame ukuthinteka kakhulu yi-aphid, i-whitefly kanye ne-spider. Ekulweni nazo zonke izinambuzane kunezinhlanzi zayo. Okulandelayo, sizofunda lezi zinambuzane ezincane zamakhukhamba, sijwayele izimpawu, kanye nezithombe zezithelo zezithelo, futhi sihlaziye izindlela zabo zokwelashwa.
I-aphid encane
Amakholoni i-melon aphidukondla uketshezi lwesitshalo, uwasusa futhi usakaze amagciwane ahlukahlukene. Ubude bomzimba wezinambuzane ezimazayo yi-2 mm. Umbala omnyama noma uhlaza omnyama. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane zingagcwalisa ngokushesha izihlahla ngesikhathi esifushane, futhi zichithe isivuno. Okokuqala, iziqu kanye namaqabunga aqhwaza, bese efa.
Ungakwazi ukubuka ama-aphid e-melon ngemuva kwamaqabunga kanye namahlumela wezitshalo zekhukhamba ngoJulayi no-Agasti. Imithombo yama-aphid ngamakhukhamba ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa yilawo ukhula, ngakho-ke udinga ukuwachitha ngesikhathi esifanele. I-infusion ye-pepper obomvu nokudaka ugwayi (30 g ushukela kanye no-200 g uthuli othulini ugwayi uchithe amalitha ayishumi amanzi ashisayo) kubhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo ekulwa nama-aphid ku-greenhouse. Ukulungiselela okuqhubekayo mayelana nosuku, uhlobo, bese wenza 1 tbsp. l izindlu ezinomsoco isepha kanye no-3 tbsp. l ukhuni resin. Iviki ngemuva kwenqubo yokuqala yokuphalaza kumele iphindwe. Zama futhi ukucubungula indlela emkhatsini wemigqa ebamba lokushisa. Ngokuqondene namalungiselelo amakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Strela noma i-Inter-vir isetshenziswa.
I-Whitefly yokushisa okushisa
I-fly fly - izinambuzane eziyingozi, ngokuvamile zixazulula izitshalo zokushisa. Le nkathazo encane inamaphiko ombala omhlophe, futhi umzimba wayo uboshwe nge-white wax. I-whitefly iyakwazi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele lesi sitshalo ngesikhathi esifushane. Uhlala emaqabunga amakhukhamba, ephuza ijusi kuwo futhi eqokomisa imithi yeshukela. Ikakhulukazi amaqoqo amaningi ahlonishwa phansi kweshidi. Khona-ke amahlumela namaqabunga ajika amnyama futhi afe. 
Ngokumelene ne-whitefly, ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo nomkhiqizo we-Akofit (0.2%). Inqubo yenziwa izikhathi ezingu-2-3 phakathi naleso sigaba sesitshalo.
Kubalulekile! Ungalokothi ungeze ama-sawdust fresh emhlabathini wekhukhamba ku-greenhouse. I-sawdust ithatha i-calcium emhlabathini futhi iyayichitha. Sebenzisa kuphela i-sawdust elele okungenani unyaka owodwa.Ukuvikela ukushisa okuvela ku-whitefly, ukumboza yonke iminyango nemigodi kwesendlalelo esisodwa se-gauze. Bese ufake izicupho ezikhethekile zeglue. Kuze kube sekugcineni, izingcezu zeplywood zidinga ukudwetshwa umbala omhlophe noma ophuzi oheha i-whitefly. Bese ugcoba i-plywood ngenhlanganisela ye-rosin, i-oil castor ne-petroleum jelly.
Indlela efakazelwe kahle yokutshala amaqabunga ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Emva kokugeza, i-sawdust, i-peat noma i-humus kufanele ifakwe enhlabathini.
Ekulweni ne-whitefly ku-ukhukhamba sebenzisa inkomo, ingulube, izimvu, ihhashi no-rabbit humus.
Isibungu se-spider
Ukushisa ama-ukhukhamba ngokuvamile kuthinteka. isicabucabu. Ngomunye ukwanda kokushisa kwomoya (kusuka ku-20 ° C nangaphezulu), inani lamakhansela landa. Lezi zinambuzane zidla kokubili izithombo kanye nemivini yabantu abadala. Ukufika kwe-spider mite kunqunywa kalula: emaqabunga ungabona iwebhu, lapho izibungu zihamba khona.
Ngokumelene ne-spider mite, kunezidakamizwa ezikhethekile ezibizwa nge-acaricides. Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhwama sibhekene nokulutha ngokweqile kuma-pesticides, ngakho-ke, izimali kumele zishintshwe ngezikhathi ngezikhathi ezintsha. I-Clipper, i-Fitoverm, i-Bicol, i-Talstar, i-Akarin nabanye kufanele kubhekiswe njengempumelelo.
Uyazi? Ukulwa no-spider mite - akukho msebenzi olula. Okokuqala udinga ukuqeda insikazi. Ubude bokuphila kwakhe abukho ngaphezu kwenyanga, nokho, ngalesi sikhathi owesifazane unesikhathi sokubeka amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana. Kuyaziwa nokuthi owesifazane wesinye sezinhlobo ze-mite uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ama-15-20 amawaka ngesikhathi sokuphila. Bambalwa phakathi kwezilwane abangase baziqhenye ngomkhiqizo onjalo.
Ukuvimbela
Yenza ngokucophelela izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezizovimbela ukuvela nokusabalalisa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinambuzane ezikhukheni ezimweni zokushisa. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zilandelayo:
- ukususwa okuvamile kanye nokubhujiswa kwezinxenye ezitshaliwe, ezinyanyekile zezitshalo, kanye nesithelo esibolile;
- ukuchithwa kwe-greenhouse yonke, kufaka phakathi inhlabathi, amathuluzi kanye nemishini ethile;
- ukugcina i-microclimate ehle (izinga lokushisa - 23-25 ° C, umswakama womoya - 80-85%);
- ukuchelela ngokulinganisela kwenhlabathi;
- ukugcina ukujikeleza kwezitshalo (ukushintsha izitshalo ngezikhathi ezithile);
- ukuhlwanyela izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zokutheleleka;
- Ukushisa nokugqokisa imbewu (ukwenzela ukungcola, imbewu kufanele ifakwe kwisisombululo se-1% se-potassium permanganate ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela);
- ukufika emhlabathini olungiselelwe futhi oshisayo;
- ukucubungula ngezikhathi ezithile izakhi;
- ukuqhuma njalo ekamelweni; Ukugcina imibhede ihlanzekile.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndaba izokusiza ngempumelelo ukubhekana nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zamakhukhamba abamba ukushisa futhi uthole isivuno esivulekile. Ukunakekelwa ngokufanele kwamakhukhamba, ukuvinjelwa okufika ngesikhathi kuzokwenyusa cishe ukuthi kungenzeka ukubhujiswa kwezifo zikakhukhamba nezinambuzane.
