I-peanut (i-peanut) iyinambitha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudla okunempilo, lapho kunesakhiwo esikhulu sezinto ezibalulekile zomzimba. Lesi sitshalo asizithobeki, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwaziyo ukutshala amantongomane futhi banikeze ngokunakekelwa okufanele.
Imigomo efanele yokufika
Ama-agronomist abanokuhlangenwe nakho bayaqiniseka ukuthi isikhathi esifanele kakhulu sokutshala amantongomane emhlabathini ovulekile nguMeyi: ngalesi sikhathi inhlabathi isivele ifudumele ngokwanele futhi ngeke ilimaze imbewu. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ugxile esifundeni esikhulayo. Uma kukhona amaqhwa endaweni yakho ngisho nasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, kungcono ukuhlehlisa ukufika kokuqala kwehlobo. 
Ukukhetha indawo
Ngaphambi kokuba utshale i-peanut, udinga ukuthola indawo enhle engadini bese udala izimo ezifanele.
Uma ukhetha indawo kubalulekile ukucabangela lokho isitshalo se-photophilousKodwa-ke, ukuthungula kancane kubuye kube nokuthula. Ukuze kuhlwanyelwe intwasahlobo, kuyadingeka ukuthi isayithi liqede iqhwa futhi lime ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Imimoya evuthayo ibonakala ngokungalungile kwimikhiqizo.
Uyazi? Ngesihlandlo sokuqala isikhukhula safika kithi ngo-1792, salethwa eTurkey. Namuhla, lesi sitshalo sikhulile ngezinga elikhulu eChina, eNdiya, eNigeria, e-Indonesia.
Ukukhanyisa
Amantongomane athande ukukhanya nokufudumala. Ngisho nokuthungula kancane kuzoholela ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwesitshalo, kwehlisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho zemifino, kanye nokunciphisa inani lezithelo. Isidingo sokushisa sigcinwa sonke isikhathi sokukhula.
Umhlaba
Njengoba ama-peanuts ekhula ngokuqondile emhlabathini, ikhwalithi kanye nesakhiwo saso siyinhloko. Lesi sitshalo sidinga umhlabathi pH hlangothiokucebile nge-calcium ne-magnesium. Umhlaba omuhle kakhulu okhanyayo futhi okhululekile, odlula umoya kanye namanzi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube nesinye isihlabathi. Ngaphambi kokutshala, inhlabathi ihlotshaniswa nezindaba eziphilayo. 
Abadluli phambili
Ukuze kuvune isivuno esihle, akuyona indawo yokugcina esetshenziselwa izitshalo ezavame ukukhula kulo mhlaba. Amantongomane athuthuka kangcono emva kweklabishi, utamatisi, amazambane kanye namakhukhamba. Kodwa ama-legumes, ngokuphambene nalokho, angaholela ekuthuthukiseni ukubola ezimpandeni, ngakho-ke kungcono ukugwema ukutshala amantongomane endaweni yawo.
Ama-peas, ubhontshisi kanye nobhontshisi yizivakashi eziningi etafuleni lethu. Futhi ama-legumes afana ne-vetch, alfalfa kanye ne-sainfoin asetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane.
Ukulungiselela isayithi ngaphambi kokutshala
Ukulungiselela umhlabathi okuyisisekelo izinhlanga eziluhlazaokuyinto ezovumela ukukhipha ukhula ngangokunokwenzeka, nokuphakamisa i-zyabi ibe yi-30 cm ejulile. Imisebenzi yokuqala iyenziwa ngokushesha emva kokuvuna kwabaphambili, ukujula kokwelashwa kokuqala ngu-6 cm, okwesibini kuyajula: 11 cm
Ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukulimaza kuqhutshwa noma kudlulele. Ukwelashwa kwasekuqaleni kwenziwa ngesikhathi kuvela ukhula lonyaka. Ukulima kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ezweni elomile, kunconywa ukukwenza imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Kubalulekile! Ukwenzeka okungenzeka kwama-frosts asekuseni kungaholela ekufeni kwesitshalo, ngakho-ke okokuqala ngemuva kokutshala kunconywa ukumboza izitshalo ebusuku ngefilimu noma i-agrofibre.
Isu nokujula kokuhlwanyela amantongomane
Ukufika emanzini emhlabathini ovulekile kungcono kakhulu okwenziwe ngendlela yesikwele. Iningi livame ukusebenzisa lolu hlelo 60 × 60 cmKodwa-ke, akekho ovimbela ukutshala ngezinye izindlela, isibonelo, uhlangothi olubanzi, lapho ububanzi phakathi kwemigqa buyi-65 cm, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwezitshalo lingama-20 cm. 
Ukuze uthole izithombo ezinhle, kusetshenziselwa imbewu enkulu kuphela, etshalwe ekujuleni kwe-7 cm. Okungenani imbewu ezintathu zinconywa ukuthi zifakwe emthonjeni ngamunye.
Qedela ukutshala ukuchelela okuningi. Ukucindezelwa kwamanzi kufanele kube ngaphansi, ukuze kungabi nciphisa inhlabathi futhi kungabonakali imbewu. Kungcono ukuphinda ukuxhaphaza izikhathi eziningana ngaphambi kwamachibi avela emibhedeni.
Ukunakekela nokulima ukulima
Izindlela eziyinhloko ze-agrotechnical zokutshala ngokuphumelelayo kwamanontiwa athela, adla, aphakama futhi akhulule inhlabathi. Yiqiniso, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo kusuka kokhula nokuvimbela izifo nezinambuzane.
Ukunisela, ukusiphahla nokukhipha
Ama-ground ground anamanzi njengoba adingekayo, isitshalo sithanda umswakama, kodwa hhayi lapho izwe limanzi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sezimbali, kungcono ukwenza izinqubo ezimanzi kabili ngeviki. Yenza kangcono ekuseni. Ngemuva kokuba izimbali zinyamalale, ukuchelela kunganciphisa, ngalesi sikhathi kunconywa ukuba ufeze ngaphezulu. Izinqubo ezifanayo zenziwa kusihlwa futhi zenze njalo nsuku zonke.
Uyazi? E-Melika, kunqatshelwe ukuletha ama-peanuts ebhanoyini - lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi banokungavumelani okufihliwe kulo mkhiqizo, futhi ngaphakathi kungabangela ukugxila okuqinile kwi-bronchi ngisho nokubulala.
Ukuhluma kufanele kwenziwe njalo, ukuze ukhula lungagcini ama-peanut futhi ungangeni emthonjeni. Ukukhululeka kwenziwa emva kokunisela ngamunye ukuze kwandiswe inani le-oxygen emhlabathini, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhuphuka komswakama. 
Umanyolo
I-Peanut iyaphendula ngokuqinisekile ekusungulweni kwamaminerali omquba emhlabeni.
Ngokwesilinganiso, isidingo samabhethri ngezigaba zentuthuko singalokhu:
- izithombo ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaqabunga amathathu - i-phosphorus;
- i-branching - potassium ne-nitrogen;
- ukubonakala kwefihlekile - i-nitrogen;
- isikhathi sokuqhakaza - i-phosphorus;
- bobo ukwakheka - nitrogen ne-potassium.
Izihlobo ezihlobisa izimbali ezivela emndenini we-legumes ziyi-mimosa, i-caragana, i-acacia, i-wisteria, i-lupine.
Izihlahla zezintaba
Kuyo yonke inkathi ekhulayo, amantongomane ahlambalaza cishe izikhathi ezinhlanu. Ukufaneleka nokuphindaphindiwe kokubulawa kuthinta ngqo isivuno. Ngesikhathi sokuqala umsebenzi onjalo wenziwa ngosuku lweshumi emva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuvuna, lapho amahlumela athelayo ewela phansi.
Ngaphambi kokudala amaslayidi aphezulu (6 cm), kuyanconywa ukuba amanzi amanzi ngokucophelela. Lokhu kuzokwandisa inani lamathenda lapho isivuno esizayo esizobekwa khona. Esikhathini esizayo, umhlaba wezwe uwenziwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi. 
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo
Ukuze ugweme ukunqotshwa kwe-chalcosporosis, kudingeka uqaphele ukujikeleza kwezitshalo futhi uhlukanise izitshalo ezintsha ezitshalweni zonyaka odlule. Uma lokhu kungakusizi, kunconywa ukuphatha le ndawo ngesisombululo se-1% se-Bordeaux ingxube noma abathintekayo abakhona. Ukuze izitshalo zingaguli nge-Fusarium wilt, amasiko eklabishi kufanele afakwe ekujikelezeni kwezitshalo.
Amantongomane angabhekana ne-powdery isikhutha, i-alternariosis, i-phyllossticosis ne-gray mold. Lahla lezi zinkinga ngokuphatha ama-fungicides avunyelwe. Ukutshisa umhlaba ngomlotha noma ugwayi kufanelekile ngokumelene nama-aphid namacimbi.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Qala ukuvuna lapho amaqabunga eshintsha umbala. Amabhontshisi aguqulwa emhlabathini, ahlukaniswe neziqu futhi ahlelwe phansi, lapho imisebe yelanga ingangeni khona, ukuma. Ngemuva kokuba igobolondo limile, thatha amantongomane kuwo.
Kubalulekile! Ukwephulwa kobuchwepheshe bokulima, kanye nokugcinwa okungalungile kungabangela ukuqoqwa kwama-aflatoxin kumantongomane emantongweni. Bangela izifo noma ezinye izifo. Izinto ezinjalo zibangelwa isikhunta.
Emva kokuvuna, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi ungagcina kanjani amantongomane ekhaya. 
Ukuze wandise isikhathi sokugcina, udinga ukucabangela izici ezilandelayo:
- Umswakama. Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke, ngoba ukunqwabelana kwemithombo yomswakama kuthatha isithelo futhi kwenza kube kungakalungi ukusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo ezinjalo ziholela ekuboneni isikhunta se-parasitic.
- Ukufudumala. Ukuphakama kwezinga lokushisa ekamelweni lapho isitshalo sigcinwa khona, ikakhulukazi izinqubo zokusebenzisa umzimba. Bahamba kancane kuphela emazingeni okushisa kuze kube ngu-5 degrees.
- Izinga elivuthiwe. Ngesivuno esingalungile, lapho beqhubeka nokusebenza ngokusebenza komzimba, ukugcina okulungile akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, amantongomane azohlaselwa ngokushesha kakhulu.
- Ukungcola. Ukutholakala kwemali yamaminerali kanye nezinye izinhlayiyana kungabangela izindawo ezishisayo ezizolimaza yonke isivuno ngenxa yalokho.
- Microflora. Ukuba khona kwefungi kanye nama-bacteria kunomphumela ohlukile kumantongomane. Ngokuvamile ziholela ekubukeni kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwamantongomane amancane okugula kunciphisa ikhwalithi ye-batch yonke, njengoba idluliselwa ngokushesha kwabanye.
Kungcono ukugcina amantongomane egumbini elomile elivuthayo emoyeni ocolile.
