Ngaphandle kwezinambuzane, amahlathi amazambane ahlushwa nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Amanye ama-pathogens asezinzile kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule, futhi lokhu kubangela ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabalimi. Okwamanje, asikho isizathu sokwesaba - uma wazi ukuthi i-phytophthora ibonakala kanjani kumazambane nendlela yokulwa nayo, ungagcina isivuno.
Izimbangela nezimpawu zesifo
I-agent ye causative yesifo yi-pathogen yegama elifanayo. Iphakathi kwefungi eliphansi (i-oomycetes).
Lesi sifo sidluliselwa nge-phytospores, esuke ihlanzwa kusuka emhlabathini ingxenye yesitshalo futhi ngokusebenzisa ama-capillary enhlabathini awela esitsheni noma nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Isikhathi sokukhushulwa sisuka ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kwezingu-16. Emhlabathini obuthakathaka noma phambi kwamagciwane ezincane zokutshala, i-fungus iqhubekela phambili ngokushesha, ezinsukwini ezingu-3-4.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zivame ukugula ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Uma isisindo esibuhlungu sixhumana nabo ngamehlo abo, khona-ke ingxenye yesitshalo ingafa. Ngokucabanga, lokhu kubungozi kuyanda kakhulu.
Kubalulekile! Isici esibalulekile sokuvimbela ukujikelezwa kwezitshalo. Uma izitshalo ezifanayo ezinamafutha zikhula endaweni efanayo unyaka nonyaka, inhlabathi kufanele ihlaselwe yi-Bordeaux liquid.I-Phytophthora njengama-mushroom we-viral ithanda umswakama kakhulu. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zemvula ekushiseni kwama-15 kuya ku-25 ° C yizimo ezihle kulo. Ukwehlisa ukutshala kugcizelela kuphela umphumela: ezimweni ezinjalo ngisho namazolo amnyama akwanele. Esikhathini esishisayo, lesi sifo saphela ukukhula, kodwa lokhu akulula kwezitshalo.
Ezindaweni eziningi, kungenzeka ukubona izilonda zesimila noma amaqabunga amazambane engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, nakuba ezindaweni eziseningizimu zezinhlobo zakuqala izimboni ezimbalwa zaseJune zanele.
Ingozi yukuthi ngisho nasezikhungweni eziningana ezine-phytospore ezihlaselwa emavikini angu-1.5-2 zingasakazeka kuzo zonke izindawo, futhi uma kungenjalo ukuthatha izinyathelo, emva kwezinsuku ezingu-17-20 izitshalo ziyafa.
Ukulimala okwesikhashana kuyisifo esiyingozi emndenini wonke we-Solanaceae: utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, pepper. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo sithinta ama-strawberry, ama-raspberries, amafutha we-castor, i-buckwheat.
Ukuqaphela umphumela we-fungus kungaba ngezizathu ezilandelayo:
- Amachashazi avela emaphethelweni amaqabunga, okusheshayo aphenduke ensundu futhi akhulise usayizi;
- Izimpawu ezimhlophe ziyabonakala epulazini eliphansi leshidi - lokhu kungukuphikisana;
- esimweni sezulu sezulu ishidi lingase libole;
- Ezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekayo, ama-gray specks abhalwe ngokucacile, futhi aqala ukuthola umbala obomvu. Ngokushesha baqina futhi bajule ngaphakathi kwe-fetus. Uma usika amazambane, kubonakala sengathi "kuyinto enesibindi."
Uyazi? Kwezinye izingxenye zaseNingizimu Melika, kusekhona amazambane asendle. Yiqiniso, akuyona into efanele yokudla, njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa ziqukethe ama-solanine amakhemikhali anobuthi.
Indlela yokwenza ukwelashwa (amakhemikhali)
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivuno, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlanganyele ekuvimbeleni imbewu, ukulima nokutshala.
Ukuvimbela izifo
Into esemqoka ukusebenzisa inhlabathi egcwele kahle kanye namazambane enempilo ngokutshala.
Ngokuqondene nenhlabathi, kuyadingeka ukukhetha indawo ephansi. Insimu esigodini ngeke isebenze - izindawo ezinokubuthelwa okukhulu komswakama, njengoba sikhumbula, zingase zibe yingozi. Izwe kufanele libheke kahle futhi liphuze umoya, futhi amanzi ajwayelekile kufanele ahlinzekwe.
Khumbula ukuthi yini eyakhula esakhiweni ekuqaleni - izitshalo zasebusika, izinyosi, ifilakisi, ummbila kanye namakhambi okuhlala kuyoba yiziqhamuka phambili kakhulu. "Omakhelwane" abangcono kakhulu bazoba isithombo noma lwesinaphi, kodwa i-pepper, isitshalo seqanda kanye nezinye izinhlanzi zigcinwe kahle.
Kubalulekile! Kukholelwa ukuthi amaqhwa anamandla abulala phytophthora emhlabathini. Ngeshwa, i-pathogen ishintsha kancane kancane ezimweni zethu. - isibonelo, ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ubusika akusabeka, futhi kuyisifiso sokwenza imifino kusukela ekwindla.
Ukulwa nokulimala kwamazambane kuqala ngisho nangaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini futhi okokuqala kufika phansi ekukhetheni izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo. Hlola kalula: amaviki amabili, amazambane ashushulwa emoyeni ovulekile ngo-15-18 ° C. Kakade kulesi sigaba izibonakaliso zokuqala njengezindawo zizobonakala. Lokhu kungcono ukubeka eceleni noma ukulahla ngokushesha.
Esikhathini esizayo Ukuvimbela kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezinjalo:
- Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko ngamakhemikhali e-potassium-phosphorus emazingeni aphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali e-potassium kuphindwe kabili, kanti ama-phosphorous amalungiselelo anika izikhathi eziyi-1.5 ngaphezu kwesimiso.
- Ukutshala okujulile "imbewu" amazambane kanye nezintaba ezincane eziqongile.
- Grooves uthele i-hose, hhayi "ukuwa".
- Ukuhlanza izitshalo ezigulayo ezikhulayo kusayithi.
- Abaningi ngesonto ngaphambi kokukhetha nje ukusika iziqongo. Yiqiniso, ngisho nasezinhlathini eziqinile kuyadabukisa, futhi akufanelekile ukubambezeleka ngokuhlanza.
- Hlanganisa ukuvuna endaweni egcwele ilanga, eyomile. Umswakama kuphela "osesandleni" okhunjini oluyingozi.
Ukwelashwa kwamazambane
Ukulimala okuzayo esikhathini esisebenzayo akukwazi ukwelashwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa ukugxila kwalesi sifo kungase kube "indawo yangakini", ungavumeli izingxabano zisakaze ezihlahleni ezinempilo. Izixazululo nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zisiza kulokhu.
Uyazi? Ngekhulu le-XVIII, amazambane ayebhekwa ngokuthi "umhlaba apula". Ngo-1758, i-Academy of Sciences eSt. Petersburg yabe ishicilela isihloko esinikezwe ekutshalweni kwayo, futhi kuboniswe igama elinjalo.
Emva kokutshala, ukulinda iziqongo zikhule zibe ngu-25-30 cm. Lesi yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokwelashwa kokuqala. Kule nkambo kukhona amathuluzi wesistimu e "factory" afana ne- "Ridomila".
Ngaphambi nje kokuba izimbali zifakwe "Appin". Ngezinhlobo eziphikisanayo ezimweni ezifudumele ngaphandle kwemvula, i-Immunocytophate, iSilk ne-Krezacin zifanelekile kakhulu. Uma lesi sifo sisabonakaliswa, thatha i- "Ridomil" (MC noma "igolide"), kanye ne "Oxy". Ukuze kube nomthelela omuhle, ukwelashwa kuphindaphindiwe ngemva kwamasonto angu-1.5-2 (kodwa njalo ngaphambi kokusila).
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-8-14 zihlole ngokucophelela izihlahla. Uma ubungozi bokutheleleka buhlala buphakeme, thatha amafongicides aqinile njengo "Ditan", "Revus", "Skor", "Efal". Ukuvimbela (uma kungekho mthombo wokutheleleka), baxubene nengxenye. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izidakamizwa kufanele zixhumane nazo - i-phytophthora ficicide systemic ngokushesha ijwayele ukuyijwayela.
Ngemuva kokuqhakaza, "Bravo" kufanelekile, esetshenziselwa ukwelapha izihlahla ngezinsuku ezingu-7-10. Ngokuqondene nezilimo eziyizigaxa, kubasiza "i-Alufit."
Kubalulekile! Ekupheleni kukaJulayi no-Agasti, imibhede kusihlwa ingahlanganiswa ne-agrofibre, isuse ngemva kokuba amazolo evele. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuvikela imvula, ekhonza "njengesisusa" se-phytophthora.
Imvula, ngokushesha emva kokupuniza, inciphisa yonke le mizamo ibe yize, ngakho-ke kufanele uyenze ukucubungula okuphindaphindiwe.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlanganisela, kunezikhuthazo zokukhula ezandisa ukwanda kwezihlahla. Ngakho, ngamalitha angu-15 amanzi, ungathatha u-150 ml we "Oksigumat" noma u-5 ml we "Ecosila".
Ungakwazi ukukhulisa amazambane ngezindlela ezehlukene: kusuka kumbewu, ngaphambi kobusika, ngaphansi komshini. Futhi futhi ubuchwepheshe bokulima ukutshala amaDatatti buyathandwa kakhulu.
Izindlela zomphakathi zomzabalazo
Abalimi abaningi bazama ukungagcini amahlathi ngamakhemikhali anamandla, basebenzisa izindlela zokupheka ezidumile. Okuphumelela kakhulu kuzo:
- Ukwehlisa i-garlic. I-100 g ka-garlic eqoshiwe ifakwe ku-10 l amanzi, bese evunyelwe ukuma usuku. Khona-ke uketshezi luyakunqunywa futhi lusetshenziselwa ukufiphala. Inkambo egcwele - inyanga, ngekhefu elingekho kwesonto (okungukuthi, izindlela ezingu-4).
- I-sulfate ye-Copper ihlanjululwe emanzini (2 g ngalinye ngo-10 l) futhi ifuthwa nge-interval kwezinsuku ezingu-10.
- Akusiphansi kuye futhi nesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate, i-boric acid ne-vitriol. Ku-3.3 amalitha amanzi abilayo kumabhodlela ngabanye athathe isipuni salezi zithako. Ukuvumela ingxube ukuthi ipholile, yonke isetshenziselwa isitsha se-10-litre. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa kabili, ekupheleni kukaJulayi - okokuqala kuka-Agasti (ngekhefu lezinsuku ezingu-7-10).
- Futhi, 10 g amanzi angenza 20 g we-sulfate yethusi.
- I-Bordeaux eyenziwe ngamanzi. Ngama-5 amalitha amanzi afudumele uthathe 100 g we-sulfate yethusi. Esikhathini esitsheni esisodwa, i-quicklime ilungiselelwe ngesilinganiso esifanayo, emva kwalokho konke "kuhlanganisiwe". Lokhu kuyisisombululo sendawo yonke esifanele kuwo wonke amasiko njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela.
- I-oxper oxychloride izosiza - 60 g ibhakede ngalinye ngo-15 l. Ukufafaza okunjalo kwenziwa ngezinhlelo ezingu-3-4, ne-gap enkulu yesonto.
I-Soda nayo iyasiza ukuqeda phytophthora. Iyingxenye ye-fungicide eyenziwe ngamakhemikhali. Kuthatha isipuni esingu-1 soda kanye nezinkezo ezingu-3 zamafutha zemifino, zichitheka ngamalitha angu-5 amanzi, bese ufaka isipuni 1 sesephu elimanzi. Konke lokhu kuxubene futhi kusetshenziswe ngokushesha kusayithi.
Uyazi? Izitshalo zomsuka azange zamukelwe ngokushesha eRussia - Esikhathini isinqumo seziphathimandla ukwandisa ukutshala amazambane maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, umvuthwandaba we "amazambane amazambane" washaya izwe. Kodwa kancane kancane bajwayele, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amazambane aziwa ngokuthi "isinkwa sesibili".
Ungakwazi ukulwa nalesi sifo ngosizo lwe "ubisi omuncu": 1 l of kefir omuncu ithululelwa emanzini (10 l), igxilile futhi igxile amahora 3-4. Emva kokuxuba ingxube isilungile. Yisebenzise ngekhefu lokuphumula kuze kube yilapho zonke izinhlamvu nezinkinga ziphela.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ugweme ukuqhubekela phambili emoyeni, phansi phansi emiphongolweni igcwele amagugu noma amatshe amatshe. Kodwa i-claydite ayiniki umphumela onjalo.
Abanye basebenza ngokulinganisa, kepha lo msebenzi ochitha isikhathi udinga ukuhlala njalo e-dacha: uma isayithi livakashelwe izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngesonto, ngakho-ke akukho okushiwo okukhethekile kuyo (ukukhishwa kufanele kususwe nsuku zonke ngemva kokuba amazolo elahlekile). Kungcono ukufafaza imifula ngokulinganayo ngendwangu encane ye-lime - 1 mm kuyokwanela.
Okumelana kakhulu nezinhlobo zokulimaza ezikwephuzile
Ngisho nangaphambi kokhetho lokutshala izinto kungcono ukukhetha amazambane afanelekile. Kukhona into eyodwa: ayikho enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezinesiqiniseko esiphelele sokulondolozwa - imigqa ehlukene iyahluka kuphela ekumelaneni nesifo. Yiqiniso, sidinga okusimeme kakhulu. Lezi yizinhlobo:
- "Nevsky" - izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinamafutha obhekene ne-"white gut" ehlanzekile ziphelele izitsha ezahlukene;
- "Spring" iyintandokazi yezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zakuqala ezinokuzivikela okuhle nokunambitheka okunomusa;
- "Inhlanhla" - umugqa wezinkathi zonyaka, onompilo omude osele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yizimfanelo zawo;
- "I-Red Scarlett" - imifino emifino emifino ebomvu ivikelekile ekusebenzeni kwe-phytophthora futhi igcinwe kahle.
Uyazi? Amazambane angabizwa ngokuthi i-cosmic culture. Ngo-1995, waba yiyona "yegadi" yokuqala, eyakhula e-orbit.
Kule ndaba, izinhlobo zokuqala zibhekwa njengenzuzo enkulu: i-phytophtora nje ayinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa, kanti isitshalo singasuswa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa lutho. Nge-plantings kamuva kukhona umsebenzi omningi, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinhlobo ezintsha ezingezona ezijwayelekile zivela njalo ngenkathi.
Imithetho yokugcina amazambane
Ukuvuna endaweni esomile, amazambane asomisiwe futhi ahlelwe. Shiya izimpande ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwezinqubo. Kulesi simo, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezilimazayo zibekelwe eceleni, kuzodingeka zilahlwe.
Ngokuvamile, amazambane agcinwa ingaphansi. Lapho, kuyadingeka ukuhlanza, ukukhokha ngokukhethekile izilimo eziyizigaxa ezindala nezinqubo - amazambane anesifo esingaba nesibindi uyoba umakhelwane omubi wesitshalo esisha. I-cellar ngokwayo kumele ibe nokuphuza umoya.
Akufanele unakekele ukugcoba ukugcoba izindonga, ikakhulu ngoba kulula ukwenza: uthathe amalitha angu-10 amanzi, u-2 kg we-lime egobile kanye no-1 kg we-sulphate yethusi - futhi ingxube ilungile. Abanye bangezela no-150 g we usawoti ovamile.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ulondoloze isivuno, zama ukuhlukumeza ukukhanyisa. Ukukhanya kuvuselela ukukhiqizwa kwe-solanine enobuthi ezimpandeni.
Okubaluleke kakhulu indima yesitsha. Ezimweni eziningi, lawa amabhokisi. Zomile, kuzoba usizo futhi kusetshenziswe i-potassium permanganate. Amabhokisi asele agcwalisiwe kakade ahlelwe ukuthi phakathi kwawo kukhona igebe lika-10 cm, futhi kufinyelela ku-25 cm odongeni. Bafakwa ezincane (20-25 cm) ukuphakama kwamapulangwe noma izitini, kodwa ukuze kube khona isikhala esanele phezulu ukuphahleni. Abadwebi abayizithulu ngeke bahambisane: phakathi kwama-slats udinga igebe lokuvuthwa kwe-2-3 cm.
Amagridi, abuye ahlinzekele umoya, futhi i-burlap igcina ukushisa.
Phakathi nesitoreji, zama ukulandela le mithetho:
- ukushisa kokushisa;
- ukugxila phakathi kwama-frosts amade; utshani lungcono, kodwa izingubo ezindala ezifudumele nazo zizohambisana;
- ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile isitsha kanye namazambane ngokwawo;
- Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuhambisa amabhokisi eduze kwentwasahlobo ne-thaws (amanzi avame ukungena ezindlini ezingaphansi, okuholela ekufeni kwezinsimu zezitshalo).
Uyazi? Ukubaluleka kwalesi siko kuboniswa ukuthi i-UN ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi yi-2008 ngonyaka wezambatho.
Sifunde ukuthi ukuphazamisa isikhathi eside emazambeni amazambane, sithole incazelo yalesi sifo futhi kwaholela izindlela eziyinhloko lapho kutholakala khona ukwelashwa. Sithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luzosiza abafundi bethu. Inhlanhla emibhede!
