ISiberia yisifunda esikhulu esibhekene nesimo sezindiza esibukhali. Ukulima kwezolimo kuyindawo engozini enkulu. Ukukhula isivuno esihle ezimweni ezinzima kuyinkinga kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukutshala kanye namazambane akhula eSiberia kunendawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo.
Izinhlobo ezinhle zamazambane ezitshalwe eSiberia
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zamazambane ezitshalwe eRussia, futhi ngayinye yazo inezinzuzo zombili nezimo ezimbi. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezingakhula ezimweni zesiqhwa esinzima saseSiberia. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ososayensi baye benza umsebenzi omkhulu wokususa izinhlobo ezibandayo zesimasiko. Izinhlobo zamazambane ezihle zokutshala eSiberia kufanele zibe nzima njengoba kungenzeka okuvuthiwe:
- "Alena": ahlukahlukene amazambane amazambane, ehlukaniswe ukuphikisa isikhumba, amazambane carcinoma kanye rhizoctoniosis. Libhekwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezivundlile, ezigcwele ubusika obomvu obomvu, bubekezelela isomiso nokuhamba.
- "Priekule Early": okubizwa ngokuthi "izinsuku ezingamashumi amane" ngesilinganiso sokuguga. Kuyinto yemifino ehlanjululwe nxazonke ezimbozwe ngesikhumba sokukhanya okubushelelezi. Izinhlobonhlobo zithakazelisayo ngokuthi zivuthwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesifo ngezifo zayo ezikhona.
- "Inhlanhla": ukubekezelela noma yisiphi isimo sezulu, sigcinwe ngokuphelele, hhayi ukubhekana nezifo. Okuhlukahlukene okukhulu kokuvuthwa kokuqala, kunomumo ohlosiwe kanye nesikhumba esincane sokukhanya.
- "Adretta": Kucatshangwa ukuthi yizinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezithombo zamazambane futhi zikulungele ukutshala eSiberia. Unomumo obombele oblongile ngenyama enhle ephuzi. Phakamisa imifino yezitshalo izinsuku ezingu-70, inambitheka kahle futhi ifanele zonke izinhlobo zokwelapha ukushisa.
- "Zhukovsky Early": ukungahloniphi, ukuhlukahluka okungenakuqhathaniswa kwesitoreji eside. Inambitheka kakhulu, ayibiliseli kahle ngesikhathi sokupheka. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zimbozwe nge-pink elula ekhanda, enkulu, enenyama enhle.
Uyazi? Ama-potato izinhlobo ahluka ngobukhulu, ukunambitha, umbala, ukuma, okuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali kanye nesitashi. Ngaphandle kwamazambane abomvu nabaphuzi avamile, kunezinhlobonhlobo zobomvu, abamnyama nabomvu. Izinhlobo ezinamagciwane angakwazi ukulwa namazinga okushisa aphansi -10 ° C nezinhlobo ezingenandaba ne-Colorado amazambane beetle.
Ukutshala isikhathi samazambane eSiberia
Ngokusho kwe-agrotechnology yezolimo zamazambane, isikhathi sokutshala izimpande eSiberia siqala isikhathi eside kunakwezinye, izindawo ezingeningizimu eziseningizimu. Nokho Asikho isikhathi sokufika sokulinganisa, njengoba iSiberia ikhona ezindaweni ezintathu. Ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga, ukutshala amazambane kuqala ekuqaleni kukaMeyi; ezindaweni ezisempumalanga yeSiberia, baqala ukutshala amasonto amabili kamuva.
Kubalulekile! Ukutshala amazambane eSiberia kungatshiswa ku-15 cm kuya emhlabathini, okufinyelela ku-6-8 degrees of heat, ukuze ugweme ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kwezitshalo.
Ukukhetha indawo yokukhulisa amazambane
Amazambane - isitshalo se-photophilousngakho-ke kubalulekile ukulungiselela ukuphuma kwalo isakhiwo esingaxhunyiwe izihlahla noma izihlahla. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo zidinga ukukhanya, inhlabathi evuthayo, ifakwe kahle ngomquba.
Kubalulekile! Umquba kufanele wenziwe ekwindla ngaphansi kokumba. Uma wenza entwasahlobo, amazambane azofa.
Entwasahlobo ungalula umhlaba nge humus, umquba, peat, inkukhu droppings.
Amazambane angeke atshalwe emva kwezitshalo zezitshalo ezinesihlabathi esifanayo, zingase zibe nezinambuzane noma izifo ezifanayo. Asikho isidingo sokutshala isitshalo lapho ngonyaka odlule izwe lalingenwa yi-nematode, isikhumba, nezinye izifo. Amazambane akhula kahle emva kweklabishi, beet, izaqathe, ulethisi noma ikhukhamba.
Uyazi? Isitshalo samazambane sinobuthi, singakwazi ukuqoqa i-solanine. Okokuqala, amajikijolo anesisindo se-solanine, kodwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa zingase ziqoqwe ngaphansi kwelanga (lokhu kubonakala ngombala obomvu we-peel).
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela kusayithi
Ukuze kubusika ukukhipha inhlabathi yokhula nezinambuzane, kuyadingeka ukumba ukuwa kwakhe. Gweba ngokujulile kumafosholo agcwele ama-bayonet. Kule ndlela kuyadingeka ukususa wonke ama-rhizomes of ukhula, ukuthola nokubhubhisa izibungu ze-beetle ye-May, i-wireworm.
Ngemuva kokumba, akufanele kube khona ukuthungwa endaweni, ukuze ngesikhathi semvula amanzi engabutheki kuwo, okwenza amazambane aphule. Umquba owenziwe ngaphansi kokumba akufanele uhlale phezulu, kungenjalo uzokoma futhi ulahlekelwe yizindawo zawo.
Ama-fertilizer e-organic akhuthaza ukukhula kwamazambane, kodwa ahlahlela kancane kancane, ngakho awasetshenziswanga ekuqaleni kokukhula kwamazambane. Ukuze unikeze isiko ngezinto eziwusizo ekuqaleni kokukhula kwawo, kusetshenziselwa umquba wamaminerali, njenge-superphosphate, i-potassium sulfate, i-ammonium nitrate, ne-ash ash.
Uyazi? Amazambane ahambisana ngokulinganayo neminye imikhiqizo futhi angenelela kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha okushisa. Kusukela ku-tuber engavamile ungakwazi ukupheka izifundo ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 000 hhayi kuphela kuphela zokuqala nezesibili, kodwa futhi nezitsha zokupheka.
Ukulungiselela kokutshala izinto
Kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi, imbewu yamazambane ingakulungiswa ukutshala. Uma sekusele izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30-35 ngaphambi kokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa, amazambane angathathwa emiphongolweni yokuhluma eSiberia.
Kubalulekile! Amahlumela kufanele aphume ngokushesha futhi athole amandla entwasahlobo. Ngakho-ke, kuphela ukutshala izinto eziye zakha amahlumela kanye nezimpande izimpande zitshalwe.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezilinganiselwe ziyadingeka ekutshalweni. Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zikhulu kakhulu, zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezimbili ngokushesha ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane emhlabathini, ukutshala izinto kuyadingeka ukukhipha amagciwane. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zingafakwa nge-disinfected nge-boric acid, i-potassium permanganate (i-potassium permanganate) noma ukumnika i-garlic.
Esikhathini esizayo, lizovikela isitshalo ezinambuzane bese likhonza njengomgqugquzeli wokukhula kwayo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zingelashwa ngokuzifaka kwisisombululo se-disinfecting amahora amabili, noma ngokupuniza.
Kubalulekile! Kungenzeka ukhiqiza impahla yokutshala kuphela uma kungekho amahlumela ezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuhluma okusebenzayo kwesiko kuzo zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa zayo kwenziwa ukusikeka okungeziwe. Zenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili - zithinta futhi zenzeke.
Ukuchotshozwa okujulile okukwenziwe kwenzakala ngokuzenzakalelayo kwi-axis i-axis. Ingxenye encane isalokhu ingahlali, ayikho ngaphezu kwamamentimitha ayisithupha ubukhulu.
Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukufunda ngeminye imifino: i-rokambol, anyanisi, i-okra, i-lagenaria, i-pepper-chili, utamatisi, iklabishi, i-zucchini, i-cowpea.
Ukuchotshozwa komnyaka kunempumelelo kakhulu futhi kwenziwa ngendlela yokwazisa kuya ekujuleni kocingo lwe-phloem, kufika ku-1 cm.
Ukukhuthaza ukucatshangelwa kwenziwa cishe izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba izilimo eziyizigaxa zitshalwe, kuze kube yilapho amehlo eqala ukuhluma.
Kubalulekile! Ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo udinga ukhethe imbewu enempilo bese uphatha ummese.
Inqubo kanye nesimiso sokutshala amazambane eSiberia
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuze utshale amazambane eSiberia ngendlela efanele, utshani, udoti noma ufulawa usetshenziswa njengomquba ngemuva kokutshala utshani. Kukhona okungenani izindlela ezintathu ukutshala amazambane kulesi sifunda.
Umzila ongayedwa - indlela evame kakhulu. Izinto zokutshala zitshalwe emigqeni ebangeni elingaba ngu-25 cm komunye nomunye. Ukuhlukanisa umugqa kungama-60-70 cm. Ukujula kokutshala amazambane ngale ndlela kulungele isimo sezulu esinzima eSiberia - kuphela 7 cm.
I-Belt - indlela yokuthutha esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa izimboni. Ukutshala kwenziwa emigqeni emibili ibanga eliphakathi kuka-30 cm phakathi kwabo.Iminye imisele imisiwe kude no-110 cm. Ngesikhathi ugandaganda ehamba ngamazambane atshalwe ngale ndlela, izimpande zesitshalo azilimazi.
I-ridge ifana nendlela yokutshala emigodini (emaphethelweni ayenziwa kude no-70 cm). Umehluko nje kuphela ekuphakameni okudalwe ngempumelelo komugqa, ufinyelela ku-20 cm. Le ndlela yokutshala isetshenziselwa inhlabathi "esindayo" engaphezu kakhudlwana; ikuvumela ukuvuna isivuno ngaphambi kwamasonto amabili.
Kubalulekile! Kuphela lapho umhlaba ushisa, udinga ukutshala amazambane eSiberia.
Ubuningi bengubo yesikhwama (umqubhethi) kuxhomeke kwikhwalithi yayo - amahlamvu kufanele agubungele phansi ngo-15 cm, okusanhlamvu kuze kube ngu-40 cm.
Ukukhula nokunakekela amazambane eSiberia
Ukunakekela amazambane eSiberia kuqala ngaphambi kokuhluma. Ukunakekela izitshalo kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana: ukuchelela, ukusiphalisa nokusikhulula, ukukhuphuka kwezintaba, ukukhulelwa nokuvikelwa ezinambuzane.
Ukunisela
Omunye okubaluleke kakhulu izici ezithinta isivuno sesitshalo. Ukuphuza kokuqala kuqhutshwa phakathi nengxenye yenyanga ngemuva kokuvela kwamahlumela.
Uma isigaba sokuqala siqala, kunconywa ukulawula umswakama wenhlabathi. Uma umhlaba ubomile ku-7 cm ngokujula ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukuphuza kwesibili kuyadingeka. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukufaka amanzi kusihlwa, ukuchitha ama-7 amalitha amanzi esihlahleni ngasinye. Uma inkathi isomile, kufanele udle amazambane kuze kube kasikhombisa.
Ngolunye usuku emva kokunisela umhlaba kumele kukhululiwe.
Kubalulekile! Amazambane ikakhulukazi adinga ukuphuza ngesikhathi sokuhluma kanye nesifo se-tuberization.
Weeding futhi ukhululeke inhlabathi
Kuyadingeka ukuba ukhulule njalo inhlabathi, unike izilimo eziyizigaxa ukufinyelela e-oxygen. Ngesikhathi esifanayo udinga ukuyihlanza ukhula. Lezi zinqubo kufanele zenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile njengoba ingxenye yomhlabathi ikhula.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande zomoya kwenza kube nokwanda kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. Khipha inhlabathi ngokufanele emva kwemvula ngayinye noma ukuchelela, ukususa ukhula nokuphula umthamo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa ingcindezi yomhlaba ngezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Kubalulekile! Awukwazi ukufaka ukhula amazambane, uma engakabonakali emhlabathini - ungalimaza iphuzu lokukhula le-seedling, futhi lizofa.
Izihlahla zezintaba
Ngo-June ama-frosts avame ukuvela esifundeni esenyakatho, ngakho-ke udinga ukubeka isikhwama semifino kusuka kunokhula oluhlwanyelwe, utshani nobuntshani.
Ukwelapha okuphakathi komugqa wezilimo eziyizigaxa kuvimbela isitshalo esincane kusuka eqhweni, kuqeda ukhula, kuqoqa umswakama futhi kunikeza umoya omuhle ukugeleza ezimpandeni.
I-hilling yokuqala yenziwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvela kwamahlumela amancane amazambane.
Uma lesi sitshalo sikhuphuka emhlabathini ngo-15-17 cm, kuyadingeka ukupaka okwesibili nokhula lwokhula.
Uyazi? I-tuber enkulu kunazo zonke ikhule eLebhanoni futhi isilinganiselwa ngaphezu kuka-11 kg.
Umanyolo
Amazambane kudingeka adle umanyolo we-organic and amaminerali.
Kule nkathi kunconywa ukuthi ugeze amazambane kathathu. Ukudla kokuqala kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthuthukiswa okuhle kwezingodo ezincane. Ngokuvamile, i-urea isetshenziselwa lokhu.
Isikhathi sesibili amazambane ahlwanyelwe ukusheshisa inqubo yokusila ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Kusetshenziswa kule sulfate yomlotha ne-potassium.
Ukugqoka okwesithathu ngesikhathi sokunciphisa izimbali kuyinqubo ye-tuber ukwakheka. Ikhiqizwa usebenzisa i-superphosphate.
Kubalulekile! Ukutshala amazambane kufanele kube emva kokuphuza noma imvula kuphela.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinambuzane
Okokuqala, awukwazi ukutshala amazambane endaweni efanayo yesayithi, kungcono ukushintshanisa nezindawo zegalikhi kanye nesikhwama, isibonelo. Ngakho ungavimbela ukubukeka kokuqala kwezinambuzane zamazambane.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezisiza ukuqeda izinambuzane nezifo zamazambane. Abanye balimi basalokhu bephethe izindlela eziqotho, njengeSepha ne-vitriol. Izithiyo ezisemqoka ekutshalweni kwezitshalo ezicebile zamazambane yiMedvedka, Colorado amazambane amazambane, ama-wireworm, isikhumba kanye nokulimala kwesikhathi.
I-Colorado ye-potato beetle kubizwa ngokuthi i-potato killer. Yilahle ngokuqoqa nokubhubhisa izinambuzane kusuka kumaqanda kuya kubantu abadala. Futhi sebenzisa ama-broth celandine ngokupuniza izindawo ezitshalwe futhi utshalwe ezitshalweni zamazambane, ukwesabisa inkathazo ngephunga layo (ubhontshisi noma i-coriander).
Ama-insecticide azokusiza ekulwa namazinambuzane amazambane: iBitoxibacillin, Inta-vir, Karbofos, Aktara, Bi-58.
Ukuvikela ngokumelene i-wireworm, izibungu ze-beetle yokuchofoza, sebenzisa umanyolo oqukethe ammonia. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukhulule njalo umhlabathi futhi ulahle ukhula. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukunciphisa ubuningi bomhlaba ngokungeza udoti noma ufulawa wama dolomite kuwo.
Medvedka - Kuyinto inkathazo edla nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nezimpande amazambane. Bayiqeda ngokumba ngokujulile umhlabathi ekwindla, beqothula iphunga elicijile le-coniferous noma i-garlic, nokubophezelwa kokuvuna ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngezinye izikhathi isixazululo sosawoti, isisombululo saloluhlaza oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisombululo sethusi sulfate noma ubuthi obuvela ezinambuzaneni sithelwa emigodini
Scab - Lesi sifo sefungal, sithinta izilimo eziyizigaxa zezambane. Ukwelashwa kwesiko ngamakhemikhali e-manganese noma i-boric acid kuzosiza ukuwuqeda. I-Scab nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithathelwanayo kufanele zigujwe kanye nomhlabathi futhi zishiswe. Lokhu kuzokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwesifo emasimini angomakhelwane kanye nezitshalo zonyaka olandelayo.
Ukuphazamisa okwesikhashananoma ukubola kwezambane kuyisifo se-fungal esiqala esimweni esinomsoco neseshushu.
Kubalulekile! Ukulimala kwesikhathi - isifo esithinta isifo sofuba, kanye nengxenye yamaqabunga amaqabunga. Ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo zonyaka ezifika ku-15% kuzovela kulo.
Ukuze ususe le fungus, ungasebenzisa i-fungicides noma isisombululo esiluhlaza.
Ukuze uvimbele ukuthi kwenzeke yini ukulimala okwesikhashana, ungakwazi ukugwema ukuqoqwa komswakama emhlabathini nokutshala amazambane eduze kwezinye izitshalo ezinomsoco, ufaka umhlabathi nge potassium ne-phosphorus.
Ukuvuna nokugcina isivuno
Ukuvuna kwenzeka ngemva kokuba iziqongo ziqala ukoma. Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala zamazambane zivunwa eSiberia kusukela phakathi no-Agasti, kanti ezinye, ngokuya ngesimo sezulu, zivunwa kusukela maphakathi no-Septhemba kuya kuminyaka eyishumi yokuqala ka-Okthoba.
Uyazi? Izikhumbuzo zamazambane zakhiwe eMinsk, eMariinsk naseBesezhezha (Poland). E Korosten (Ukraine) kukhona isikhumbuzo sama-pancake amazambane. Kuvuleka iminyuziyamu yaseBruges (Belgium) naseMusicfoot (USA).
Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuvuna iziqongonga kufanele kukhishwe. Lokhu kuvimbela ukutholakala kwezifo ze-fungal, kunomthelela ekuvuthweni okungcono kwezitshalo nezimpande zesikhumba sabo. Ukumba amazambane ngefosholo noma iforki kumele uqaphele ukuthi ungalimazi, ngoba ngesikhathi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezonakalisiwe ziphethwe izifo.
Ukushisa okufanelekile kokugcina amazambane eSiberia kuyinto engu-2-4 ° ะก, umswakama womoya ungama-90-92%. Amazambane avame ukugcinwa ezinqolobaneni, ezinqoleni noma ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukongiwa isikhathi eside kwamazambane kuzoqinisekisa ukomisa kwabo kokuqala, ukuhlanza emanzini omhlaba nokuqedwa kwezitshalo zezimpande ezilimale noma ezilimazayo.
Ukwandisa izitshalo ezinhle zamazambane eSiberia kunengqondo ngempela. Into esemqoka ukulandela imithetho ethile yokulima futhi ukhethe ezihlukahlukene ezifanele.
