Amapharele omise okwikholomu adonsela ukunakekela kwabalimi ngokubukeka okuhlobisa, ukuvuna okuningi nokunambitheka okumnandi kwezithelo. Izikhungo zokugcina izingane eziningi nezitolo eziku-inthanethi zinikeza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalezi zitshalo ezinedatha elincane ngezimpawu zazo nezimpawu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthenga isithombo, kufanele uzijwayeze imininingwane ngokuningiliziwe futhi uqonde ukuthi iyini iparele lekholomu.
Humushela incazelo emuva ku-i-Columnar Pear
Amapharele anjengomthi wekholomu angawesihlahla esincane, athole igama lawo ngesimo esingajwayelekile somqhele ngesimo sekholomu, lapho amagatsha amfishane kakhulu anamahlumela amaningi afushane - izindandatho ezinezithelo eziqhakazayo zibekwa esiqwini. Ngenxa yalokhu, kubonakala sengathi izimbali nezithelo zitholakala ngqo kweziqu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubukhulu nokunambitheka kwezithelo kuhlala kufana nokwamaperele amade. Ukuphakama okukhulu kwesihlahla kucishe kube ngu-2-2,5 m.
Amapharele anjenge-Colon athela izithelo kakhulu futhi abukeka njengomhlobiso kakhulu
Ngendlela yokukhiqiza, zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswa imbewu (imifudlana yemvelo) futhi zifakwe esitokisini esisezingeni eliphezulu. Iziqu zezithombo ezincane zikhulu kakhulu kunamapheya ajwayelekile anonyaka owodwa, futhi nawo awunawo ngokuphelele amagatsha alumelayo.
I-pearl ebunjiwe yikholomu isiko lokuzithela ingxenye. Kuthela izithelo ngaphandle kokungcolisa okuvela eceleni, kepha ukuze ukhiqize umkhiqizo oseduze kungcono ukutshala izihlahla. Kulokhu, noma yiziphi izinhlobo zamapheya ezinenkathi efanayo yezimbali zifanelekile.
Njengamanje, azikho izinhlobo eziningi emakethe ezingabekwa njengezinsika.
Ividiyo: hlobo luni lwe-apula nekholomu kubukeka ekwindla
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwamapheya wekholomu
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, iparele lekholomu alisebenzisi amandla ekukhuleni kwesisindo semifino, elinikeza izinzuzo eziningi:
- ngenxa yomqhele ocwebile kukhona ithuba lokutshala kwezihlahla eziminyene, okugcina isikhala esivandeni;
- inqwaba yezihlahla iqala ukuqhakaza futhi ithele izithelo kakade ngonyaka wesibili emva kokugoma;
- zibonakaliswa umkhiqizo ophakeme kunamapharele ajwayelekile;
- izithelo zinoshukela, zinoshukela, zihanjiswa kahle;
- umqhele omncane wenza ukunakekelwa kwezihlahla kube lula - ukuthena, ukufafaza, nokuvuna.
Okubi kufaka phakathi:
- izithelo ezimfishane zomuthi cishe ziyiminyaka eyi-10. Lokhu kungaphansi kakhulu kunokwejwayelekile kwezinhlobo zamaparele futhi ngemuva kwalokho kudinga ukubuyekeza ingadi;
- uma kungekho okuhlangenwe nakho ekunakekelweni kwezitshalo ezinekholomu, khona-ke ngokushesha balahlekelwa ukwakheka kwabo futhi banciphise umkhiqizo;
- ngesithelo esikhulu, lezi zinhlobo ziwuthambisa kakhulu umhlabathi, odinga ukusetshenziswa komanyolo njalo.
Ngaphandle kokushiyeka okuthile, izihlahla zekholomu ezikhulwe esizeni zizojabulisa hhayi izithelo kuphela, kodwa futhi nokubonakala kwazo zihlobisa.
Abamele Okumqoka abanesici
Izinhlobo eziningi zamapheya ezinsika zingabiwa kuzo zombili izifunda eziseningizimu kanye nasemaRussia maphakathi. Into esemqoka ukukhetha izinhlobo eziguqulwa kakhulu ukuzalanisa endaweni yakho yesimo sezulu.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamapheya ezinsika
Noma ngubani ofuna ukukhulisa uphondo lwekholomu kudingeka azi ukuthi lezi zinhlobonhlobo azibhalisiwe ku-State Record of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation, kubo ezimweni eziningi akukho lwazi lokukhiqizwa kwezihlahla nokumelana nezifo, kuphela ukubukeka nokunambitheka kwezithelo, kanye nesikhathi sokukhula kwazo nokugcina kwazo isikhathi.
Zonke izinhlobonhlobo zamapheya ekolishi kwisabelo semakethe:
- ehlobo;
- ihlobo - ekwindla;
- ekwindla (ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ekwindla, ekwindla sekwephuzile);
- ubusika.
Amapharele weKholomu awanamagama ahlukahlukene, izinombolo kuphela: ukusuka ku-G-1 kuya ku-G-5.
- I-G-1 - isho ezinhlotsheni zobusika, ine-frost ukumelana okuhle, isivuno sivunwa ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba nasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Izithelo ziphuzi, ziningi futhi zinesisindo esingama-250 g, ezinenyama enamanzi futhi ethambile. Ekamelweni elipholile zigcinwa kuze kube kuphela uDisemba;
- I-G-2 iyinhlobonhlobo yehlobo ekwindla ebandayo efinyelela ekwindla, efanelekile ukulinyelwa eSiberia. Kuvunwe eminyakeni elishumi edlule kaNovemba. Izithelo ziluhlaza ngamabala ansundu, zi-tubered, isisindo asidluli kuma-200 g. Ukunambitheka kumnandi, ipulpiti elimnandi kakhulu;
- I-G-3 - ibanga lasekwindla lokuqala, libekezelela iqhwa phansi kuya ku-25mayelanaC. Izithelo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa okuvuthiwe ngoSepthemba-Okthoba. Izithelo ezinkulu zombala ophuzi, ezinesisindo esingu-400 g, ipulpiti imnandi, ithenda;
- G-4 - ibanga lasekwindla elinokumelana okuhle nesithwathwa. Izithelo zibanzi, zinkulu, zinesisindo esingaba ngu-300 g. Ikhasi liphuzi ngombala, elangeni lithola umbala opinki. Ukunambitheka kuhle kakhulu, ipulpiti ithambile, inambitheka njengokhilimu;
- I-G-5 iyinhlobonhlobo yehlobo esephuze kakhulu. Izithelo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa okuvuthiwe ngo-Agasti-Septhemba. Izinhlobonhlobo zimelana nezifo ezinkulu, zibekezelela iqhwa, kufanelekile ukulinyelwa e-Urals. Izithelo zinombala ophuzi-onsundu ngombala, onesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-250 g, ukunambitheka okumnandi nephunga lenyama enoshukela nokumuncu.
Igalari yezithombe: izinhlobo eziphambili zamapheya ezinsika
- Ibanga lobusika lamapheya G-1 libonakaliswa ngezithelo eziphakathi nendawo, ezigcinwa kuze kube sekupheleni kukaDisemba
- Izinhlobo ze-pearl G-2 zinezithelo eziluhlaza okotshani ezinamabala ansundu, inyama emnandi nenephunga elimnandi
- Ibanga lasekwindla lamapheya G-3 libonakaliswa ngezithelo eziphakathi nendawo enamajwidi amnandi noshukela omuncu
- Izithelo zebanga lasekwindla lamapheya G-4 umbala ophuzi ogqamile nokunambitheka okumnandi kophudingi
- Ibanga lasehlobo lamapheya i-G-5 alizibandazi isithwathwa futhi liyamelana nezifo
Izinhlobo zamapheya ezinsika, ezingathengwa ezinkulisa nasezitolo ze-inthanethi
Ngemuva kokutholakala kwamaparele emakethe, abathengisi ngokwabo bafika namagama amnandi, enkondlo, ngoba kulokhu izimbewu zithengiswa kangcono kakhulu. Kepha empeleni, yilezi zinhlobo ezifanayo zamapheya ezinsika ezinezimpawu kusuka ku-G-1 kuya ku-G-5, imvamisa inani lazo liboniswa ngisho negama lezinhlobonhlobo.
Ezinkulisa zethu nasezitolo ze-inthanethi ungathenga izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamapheya ezinsika:
Ukuhlobisa okuhlukahlukene - i-hardy yasehlobo esisekupheleni, emelana nokubola kwezithelo. Kunconyelwe ukutshalwa eSiberia nase-Urals. Izithelo zingafinyelela isisindo sama-260 g, ezigcinwe izinsuku eziyi-10-14. Umbala wesikhumba umfanise, uphuzi-luhlaza, akukho okufushane. I-pulp inoshukela, imuncu-imnandi.
Izinhlobonhlobo zethanga lokuhlobisa zinokuqina okuhle kwesithwathwa, ngakho-ke zingatshalwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho
I-G322 - izinhlobonhlobo zasehlobo zasekupheleni kwezinsuku, izithelo eziphakathi nendawo, ezinesisindo esingu-150-200 g, zigcinelwe izinsuku ezingama-7-10. Umbala wesikhumba uphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi ukuvela kuvela ohlangothini lwelanga. I-pulp inoshukela omningi kakhulu, kepha u-buttery.
Izinhlobo ze-pearl G322 - ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, kunezithelo ezinhle, ezimbozwe ngesikhumba ophuzi ngombala opinki
ISapphire luhlobo lwe-ekwindla olukhuni ebusika, olungamelana ne-patabgen scab. Izithelo ziba minyaka yonke, isivuno sifinyelela ku-12-16 kg ngesihlahla ngasinye. Izithelo zithambile, ngesikhumba esimpunga esimibalabala, embozwe amabala avuthayo nothayi obomvu, kufinyelela isisindo esingama-200 g .igcinwa kuze kube kuphela uDisemba, yidla okusha, kanye nejamu nejamu.
Izinhlobo zasekwindla ezikhiqiza phezulu ekwindla zikaSapifra zihlukaniswa ngokuqina kobusika obuhle nokungatheleleki kokugabha
I-Pavlovskaya iyinhlobonhlobo yekwindla enezithelo ezinkulu, ezibonakaliswa isikhumba esinamafutha nokunambitheka okuhle kwamapulpiti amnandi nothambile. Ukuhamba ngezithelo kuphezulu. Ukukhiqiza esihlahleni esisodwa kungama-3-7 kg.
Izithelo ezinkulu eziphuzi ezinesikhumba esinamafutha nokunambitheka okubucayi zimpawu zethanga lezinhlobonhlobo zePavlovskaya.
I-Dalikor yizinhlobonhlobo zokukhetha ubusika ezikhiqiza kakhulu zaseFrance. Isithelo esivuthiwe singafinyelela isisindo esingama-500 g, ukunambitheka kumnandi, isiphuzo, uginindela omnandi ngaphandle kokugcotshwa kwethambo kanye ne-astringency. Gcina isivuno kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJanuwari.
Amapharele e-Dalikor akhulu ngosayizi futhi anomunambithi omuhle kakhulu we-dessert.
Ukumelana nesithwathwa okuhle kumenyezelwa yazo zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo, ngakho-ke, zinganconyelwa ukulinyelwa zombili ezifundeni eziseningizimu, naseSifundeni SaseMoscow nasenkabeni yeRussia. Izinhlobo G-2, G-5, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ze-Decor zingatshalwa e-Urals naseSiberia.
Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zekholomu yokukhula emadolobheni angaphansi komhlaba
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zamapheya ezinsika esezichaziwe ngenhla, ukulinyelwa esifundeni saseMoscow, imakethe inikeza izinhlobo zeTenderness, iCarmen, i-Honey, iLyubimitsa Yakovleva.
Umlobi wale ndatshana ufundile amasayithi amaningi ngamapheya amise okoloni futhi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi ngifuna ukuhlanganyela abafundi.
Izinhlobo zokukhetha zakwamanye amazwe, ezifana ne-Night-Werth ne-Dalikor, azitholakali kumasayithi wolimi lwesiNgisi mayelana namapheya amise okoloni, ngakho-ke zingabhekwa njengomunye wabamele izinhlobo ze-pearl G-1-G-5.
Amapharele ezinhlobonhlobo I-Tenderness, uCarmen, u-Uju, uFavourite we-Yakovlev zazalwa ngabalimi abadumile baseSoviet ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. Lezi zihlahla eziphakathi nendawo ezinomqhele omncane we-pyramidal (izinhlobo zeCarmen, i-Uju) noma ezinde, ezinomqhele osakazayo (Izinhlobo Tenderness, Yakovleva Lyubimitsa). Ehlanganiswe kwisipikili esikhulu esimfishane, zizokhula ziphansi, kepha azinakubalwa ezinhlotsheni zamapheya. Lezi zihlahla akunakwenzeka ukuthi zithole ukwakheka komqhele ngisho nangemva kokubumba okhethekile ngaphansi kwekholomu.
Ithebula: izinhlobonhlobo zamapheya akhula ngokutshala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba
| Igama lebanga | Incazelo yebanga | Ukubukeka kwesibeletho | Ukunambitheka kwezithelo |
| Ubusuku bebusuku | Izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha ezikhethekile zangaphandle ezinobusika obunzima bokuqina, zibekezelela iqhwa kuze kufike ku-25mayelanaNge | Izithelo ziyathandeka, zinendawo ebushelelezi ecwebezelayo, ngombala ohlaza okotshani ngombala, onesisindo esingama-200 g | Ukunambitheka kuhle, ipulpiti imnandi, inejusi, iyancibilika, inamakhambi amnandi. |
| Sanremi | Ukuvuthwa kwekwindla kwe-pear, okungathobeki kwenhlabathi, ebusika-Hardy, ukumelana nokubola kwezithelo ne-klesterosporriosis. Izithelo uvuthwe ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba | Izithelo zikhulu kakhulu, ziyindilinga, ziphuzi ngokuluhlaza, zinesisindo esifinyelela ku-400 g | I-pulp ithambe kakhulu futhi inoshukela, ukunambitheka kumnandi nge-acidity encane. Esetshenziswa kusetshenzwe futhi okusha |
| Isisa | I-pear yokuvuthwa kwehlobo sekwephuzile. Izithelo zivuthwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, zigcinwe kuze kube maphakathi no-Okthoba, zivelise 8-10 kg ngomuthi ngamunye | Izithelo ezinesisindo esisuka ku-150 ziye ku-200 g, obukhulu obulinganayo, nobubanzi be-ovoid | I-pulp ine-ukunambitheka okumnandi okumuncu kakhulu futhi ukuvumelana okubushelelezi nokunoshukela. |
| UCarmen | Izinhlobonhlobo zasehlobo, isivuno esiphakathi nendawo nokumelana nesithwathwa, sengozi encane yokulimala kwethonya, elwa ne-septoria, isivuno esiphakathi | Izithelo zokwethulwa, ukwakheka okuhambisanayo, usayizi ophakathi, ukwakheka okujwayelekile, isikhumba esomile, umbala ogcwele, i-burgundy, isisindo kufika ku-250-270 g | Inyama iyakhilimu kancane, i-density medium, i-semi-oily, ukunambitheka okumuncu-okumnandi, ngaphandle kwe-astringency. Kusetshenziswa ngesimo sejamu, i-compote, ujamu, i-marmalade, uju, iwayini noma isithelo esine-candied, kanye nomuthi wendabuko |
| Isithandwa | Izinhlobo zokuqala ezinamandla zasekwindla ebusika zibekezelela isithwathwa -25mayelanaC, ukumelana nezifo ezingaphansi. Izimbali ziyabekezelela kahle amaqhwa entwasahlobo. Izithelo zifinyelela ekuvuthweni okususwayo kanye nomthengi maphakathi no-Septhemba. Izithelo zivamile, isivuno somuthi owodwa singama-15-20 kg | Ukwakheka kwezithelo kungamfishane-ngotshani, -ngalingani, kukhona indawo enobukhulu obuncane kanye nokugquma okumbalwa. Amapharele amakhulu, anesisindo esingu-280-530 g | Ukunambitheka kumnandi kakhulu nge-acidity encane. Kuthathwe okusha futhi kusetshenzwe. Esiqandisini kugcinwa kuze kube sekupheleni kukaDisemba |
| Okuthandwa nguYakovlev | Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezingamelana nesithwathwa, izithelo zivuthwa ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Ukumelana okumaphakathi ezifweni ezinkulu. Khiqiza cishe ama-20 kg esihlahleni esisodwa | Izithelo zibunjiwe njenge-pear, zibushelelezi. Ikhasi lobukhulu obuphakathi, okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, ngaphandle kokugqwala, isisindo sezithelo ngokuvamile asidluli ku-180 g | Ukunambitheka kwezithelo kunoshukela-okumnandi, baba nezinkanyezi kuphela eminyakeni yobunzima. Izithelo ze-Universal, ezigcinwe kuze kube izinyanga ezingama-3 |
Igalari yezithombe: izinhlobonhlobo zamapheya wesifunda saseMoscow
- I-Pears Tenderness enesisindo esisuka ku-150 iye ku-200 g, enepulpiki enamanzi
- Izithelo ze-Honey pear zinokunambitheka okuhle okucebile nephunga elikhanyayo.
- I-Carmen eliphakathi kwezithelo ezivamile kanye nombala wesikhumba ocebile we-burgundy
- Izithelo ze-Sanremi pearl zimelana nokutheleleka kokubola kwezithelo
- I-pear Lyubimitsa Yakovleva ibonakala ngokuqina okuhle kwesithwathwa nokunambitheka okumnandi kwezithelo
Izici zokutshala (isikhathi, ukulungiswa kwesiza, ukukhethwa kwezithombo, inqubo ngesinyathelo)
Ngokutshala kwezihlahla ezinekolar, izindawo ezinamandla ezihamba elanga nezingena moya ziningi kakhulu. Iparele alinciphisi emhlabathini, kepha likhula kangcono kunotshani be-chernozems, loamy and loamy. Isikhathi esifanele sokutshala isentwasahlobo, kuze kube yilapho amagqumbo evuvukala emagatsheni. Uhlelo lwempande lwekholomu lwekholomu alunamkhawulo, ngenxa yalokho kunengozi yomonakalo weqhwa ngesikhathi sokutshala kwekwindla.
Izihlahla zitshalwe ngemigqa: ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo liyi-0.5 m, ukuhlukaniswa komugqa kungamamitha elilodwa nesigamu.
Lapho ukutshala izinto zokutshala ezithengiwe, lesi sitshalo sihlolwa ngokucophelela ukuthi sinamaphutha, ngoba umuthi owonakele cishe awunampande. Okulula ukubekezelela ukutshala izithombo zaminyaka yonke ngohlelo oluvaliwe lwezimpande.
Ukubeka isisekelo sokukhula okuhle nokukhulisa izithelo, izihlahla zitshalwa ngokwemithetho yonke.
Umuthi otshaliwe akukho ngaphambi kwamaviki amabili emva kokulungiswa komgodi.
- Bumba izimbobo zokufika ngokujula okungama-70-80 cm, ububanzi obuyi-60 cm.
Bemba umgodi wokutshala obukhulu obungama-80 cm kanye nobubanzi obungu-60 cm
- Umgodi uhhafu ugcwele inhlabathi evundile exubile exutshwe namakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwamane womquba noma i-humus. Kuleli fomu, isele izinsuku eziyi-5.
Umgodi ugcwele isigamu ngenhlanganisela yenhlabathi kusuka kungqimba evundile yomhlaba ixutshaniswe namakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwamane womquba noma i-humus
- Emva kwalokho, kuthelwa ibhakede lamanzi emgodini. Izenzo ezengeziwe zenziwa kuphela ngemuva kokuba zingene ngokuphelele emhlabathini. Bese usungula ukusekelwa kwesithombo.
Ibhakede lamanzi lithululelwa emgodini olungiselelwe bese ulindela ukuthi lingene ngokuphelele emhlabathini
- Ngaphambi kokutshala, uhlelo lwezimpande lumanzi imizuzu embalwa kwibhokisi lengxoxo yodaka. Isithombo sifakwa enkabeni yomgodi, izimpande ziqonde ngokucophelela. Kungenzeka ukutshala isihlahla emhlabathini omanzi kuphela.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, izimpande zesithombo zifakwe emanzini obumba, umuthi utshalwe emhlabathini omanzi, izimpande ziqonde
- Izimpande ze-sapling zimbozwe ngenhlanganisela yenhlabathi evundisiwe ngezinyathelo ezimbili, isikhathi ngasinye sinyathela.Intamo yezimpande noma indawo yokugoma ngemuva kokutshala kufanele ikhuphuke ngo-2 cm ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlabathi.
Lapho utshala isithombo ngohlelo oluvulekile lwezimpande, umhlaba ulethwa ngezinyathelo ezimbili, ngemuva kwesicelo ngasinye sakhiwe kahle
Ngemuva kokutshala isithombo, indawo yokugoma kufanele ibe ngu-3-4 cm ngaphezu komhlaba
- Eduze kwesihlahla enza umbuthano wokunisela ongu-10-15 cm ukuphakama, uthele amabhakede linye noma amabili ngaphansi kwesithombo.
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kombuthano wokunisela, kuthululelwa amabhakede elilodwa noma amabili ngaphansi kwesithombo
- Ngemuva kokunisela, umhlaba uhlanganiswe nge-peat, humus noma utshani ukugwema ukuqhekeka.
Ngemuva kokunisela ngesiphuzo, umbuthano wesiqu ufakwe nge-peat, humus noma utshani. Lokhu kuzovimbela ukuqhekeka komhlaba futhi kugcinwe umswakama ngesikhathi esishisayo.
Ukutshala okulungile kweparele elinezinsika kuthatha isikhathi esiningi, kepha kuzokhokha ngesilinganiso esihle sokusinda nokukhula okusheshayo kwesithombo.
Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo (izihlahla, ukuthambisa, umanyolo, indawo yokuhlala ebusika, njll.)
Ukunakekela izihlahla ezinsundu kufaka phakathi ukuchelela, ukugqoka ngaphezulu, ukukhulula inhlabathi, ukususa ukhula, ukuthena izihlahla, kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ezifweni ezincane zezinambuzane nezinambuzane. Amasu we-Agrotechnical ayenziwa kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula, kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube sekwindla.
Izihlahla
Ubungqabavu bokunakekelwa kwamapheya abunjwe ikoloni kungukuthena okulungile, lapho ukwakheka komqhele nokwanda kwesihlahla kuncike khona. Ukuze ukusungula kuphumelele, kumele kubhekwe nemibandela elandelayo:
- izihlahla zenziwa esihlahleni esisha (lokhu kuyadingeka);
- isitshalo kumele siphile ngokuphelele;
- ngesikhathi sokutshala, yonke imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo kumele ibhekwe: inhlabathi ivundiswe kahle, isiyingi sesitraki sifakwe emgodini, ukugqoka ngaphezulu kwenziwa njalo nangendlela efanele, njll.
Ezimweni ezinjalo ezinhle, ngemuva kokuncipha kokuqala kwe-60% yamagatsha, ama-2 noma ama-3 efihlekile azovuka. Umuntu uzonikeza ukuphunyula okunamandla ukuze uqhubeke, owesibili - igatsha elincane elincanyana, okwesithathu, uma livuka, lizoba igatsha elincane kakhulu. Kuma-40% asele wamagatsha acwecisiwe, munye kuphela, izinso esiseduzane nepinki, elizovuka.
//www.umhoz.com/formirovanie-kroni-kolonovidnih-jablon/
Uma ungahambelani nazo zonke lezi zimo, khona-ke emva kokuthenwa kokuqala, amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela amagatsha ayovusa ama-2 buds, ku-90% - ihlumela elilodwa.
Unganquma entwasahlobo nasekwindla futhi wenze ngezindlela ezimbili:
- ukuncishiswa kwamahlumela amancane, okuvusa ukuvuswa kwama-lateral buds ngaphansi kweleveli ye-cutoff;
- ukuthambisa amagatsha, kanti isiqu akufanele sisale ukusikwa.
Amagatsha ancibilikayo anikezela ngokusatshalaliswa komoya ofudumele emqheleni
Ukuthena kwentwasahlobo. Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuthenwa kwethanga entwasahlobo siqala ngoMashi-Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, umoya usuvele ufudumele kancane, kepha izinso azikavuvukali. Inhloso yokuthena ukuvumela ukuthi imifudlana efudumele isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umqhele wesihlahla. Kwisihlahla esidala, izihlahla zinqunyelwe ekususeni amagatsha omile nokunciphisa umthwalo emagatsheni amakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ukuthena Autumn. Njengomthetho, ekwindla zenza ukuthenwa kwenhlanzeko kwepharele, lapho amagatsha omile nawanempilo asuswa. Kwenze ngamazinga okushisa okubandakanyeka ngesikhathi lapho izihlahla zilahla amahlamvu. Uma lokhu kungenakwenziwa ngesikhathi, khona-ke umsebenzi kufanele uhlehliswe kuze kube sentwasahlobo, ukuvikela ukuqandeka kwamagatsha.
Ukuthenwa kwethanga okwenziwe ngekolomu kwenziwa kangcono ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti noma ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, ngoba azinakho ukumelana kakhulu nesithwathwa, futhi ngenxa yokuthena kuka-Agasti, izinkuni zivuthwa kangcono.
//www.umhoz.com/kolonovidnaja-grusha/
Ukwenziwa kwenziwa ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala. Akukhathalekile ukuthi mangaki la amaphesenti noma leli gatsha elizonqunywa, into esemqoka ukuthi ngemuva kokubumba lesi sihlahla kuvela ngokufana kwekholomu evumanayo ngaphandle kokukhishwa kanye nokudangala:
- umqhubi wesifundo oyinhloko akakaze asikwe;
- ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala, entwasahlobo, wonke amagatsha ayalungiswa ukuze abe namahlumela amabili asele, abale kusukela kusisekelo segatsha;
- cishe amasentimitha amabili kuya kwamathathu kufanele asele ezinsweni eziseduzane ezisikelwayo. Izicucwana zigawulwa kancane engela elingaba ngama-30 degrees. Ngonyaka, ama-buds asele azokhula abe amahlumela agcwele;
- kwentwasahlobo elandelayo kwikhefu ngalinye legatsha ngonyaka ophelile lelo hlumela elikhula ngokuthe xaxa, bese lisika elinye elime mpo ngokwenqubo engenhla (okungukuthi, kusala amabhlogo amabili kulo, kubalwa kusukela kusisekelo segatsha);
- Izimbali zizovela phezulu, nokho kube kufushane, futhi ngokuthe nkqo ngonyaka olandelayo kuzovela amahlumela amabili azayo. Enye yazo izothela, bese eyesibili idinga ukunqunywa futhi ngonyaka olandelayo;
- le ndlela yokwenza umqhele yenziwa iminyaka emihlanu;
- ukufezekisa ukwanda kancane kancane komqhele ngaphandle kokuqina, ukuthenwa kwenziwa kuphela kwizinso zangaphandle.
Uma izinso le-apical lingakhuli noma lifile, khona-ke le ngxenye yesitshalo inqunywa ihlumela eliqinile, elishiywe ukuze liqhubeke nesiqu.
Ngemuva kokuthi umqhubi ophakathi nendawo afinyelele ekuphakameni okudingakalayo (amamitha ayi-2-2,5), unqunywa ekugcineni kwehlobo. Eminyakeni elandelayo, wonke amagatsha akhula ngaphezulu komholi ayathenwa.
Ukunakekelwa okufanele kuhlinzeka ukukhula okukhula ngonyaka phezulu ngo-10-15 cm kanye nokwakhiwa kwamanye amagatsha angama-lateral angama-22. Ngomholi obuthakathaka, ufinyezwa izinso ezi-2-3.
Umthwalo wezithelo
Ngonyaka wokuqala ngemuva kokutshala isithombo esihlahleni, kungavela izimbali. Ukwenza isitshalo sibe ngcono futhi sikhule, siyabhulwa. Uma iparele likhula kahle, khona-ke ngonyaka olandelayo kunconywa ukushiya izithelo ezifika ku-4-5 kuwo. Ngokuzayo, inani labo esihlahleni liyakhula kancane kancane.
Umthwalo wezithelo zesitshalo ngasinye kufanele ukhethwe ngamunye. Ngamagatsha agcwele ngokweqile kanye nokwehla okukhulu ngosayizi wamapheya wesizini ezayo, inani lezithelo esihlahleni laziwa ngokujwayelekile.
Ukunisela
Imvamisa yokunisela iparele yokholomu incike kakhulu ezimweni zezulu:
- ezimweni ezishisayo lapho kungekho mvula, ukuthambisa nsuku zonke kungadingeka;
- esimweni sezulu esipholile, izihlahla ziswakama kabili ngesonto;
- ukuchelela, sebenzisa amanzi afudumele elangeni;
- ekushiseni, ngemuva kokuthambisa, fafaza umbuthano oseduze nge-mulch ukuze ugcine umswakama enhlabathini isikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kokunisela, kubalulekile ukwenza ukukhululwa kwenhlabathi, lokhu kuzonikeza ukufinyelela kwe-oxygen ezimpandeni, futhi kuvikele nesistimu yokubola. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukhula luyasuswa ngesikhathi sokukhululwa.
Yondla ithini lamapheya
Ekukhuleni okuhle kwezihlahla ezinsika, kuyondla njalo nangendlela efanele. Benza umanyolo we-nitrogen kusuka onyakeni wesibili noma wesithathu ngemuva kokutshala, lapho iparele selimile futhi liqina. Kulokhu, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-urea (urea): I-10 g ichanywa ngamalitha amabili amanzi, eyethulwa ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngasinye:
- ukugqoka okuphezulu kokuqala kwenziwa entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuvela kwamaqabunga okuqala. Emavikini lamabili ngemuva kwelokuqala, kwenziwa isembatho sesibili sokuqala, kwathi emasontweni amabili kwalandela owesibili - owesithathu;
- inhlabathi ephakathi kwemigqa kufanele igcinwe ngaphansi komusi omnyama. Uma ukuhlukaniswa komugqa kungaphezu kwamamitha amabili, ukuthambisa ejwayelekile futhi kuningi kuyadingeka.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yehlobo, ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-urea kungathathelwa indawo nge-slurry noma inkukhu entsha:
- I-mullein ne-slurry kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha, lapho kuxutshwe emanzini axazululiwe ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10. Ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye unikela nge-1 litre yengxube;
- Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, imithambo yezinyoni empeleni ibilisiwe: uhhafu wethangi ugcwele amaconsi, isikhala esisele sigcwaliswa ngamanzi afudumele. Ingxube ibifakwe amasonto amabili ivuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuze usebenzise umanyolo kuphela ingxenyeni ye-ketshezi, ehlanjululwe ngamanzi izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili. I-0.5 l ithululelwa ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngasinye.
Kusukela ukuphela kukaSepthemba, akunqweneleki ukufeza izimpande nge-nitrogen, ngoba lesi sitshalo kungenzeka singabi nesikhathi sokulungiselela isimo sokuphumula futhi sizofa ngokuqala kwesithwathwa.
Ukudla ngendlela efanele kwethanga ekwindla ukwethulwa kwamanyolo wezimbiwa aqukethe i-potassium ne-phosphorus. Ungazipheka ngokwakho noma uthenge esitolo esikhethekile:
- 10 l wamanzi;
- 1 tbsp. l potassium chloride;
- 2 tbsp. l granular superphosphate.
Zonke izinto zixutshwe kahle bese zingeniswa embuthanweni wesiqu. Okujwayelekile kwenzelwe isikwele esingu-1. m
Ukulungiselela ubusika
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezinsika zamapheya amelana neqhwa, kungakuhle ukuthi uzifudumele ezimeni eziphakathi neRussia ebusika. Lokhu kudingeka kakhulu izithombo ezincane, ngoba uhlelo lwazo lwezimpande lungakakulungeli ukubanda kwesimo sezulu okuzayo.
Kunezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile zezolimo ezizovumela izihlahla ukuthi ziphile ebusika ngisho naseSiberia:
- ngemuva kokuba amahlamvu ewile ezihlahleni, ayasuswa futhi ashiswe kanye nezithelo ezomile ukuze aqothule ubusika izinambuzane eziyingozi kanye namagciwane;
- Ekupheleni ekwindla, iziqu ziyaxutshwa ngopende osuselwa kumanzi ngoshoko noma ukhilimu oxutshwe kuwo (ukuthengiswa okwenziwe ngomumo kokumhlophe kuyathengiswa). Lokhu kuzovikela amagxolo ekuqhekekeni ngenxa yokungafani kokushisa;
- isiyingi sesiqu simbozwe ngesendlalelo sokhuni noma ngotshani esingamasentimitha amabili.
Ukwenza mhlophe isiqu sethanga kuvikele amagxolo ekuqhekekeni nasekuthelelekeni ngamagciwane ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa
Iminyaka emibili noma emithathu yokuqala ezihlahleni ezincane zivikela ukuqhuma kwe-apical, ngoba ibucayi kakhulu futhi ingabulawa kalula yiqhwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungasebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene, isibonelo, izikhwama zepulasitiki, ezigqoke amagatsha.
Ukuvikela izinso ekwindla, ungafaka izikhwama zepulasitiki emagatsheni uzilungise kahle
Ukuvikelwa okuhle eqandeni yiqhwa elijwayelekile, elihlikihla isiqu somuthi phansi kogatsha lwamathambo. Izihlahla ezincane zingambozwa ngezinto ezingezona ezilukiwe, lapho kuphonswa khona iqhwa.
Ebusika, izihlahla ezincane zimbozwa ngento engeyona eyokweluka izovikela emithanjeni ebandayo
Izihlahla ezingaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu zidinga ukuvikelwa isiqu. Uboshelwe ngephepha futhi aboshwe ngobambo ngentambo. Ukuvikela ngokumelene namagundane, sebenzisa okokuphahla impahla noma ngamagatsha ajwayelekile we-coniferous, azungeze isiqu ngokuqinile futhi awubopha ngentambo.
Amagatsha e-spruce angama-coniferous akavikeli kuphela isiqu kumaquents, kodwa futhi avikela nesihlahla eziqandeni ezinzima
Isithombo esisesincane singambozwa ngokuphelele ngamagatsha e-coniffort, ayovikela isivande esihlahleni.
Izifo Nezinambuzane
Amapharele wekholomu, njengezinye izihlahla zezithelo, avame ukuhlushwa izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kunciphisa umkhiqizo wabo futhi kuthinta ukunambitheka kwezithelo.
Ukuvinjelwa okuyinhloko kwezifo ukuhambisana nemithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo, ukuze ukungagcini kwezihlahla kugcinwe ezingeni eliphakeme.
Ngokuvimbela izifo, umqhele, isiqu kanye nombuthano wesiqu kuya kufafazwa kasithupha ngesizini ngesisombululo se-urea sokugxila okuhlukile:
- entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokukhula, kulungiswa isixazululo se-urea se-100 g / 10 l samanzi;
- kumahlamvu amancane, ngaphambi kokuqhakaza - 75 g / 10 l wamanzi:
- ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza - 50 g / 10 l wamanzi;
- kabili ehlobo - 50 g / 10 l;
- kanye ekwindla, ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga - 100 g / 10 l wamanzi.
Qala ukufafaza kwentwasahlobo yensimu ngokushesha nje lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphuka ngaphezulu kuka-5mayelanaC.
Futhi, ekuvinjelweni kwezifo entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaqabunga, ukufafaza ngekhambi elilodwa le-iron sulfate kuyasebenza, ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga - amaphesenti amahlanu.
Uma lesi sitshalo sisagula, kubalulekile ukuthola imbangela futhi siqale ukwelashwa. Izifo eziphambili zamapharele wekholomu, kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nazo zethulwe etafuleni.
Ithebula: Izifo nezinambuzane zamapheya ezinsika
| Lesi sifo | Izimpawu zokugula | Izindlela Zokulawula Izifo |
| Ukugqwala | Isifo sokukhunta. Kubonakala ngesimo samawolintshi noma amabala abomvu ebusweni bamaqabunga | Ukususwa nokulahlwa kwamaqabunga anesifo. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo, ungasebenzisa i-Skor yezidakamizwa. Ngesikhathi sokulashwa, amaqabunga afafazwa nge-1% Bordeaux liquid noma fungicides Strobi, Polyram, Cumulus, pearl Abiga. Ukubulala amagciwane okungaxutshwe nesixazululo esingu-5% we-sulfate yethusi kuyasebenza futhi. |
| Izithelo bola, noma i-monoliasis | Isifo sokukhunta. Kutholakala ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezithelo ngendlela yamabala ansundu. Kamuva, kwakheka ukukhula lapho izinhlamvu zesikhunta zikhona | Hlanza ngokucophelela izithelo ezithintekile, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisele ezihlahleni. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo yizinyathelo ezifanayo nokulwa nesibanda. Ngentwasahlobo nasekwindla, kunconywa ukufafaza nge-Bordeaux ketshezi, kuthi ngenkathi yokukhula nge-Phytosporin, iTopsin noma iFicur fungicides |
| I-Powdery hlobo | Isifo sokukhunta. Kubonakala ngesimo se-plaque, esivame ukutholakala kumathiphu wokukhula konyaka. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwe amahlumela, ukuvela kwazo, kanye nokomisa nokubola ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamahlamvu namaqanda | Zonke amahlumela athintekile ziyasikwa futhi zishiswe ngaphandle kwesiza. Ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa kwama-buds, kanye nangemuva kokuqhakaza kanye namasonto amabili ngemuva kokuphathwa kokugcina kwesihlahla, umqhele, amagatsha nesiqu kufafazwe nge fungicides Ditan M-45, Rovral, Tiovit Jet |
| Isikali | Isifo sokukhunta. Kuvela izithombo ezingaphansi kwamaqabunga. Izithelo namahlumela amancane kuyathinteka. I-pathogen hibernates ebangeni lamahlumela athelelekile namaqabunga awile | Esigabeni se-cone eluhlaza, umqhele ufafazwa ngamaphesenti amathathu u-Bordeaux fluid. Esigabeni se-rose bud - ngesikhumba somuthi (2 g nge-10 l lamanzi), ukwelashwa kuyaphindwa ngemuva kokuqhakaza. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10- 14 amaqabunga e-pearl ahlanganisiwe, futhi futhi emva kwamasonto amathathu aphathwa nge-Skor, Khom, Tsineb, Kaptan noma i-colloidal sulfure |
| Izithelo Gallic | Lesi sinambuzane silimaza amaqanda esimbali, emva kwalokho omile, akhanye, aqhekeze bese ewa. IGallitsa ingalimaza izithelo ezingama-50 kuye kwangama-90% | Umhlabathi ongaphansi kwethanga wembiwa kahle ebusika, njengoba ubusika obuningi bokubekelwa engxenyeni ephezulu yenhlabathi. Amagatsha alimile namaqabunga ayaqoqwa futhi ashiswe. Uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa ama-insecticides (chlorophos nabanye) |
| I-Green ne-Umbrella Aphids | Amahlamvu alimile agoqa eceleni kwethambo eliphakathi nendawo. Ezindaweni ezidla kuzo izibungu, kwakhiwa ama-galls, ngaphakathi lapho kukhona ama-aphid akhiwe. Amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi noma abomvu. | Ekwindla sekwephuzile, amagxolo ahlanzwa ukungcola, imifantu iphathwa nge-antiseptic, ihlanganiswe ne-var, bese isihlahla sifakwa emanzini. Gaya umbuthano wesiqu. Ekwindla, amagxolo esihlahla nombuthano wesiqu kuthululelwa ngamanzi ashisayo kakhulu, aze afike kuma-80 degrees. Umphumela wesikhashana wokushisa uzobulala amaqanda ezinambuzane. Ukuvimbela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuvuvukala, ziphathwa ngeKinmix, ngaphambi kokuqhakaza izimbali - i-Agravertin, ngemuva kokubeka izithelo - Iskra. Kamuva, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ezimweni ezihlukile. |
Igalari yezithombe: izifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezilokazane kumaqabunga nezithelo zeparele
- Izithelo inyongo ama-midges zilimaza amaqanda ezimbali, emva kwalokho izithelo ziyafa
- I-Powdery mildew ithinta amathiphu wokukhula konyaka kwamapheya
- Emagqabini nezithelo, ibala liboniswa ngesimo sebala elimnyama
- Izithelo bola zithinta amaqabunga nezithelo zethanga futhi zidala ukufa kwesitshalo
- Amapholoni we-aphid angamboza ngokuphelele amagatsha kanye namaqabunga
- Ukugqwala kwethanga kuvela njengezindawo ezingajwayelekile emgqeni weqabunga
Imvamisa, izifo zeparele ezitholakalayo zitholakala entwasahlobo. Ukuvikela izilokazane, kutshalwa izitshalo engadini - ugwayi, umalamula, udoti, ama-marigolds. Zikhipha iphunga eliqinile elinokwethusa izinambuzane eziningi.
Ukubuyekezwa Kwabalimi
Ukubuyekezwa kwabalimi mayelana nezihlahla ezinsika futhi, ikakhulukazi, amapheya kunempikiswano enkulu. Imvamisa kuba nokubuyekezwa okungalungile, okuthi, ngokunokwenzeka, kuhlotshaniswe nokutholwa kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi zokutshala nokunakekelwa okungafanele.
Ngikhula ama-pcs ayi-12. kolonovidok, 1-2 ebangeni ngalinye. Konke kwathengwa embukisweni eminyakeni yokuqala. Amapheya ukunambitha lutho kodwa amancane. Ezihlahleni ezimbili - ezinkulu. Kodwa ngaphambi kwesivuno ku "3 amabhakede esihlahleni!" oh kude kanjani! Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke kukusebenzele - kuzame!
Igor V. Zaika
//forum.vinograd.info
Yini engingayisho kusuka kukholamu wekholomu ... Ngokuqinisekile akayithandi i-humus, nenhlabathi evundile kakhulu - bamane bathela, bathela izithelo ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana ... Noma bangatheli izithelo nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, awukwazi ukubondla. Amagatsha amaningi aseceleni avela. Izinhlobo eziveziwe. Lezo esezitshalwe eningizimu yethu - emgqeni ophakathi nendawo azohola. Kwadingeka izinhlobo eziningana. Wonke umuntu unambitha okuhle. Nginezinsika eziningana ezinamagatsha aseceleni, ziyahluma. Zonke ezinye zisesimweni senduku. Kutalwe kakhulu - emva kuka-15 cm. Udonga olunjalo. Zonke zithela izithelo. Faka i-fruiting kaningi ngonyaka wokuqala.
UVolodya
//forum.vinograd.info
Kimina, amakholomu ahamba phambili. Ukuthi nje uma unamakholomu we-REAL nokunakekelwa okuhle, konke kuzosebenza, ikholamu iyintombazane engenasisekelo, awuzukuyithulula kanye kuphela, ngakho-ke, izimpande ziphezulu. Akondlanga kahle - ngeke azale futhi, kepha ngalesosikhathi uzothola esinye isivuno ngonyaka wokuqala! Ngiyaphinda futhi ngithi angikukhankaseli noma ngubani, kepha ukusola kuyinto engenamsebenzi kangako ...
Irina 029
//forum.vinograd.info
Ngakhula amapharele ayi-6 kolonovidki iminyaka engu-5, angikhumbuli okuhlukahlukene. Ukudumazeka okuphelele: akukho sitshalo, akukho ukunambitha. I-Autumn isisuse ngokuphelele lesi simangaliso. Ngicabanga ukuthi udinga ukwazi ubuhlakani betechnology yezobuchwepheshe, kepha ukunambitheka okungenamsebenzi kanye nesithwathwa njalo ngesikhathi sezimbali - ungabhekana kanjani nalokhu?
U-Oleg P.
//forum.vinograd.info
Uma uthenge isithombo sangempela sekholamu, lapho-ke ngenxa yokusebenza kanzima nokulandela imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo, umuthi omuhle wekholomu onezithelo ezihlwabusayo ezingafani uzokhula esizeni sakho.
