Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izindlu eziningi zezwe, ngisho nemizi emadolobheni, zisalokhu zithukuthele ngosizo lwesitofu lapho kuphakanyiswa khona izinkuni. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, umnikazi wepulazi unamalahle amaningi nomlotha, okuvame ukuphuma ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, amalahle angasetshenziswa njengomanyolo wensimu, ngakho ungavikela indawo kusuka kunokhula kanye nezinambuzane, futhi ulawule umswakama wenhlabathi. Cabanga ngalokhu kungenzeka ngokuningiliziwe.
Amalahle: indlela yokuthola umanyolo
Ukukhuluma ngamalahle, okokuqala, udinga ukuthola ukuthi kuyini.
Okokuqala Lezi zincithakalo zokhuni ezimnyama ezitholakala ngokushisa okubandayo (okubandayo) nge-oxygen yokungena okuncane. Ngakho ukuthola izinto ezibonakalayo kunezakhiwo eziningi ezinhle, ezihlanganisa:
- ukungenwa kwamakhemikhali (ngenxa yalokhu, ingahlala emhlabathini iminyaka eyinkulungwane, ngaphandle kokubola nakancane);
- high absorption izindawo (ikhono lokuthola inani eliningi kakhulu le-aluminium oxide noma amanzi ajwayelekile);
- i-porosity ephezulu (ngenxa yalokho - indawo enkulu).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena emhlabathini, amalahle njengomanyolo uyakwazi ukubamba i-nitrojeni emoyeni, iguqule ibe amafomu afinyeleleke kwezitshalo. Iphinde ibambe iqhaza lokubangela umsebenzi obalulekile we-humus biosphere.
Uyazi? Indlela yokusebenzisa amalahle ensimini, owokuqala ukuza namaNdiya ePeru. Baqala ukuyifaka emhlabathini, owawatholwa ngokushisa izihlahla ezikhula ehlathini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi behlabathi abavela emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni bafinyelela ekuphethweni ukuthi kungumlahle owenza inhlabathi encane ePeru ifanele ukutshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, babengazi ukuthi ekushiseni okushisayo kwama-400-500 degrees (kwakungaphansi kwezimo ezinjengalezi amahlathi atshiswa amaNdiya) ama-resins ezinkuni asetshenzisiwe awazange ashise, kodwa kanzima futhi agubungele ama-pores amalahle ngendwangu encane.
Ama-resin anjalo anekhono eliphakeme lokushintshaniswa kwe-ion, ngoba ion yanoma imuphi umuthi ixhunyiwe kalula, emva kwalokho kunzima kakhulu ukuwageza (ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo eziningi zokuncipha). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpande zezitshalo noma i-hyphae yefungi le-mycorrhizal ziyayigaya kahle.
Izakhiwo eziwusizo zamalahle ezolimo
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isipiliyoni sokusebenzisa umanyolo kusuka emagalazini ezweni lakithi akuyona into enhle njengoba singathanda, futhi ayiphume embuzweni wokuyondla izilwane. Noma kunjalo, abanye ososayensi bathi ukushiswa kwamalahle kunomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni nasezimeni izimfanelo zezingulube ezinamafutha (okungenani, yilokho okushiwo nguTatiana Vladimirovna Morozova's research censing research).
Yiqiniso, uma ungaqiniseki, kungcono ukuthi ungazitholi nezilwane, kepha uma kuzila izitshalo, khona-ke umbuzo wokuthi ngabe amalahle angasetshenziswa yini njengomanyolo kufanele mhlawumbe uphendululwe ku-affirmative. Kukhona izizathu zalokhu, futhi nakhu ezinye zazo.
Ukulawulwa komswakama komhlaba
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, amalahle afakwe emhlabathini uyasindisa izitshalo kusukela ekutheni nasezintweni zokubola ngesikhathi sezimvula.
Lithatha umswakama ngokweqile, futhi ngezinsuku ezomile liyabuyisela emuva, ngaleyo ndlela isebenza njengomhlobo wokulawula umswakama emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ezinomsoco wamanzi ziqoqwe ezinhlayiyeni ezingenakushiswa, eziqukethe ama-humus kanye nama-fertilizer, okuwusizo kakhulu ezitshalweni. Amalahle asisiza ukuba alondoloze ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi, athuthukise i-porosity ne-permeability yomhlaba, evumela umoya omoya kanye nemisebe yelanga ukuba ingene emmpandeni yezitshalo.
Ukuvikelwa kokhula nenambuzane
Ukuba khona kwamalahle emhlabathini kwenza kube lula ukubhekana nokhula nezinambuzane. Isibonelo, ukufafaza inhlabathi ezungeze izitshalo ngelahle elichotshoziwe kuzosindisa izitshalo kusukela ebusweni be-slugs kanye nemisinki, ngoba kuyoba nzima kakhulu ukuba bahambe phezulu. Izingxenye ezinkulu zizosiza ekulawuleni ukhula, zingavumeli ukuba zihlume (ikakhulukazi, ukusungulwa okungenasisekelo kwalezi zinsalela ezingapheli zinikeza umphumela omuhle ekulwa nomswakama).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwamalahle endaweni yomngcele kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ezinambuzane njenge-nematodes nezintambo.
Uyazi? Izinsalela zezinkuni ezingaphenduki zingasetshenziswa futhi ekwelashweni kwamakhemikhali enhlabathini ngokuyifaka nge-anhydride ye-sulfuric. Lesi sifo sokushisa isibabule singasetshenziswa kunoma yikuphi ukushisa okushisayo, ngaphandle kwalezo zindlela okumele kwenziwe ngayo ifreyimu engaphilile ye-aluminium.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle ensimini: indlela yokudla emhlabathini
Lapho kutholakala khona amalahle ngokulima, sesivele sithole, manje kusele ukuqonda imigomo yesicelo sayo emhlabathini.
Kule ndaba, konke kuxhomeke ekubunjweni okwenziwe umhlaba kanye nesifunda sokuhlala kwakho.
Isibonelo, eU.SA, ezindaweni ezinemihlabathi empofu, enesisindo futhi enomsoco, isamba semali yamalahle ngokuvamile sifinyelela ku-50% yenhlabathi yonke ehlanganisiwe.
Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi izinga lokulahleka kwamalahle liphansi kakhulu (ngokungafani nezinkuni, alilimali), lingasetshenziswa ukutshala inhlabathi iminyaka eminingi emva kokufaka isicelo. Amalahle, asetshenziselwa umanyolo, azobonisa imiphumela yangempela eminyakeni emithathu kakade, uma ngalesi sikhathi ubamba iqhaza elifinyelela ku-30-40% wevolumu yensimbi evundile. Kulesi simo, ingqikithi yokwenza kufanele ibe ngu-10-40 mm. Ngokungangabazeki, amalahle ayasiza kakhulu ezitshalweni, kepha ngezinye izikhathi usetshenziswe uthuli oluthile, olungenalo umphumela ofanayo okufanele ukwazi ngakho, ukuze ungadli ngezindlela ezingenalutho.
Ukuba khona kwezinsalela ezingenakushiswa emhlabathini kungavimbela i-leaching yamanyolo asetshenzisiwe (ngokuyinhloko i-nitrogenous) nezinto eziwusizo emasimini nokusetshenziswa okujulile kokunisela okusebenzayo. Empeleni, lokhu kuhle, ngoba ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuvimbela ukungcola kwamanzi emzimbeni ngezinhlayiya zamanyolo wamakhemikhali.
Amalahle asetshenziselwa kakhulu ukutshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi imibuzo mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa ngayo ayikhathazi nje abalimi nabalimi kuphela, kodwa futhi nabalimi. Akukhathaleki uma ukhula izitshalo zezimbali ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo noma ezimbizeni ezivamile, noma kunjalo, lokhu kuzosiza ekufezeni impumelelo ethile ebhizinisini lakho.
Amalahle ahloselwe izimbali angasetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile, okusho ukuthi kunezimpendulo eziningana kumbuzo wokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ekamelweni lokulima. Isibonelo, izinsalela ezichotshoziwe zezinkuni zicubungula izimpande zezitshalo, ezonakaliswe ngengozi ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kwesitshalo noma ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuhlosiwe ngokuhlukanisa ama-rhizomes. Kuvame ukuxubaniswa nenhlabathi lapho utshala izitshalo ezingavumi ukunyamezela umswakama ngokweqile we-substrate (ama-succulents, orchids, cacti, njll).
Lapho kuhlanganiswa izitshalo, amalahle asetshenziselwa ukucutshungulwa kokuklashwa, okumele kuqale kube khona kahle. Uma unquma ukuqoqa ama-cuttings emanzini ajwayelekile, khona-ke faka ucezu lwalesi sihloko phansi kwe-tank ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwama-bacterium we-putrefactive.
Kubalulekile! Uma ungazi ukuthi ungathola amalahle ngezimbali, ke okokuqala sincoma ukuthi uxhumane nezitolo ezikhethekile ze-flower (ithengiswa kakade ifakwe emasakeni noma ku-briquettes), ngoba izinsalela ezisuka kuhhavini azikwazi njalo ukuqinisekisa umphumela omuhle.
Umbala nobuningi bamalahle athengwe kungashintsha kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwokhuni olwalusetshenziselwa ukukwenza.
