I-Phytophthora yigama eliyingozi kuma-agronomists, abalimi nabalimi. Lesi yisifo esiyingozi kakhulu esithinta i-nightshade nezinye izitshalo ezilinywa, njenge-strawberry noma ukhukhamba. Njengomthetho, izitshalo eziphethwe yizimo eziphuthumayo azitholakali, indlela kuphela yokuphuma ukubhubhisa.
Ukulimala kwesikhathi: ingozi yesifo sofungal
I-Phytophthora iyisifo se-fungal esithinta izitshalo ngisho nasendlini yokushisa e-polycarbonate. Njenganoma yiliphi i-fungus, i-spore yokulimala yamuva iqukethe i-mycelium, i-conidia, ne-sporangia. Ukubonakala kwe-mycelium kufana newebhu elimhlophe le-spider. Njengomthetho, uhlala futhi ukhula ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Ukukhiqizwa kwefungi kuyenziwa ngosizo lwezinhlamvu ezenziwe nge-sporangia. Ngemuva kokuthi i-spore ikhule, igobolondo le-sporangia liphuka, likhulula izinhlamvu. Ngemva kwalokho, basakazeka ngamanzi, bewela ezitshalweni, lapho umjikelezo wokuphila omusha we-phytophthora uqala khona. I-Spores ye-phytophtora ayesabi ngisho nama-frosts abanzi. Ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwempikiswano kuqala ngemuva kokushisa okukhuphukela ku-10 degrees Celsius. 
Isibonakaliso sokuqala sokulimala kwelanga sekubukeka kwezindawo ezimnyama ezindaweni neziqabunga zezitshalo. Ngomswakama ophezulu, ingxenye yangaphakathi yamaqabunga igcwele ukuqhakaza okumhlophe. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane zamazambane kanye notamatisi, ezithintekayo ukulimala okuphelile, zimbozwa izindawo ezingenayo i-indented, futhi isikhumba siyaqina. Kungenxa yesikhumba lapho lesi sitshalo sitheleleka kakhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo sisakaze lesi sifo ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane. Uma ukucubungulwa kwetamatisi okuvela ngesikhathi okuyi-phytophtora akukwenziwanga, izicubu zezithelo zibola ngokushesha futhi zibola, zinike iphunga elibi kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, abalimi balinga ukuthi okungenani bangalondolozi isitshalo, baqede izithelo eziluhlaza bese befihla ukuvuthwa. Kodwa kanye nezithelo ezithelelekile, isikhunta se-phytophtora siwela ebhokisini futhi emva kwesikhathi sishaya zonke ezinye izithelo.
Uyazi? Amazambane kanye notamatisi baphathwe ama-mushroom wezinhlobo ze-Phytophthora infestans, okuhunyushwa ngokuqondile kusuka kwisiLatini ngokuthi "ukubhubhisa izitshalo".
Indlela yokucubungula ukushisa okuvela ku-phytophthora
Ukulungiselela inkathi entsha yokutshala kwenziwa ekwindla, ngokushesha emva kokuvuna. Esikhathini sokushisa, ikakhulukazi kusuka ku-polycarbonate, amathuba okuthi izinhlamvu ze-phytophthora ziyoqhubeka ezinqenqemeni ezingaphezulu komhlaba, ezinsalela zezitshalo noma izakhi zokwakha izitshalo zokushisa, ziphakeme kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhula izitshalo ezimweni zokushisa, kubalulekile ukuba uqhube ukucubungula kusuka ku-phytophthora. Kulesi simo, ngeke ucabange ukuthi ungagcina kanjani utamatisi kusuka ku-phytophtoras, kodwa lapho ungafaka khona ukuvuna konke.
Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-greenhouse kuzovumela ukubhubhisa izimpikiswano ze-phytophthora, kanye nokuvimbela ukuthi kwenzeke yini lesi sifo esikhathini esizayo. Kungenzeka ngokomzimba ukuhlukanisa izindlela zokucubungula ezivela ku-phytophtora zibe:
- i-biological;
- amakhemikhali;
- lokushisa.
Ukuhlanza izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezivela ezitshalweni zezitshalo nezinto ezengeziwe
Ngaphambi kokushisa imishanguzo emhlabathini kumakhemikhali e-phytophthora, kuyadingeka ukuyihlanza emasimini okutshala izihlahla: iziqongo, izithelo ezingekho, izimpande kanye nokhula.
Kumele uhlanze ukushisa okuvela ku-twine ne-trellis endala.
Ngisho noma lezi zitshalo azilimazanga, ngenxa yokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwezinto zokutshala, zishiya inani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene. Yingakho ukusetshenzwa kwezindawo zokugcina izitshalo ze-polycarbonate kumele kuhambisane nokushiswa kwazo zonke izinsalela zezitshalo nezinye izinto. Uma ungenzi lokhu, emva kokubusika wonke ama-microbes asebenza kakhulu futhi uzoqala ukuthelela izitshalo ezincane.
Kubalulekile! Uma lesi sibindi sisaqhubeka "sidabula" utamatisi namazambane, khona-ke kanye nokubhujiswa kwezinsalela zezitshalo, kufanele uchithe i-disinfect wonke amathuluzi engadini.
I-Greenhouse Disinfection and Treatment
Ukucubungula izithombo zokugcina izithombo kusuka phytophthora kukuvumela ukuba ulondoloze izitshalo futhi uthole isivuno esihle. I-greenhouse ingenziwa ngamafasitela amafasitela aqoshiwe, i-polycarbonate, noma ifilimu evamile. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ne-gas disinfection, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuqina komklamo wokushisa nokufaka zonke izikhala. Yonke imisebenzi ye-disinfection yenziwa ekushiseni okungekho ngaphansi kwe-degrees Celsius. Lapho i-disinfecting, i-greenhouse iyasuswa ngama-sulphur noma ama-sulfur checkers. Isilinganiso esilinganisweni singama-50-80 g we-sulfur ngamamitha ayi-cubic; lapho igciwane lesicabucabu, umthamo wenyuka ufika ku-150 g. Ukuze ukwandise ubuthi be-fungicide, kunconywa ukuba uchithe yonke indawo yokubamba ukushisa ngamanzi kusengaphambili. 
Ukucubungula kokushisa okuvela ku-polycarbonate entwasahlobo evela e-phytophtoras kwenziwa ngokusemthethweni endaweni yokuphefumula noma kumasksi kagesi. Ukushisa okuluhlaza kufanele kutholakale ngokushisa okuluhlaza ematayini, okubekwa eceleni komkhawulo wesakhiwo. Ngemuva kokukhanya kwe-sulfur, i-greenhouse ivala isikhathi eside izinsuku ezintathu. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, ukushisa okumele kube khona kufanele kukhishwe kahle.
Ngeshwa, le ndlela ayifanele izithombo zokugcina zensimbi, ngoba isibabule sisheshe sidle uhlaka oluvikelayo lwensimbi. Ngakho-ke, kulezo zindawo zokugcina izithombo zisebenza ngokucwiliswa kwamanzi. Okuyinhloko yale nqubo kuwukufiphala okuningi kwesisombululo se-bleach kuyo yonke indawo yokushisa okushisa, kufaka phakathi nomhlabathi. Ukuze ulungise isixazululo, i-400 g ye-lime kufanele ihlanjululwe ebhakede lamanzi futhi livumele ukuba liphuze amahora angu-4. Ungasebenzisa futhi isixazululo se-sulfate yethusi (i-75 g yezinto ezihlanjululwe ebhakede lamanzi).
Ngaphambi kokucubungula i-greenhouse entwasahlobo evela e-phytophthora, ikakhulukazi uma ifreyimu yayo yenziwe ngokhuni, kubalulekile ukusula izakhi zesakhiwo isixazululo se-lime esisha ne-vitriol. Lokhu kuzovikela izinkuni futhi kwengeze ukukhanya kokushisa. Futhi, kanye nokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, udinga ukubhubhisa yonke imithi kanye nama-lichens asekhulile phezu kwehlobo esihlalweni se-greenhouse.
Emva kokukhipha i-disinfection kwenziwa, kudingekile ukuba ugeze ngokugcwele yonke indawo yokulala ye-glasshouse. Ukwenza lokhu, isixazululo esibuthakathaka kunoma yikuphi ukuhlanza ekhishini okusetshenziselwa phezulu nge sprayer kufanelekile. Ngemuva kwaloko, uhlala nje ukusula ingilazi nge-brush yiloni bese uyihlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile.
Uyazi? Ukulimala okwesikhashana kwaba esinye sezizathu zendlala enkulu e-Ireland ngo-1845-1849. Ngenxa yendlala, inani labantu bezwe lancipha yikota ngemva kweminyaka embalwa nje.
Ukwelashwa komhlabathi endaweni yokushisa
Uma sekuqediwe izinqubo zokucwilisa i-disinfection, kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa kokuphatha umhlaba ngemuva kwe-phytophthora. Kubalulekile ukumba uhlaka oluphezulu lwenhlabathi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ululisa ngama-humus, peat, umquba, ngokususelwa ekubaleni kwesigamu ibhakede ngalinye imitha yesigcawu.
Uma ungazi kanjani ukwelapha utamatisi kusuka ku-phytophthora, khona-ke ukuvikelwa okunzima kuyoba okufanelekile umxube we-sand ash, okulala imibhede elele. Kanti futhi ukuchithwa kwenhlabathi engasetshenziswa kungasetshenziswa isisombululo se-fumicant "Carbation". Kunconywa ukuba usebenzise uma ugoba inhlabathi, lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi liyi-10 degrees Celsius.
Ukushisa kwebusika ukushayela izithombo zokugcina
Ubusika luvivinyo olukhulu lwezitshalo, ngoba izinga lokushisa eliphansi lingalimala kakhulu izitshalo ezizayo. Ukuhamba kwebusika kwe-greenhouse kubambe iqhaza elikhulu embuzweni wokuvikela kahle utamatisi kusuka ku-phytophtoras. Yiqiniso, uma izinga lokushisa livutha ebusika, awukwazi ukukhathazeka ngamazinga aphansi okushisa.
Kodwa ukushisa kwezitshalo akuzona zonke izinto. Izimila zidinga ukuphefumula, kodwa njengomthetho, ekwindla, i-greenhouse ixhunyiwe kakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokushisa okuphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga le-oksijini liba elincane. Indlela kuphela yokuphuma yinkampani yokuphumula umoya, ngenxa yokuthi i-oksijeni izonikezwa ngobuningi obanele ku-greenhouse.
Lapho ubusika ubamba ukushisa, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi okungenani ama-20% we-greenhouse aphuza umoya.
Uma lokhu kungakhanjelwa, khona-ke ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kokushisa kuzokwehlisa umoya omanzi, okuyindawo enhle yokuthuthukisa ukulimala kokuphela kwesikhathi.
Kubalulekile! Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-greenhouse ebusika kufanele sibe ngu-5-10 imizuzu.
Indlela yokwelapha phytophthora of utamatisi in the abamba ukushisa
Umbuzo wokuthi kufanele ukhiqize utamatisi ovela kuma-phytophtoras nini futhi kanjani uncike ezintweni eziningi: ubungako bokushisa, uhlobo lwesitshalo semifino, inkathi nokunye. Khumbula into esemqoka - akufanele uvame ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe ithusi, ngoba ingafakwa kwisitshalo sokuvuthwa. Esikhundleni salokho, kungcono ukuyisebenzisa izindlela ezithandwayo, phakathi kwazo:
- Ukwehlisa i-garlic. Leli thuluzi liqiniswe kahle phakathi kwabalimi abanolwazi. Ukuze ukwenze, udinga ukugaya izinkomishi eziyizinxenye nengxenye zegalikhi ehlutshiwe, engeza isigamu sepuniji ye-potassium permanganate uphinde uthele amalitha amabili amanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho, udinga ukumboza ngesembozo bese uvumela ukuba ufeze imizuzu engama-30, bese uhlunga ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kusekelwe ekubalweni kwe-0.5 amalitha yesisombululo sikagalikhi esihlahleni ngasinye.
- Amanzi nge-iodine. Ama-iodine avela ku-phytophthora ku-greenhouse ane-effect yokubulala amagciwane emvelweni. Ukuze ulungise isisombululo, phucula i-10 ml ye-iodine ejwayelekile ye-5% ebhaketheni lamanzi. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, susa wonke amaqabunga aphuzi namaqabunga amnyama. Hlanganisa izihlahla nezithelo ngalesi sixazululo, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezintathu inqubo iphakanyiswa ukuba iphindwe.
- Isixazululo se-serum noma ubisi. Hlanganisa u-100 ml ubisi ku-litre elilodwa lamanzi, bese uphefa utamatisi ngalelixazululo. Futhi, ubisi lungashintshwa yi-kefir. Ama-bacteria ase-Lactic equkethe imikhiqizo yobisi ayivumeli i-phytophthora ukuba ithuthukise. Ukuze uthuthukise umphumela kwisisombululo sebisi, ungangezela amaconsi ambalwa e-iodine. Ukuphalaza ngalesi sigaba kuvikela phytophthora, futhi kufaka umhlabathi nezitshalo. Isikhathi esiphakathi kokupunga kufanele sibe amasonto amabili. Uma i-phytophthora ibonakala kumatamatisi ku-greenhouse kanti awukwazi ukubhekana nayo, zama ukufafaza izitshalo ngesisombululo se-serum. Ihlanjululwe ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1 kuya ku-1 futhi sinomphumela ofanayo nesisombululo sobisi. Izimila ziphathwa ngalelixazululo phakathi nesikhathi sehlobo.
- Isixazululo sosawoti. Kudingeka ukuthatha ithebula lendabuko njalo bese uphuzisa indebe eyodwa ngokulingana nebheke lamanzi. Lesi sixazululo sivikela izitshalo ezivela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi emva kokumisa kwakha ifilimu evikela izithelo.
Uyazi? Izakhamuzi eziningi zase-Ireland zafuduka ezweni, zizama ukubalekela indlala enkulu ka-1845-1849, ebangelwa ukulimala. Ukufa emikhumbi ethwele ababaleki kwafinyelela ku-20-30%. Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhumbi wawubizwa ngokuthi "umkhumbi-umkhumbi", okusho "umkhumbi-umkhumbi".
I-Phytophthora ku-greenhouse: izenzo zokuvimbela
Izimila ezikhulayo ezimweni zokushisa zisiza ukuvikela phytophthora uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezikhulile emhlabathini ovulekile. Esikhathini sokushisa kudala i-microclimate yayo, engashintshwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubanda noma kumanzi ngaphandle. Ukuze ungacabangi ukuthi ungagcina kanjani utamatisi kusuka ku-phytophthora ku-greenhouse, landela imithetho elula yokuvimbela ukulimala okuphelile:
- ukuthungatha inhlabathi;
- ungabeki ukwehla;
- bopha izihlahla;
- Khetha ngokucophelela izingane zokutholwa kanye namagatsha engeziwe.
Kubalulekile! Kungcono ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso sekwephuzile ngesikhathi sezulu esomile nezolile.I-Phytophthora iyisifo esiyingozi esingenza yonke isitshalo se-utamatisi engafanele ukusetshenziswa, yingakho izinyathelo zokulawula ngokumelene nazo zibaluleke kakhulu. Yenza izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezijwayelekile ngokumelene nalokho okwenzeka esikhathini esikude futhi ukhumbule: uma umelana nesitshalo, kunzima kakhulu ukushaya lesi sifo.
