Ukuthenga ibhukwheat esitolo nokudla iphariji ye-buckwheat, asicabangi ngisho nangombuzo wokuthi lesi sitshalo sikhula kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokuqubuzana kwezinto ezihamba phambili ngaphambi kokufika emashalofini esitolo. Cabanga ngokuningiliziwe yikuphi ukukhokhelana, ukuthi ukhule kanjani, nokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani isigaba ngasinye ekuhlaleni ukunye okufana nokolweni.
Izici eziphilayo ze-buckwheat
Isitshalo se-Buckwheat singe-genus Fagopyrum Mill. I-genus ye-buckwheat ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-15 zomndeni wakwa-Buckwheat. Enye yezinhlobo ibizwa ngokuthi i-buckwheat. Le isitshalo yisitshalo sesitshalo. I-bucelandhe yasekhaya - eNyakatho India naseNepal. Lapho ubizwa ngokuthi irayisi omnyama. Yethulwa emasikweni engaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule. Ngokwenye inguqulo ethile, i-Europe yafika e-Europe ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol. Phakathi kwezizwe zaseSlavic zathola igama lezinhlayiyana ezibangelwa ukuthengiswa kwempahla ngenxa yempahla evela eByzantium ekhulwini le-VII.
I-Buckwheat isitshalo sonyaka futhi sinemininingwane elula.
Uhlelo lomsuka iqukethe impande ye-stem ngezinqubo eside ze-lateral. Akuthuthukisiwe kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo zasensimini. Umsebenzi wengxenye engenhla yezimpande zesitshalo ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezisuka enhlabathini, ingxenye engezansi - ukutholakala kwamanzi kwesitshalo. Uhlelo lwempande luqala kulo lonke isikhathi sokukhula.
I-Buckwheat stalk i-branched, engaqondakali, igobile ngamafindo, i-0.5-1 m high, ububanzi obuyi-2-8 mm, eluhlaza ohlangothini lwesithunzi nombala obomvu ohlangothini lwelanga. I-Peduncles ithenda, encane, yonakaliswe kalula yi-frosts futhi owokuqala ozobhekana nesomiso.
Izimbali eqoqwe nge-inflorescences yombala omhlophe omhlophe noma ophuzi. Kubonakala ngoJulayi, kube nephunga elimangalisayo futhi liheha izinyosi.
Amahlamvu okuhlukile: i-cotyledon, sessile, i-petiolate. Isithelo ngokuvamile siyisimo esingunxantathu. Kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwezimbambo kanye nemiphetho yesithelo, amaphiko anamaphiko, aphikisanayo futhi aphakathi nawo ahlukile. Umbala wesithelo unomnyama, unobundu, isiliva. Ubukhulu bezithelo buxhomeke ekuhloseni kokunye kokunye okunye nokwenyuka kwemibandela. Isithelo sigcwele igobolondo elinyene, elihlukaniswa kalula.
Umhlabathi: ukucubungula kanye nomanyolo
Umkhiqizo wokukhuphuka kwezinhlanzi ezikhulayo kuncike esimweni sezulu nesimo. Izitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu zibhekwa e-forest-steppe nasePolesye. Lesi sitshalo singakhula emhlabathini owodwa, kepha ukuze ufeze ukusebenza kahle kufanele ukwazi ukuthi ukuhluma kwezinhlayiya kukhetha izinhlabathi ezivuthayo ngokushesha futhi zigcwele ngokwanele nge-oksijeni kanye nezakhi ezine-reaction impact acidic noma neutral (pH 5.5-7). Emhlabathini osindayo, umhlabathi ogqwetshiwe uvame ukubhukuda, umkhiqizo wokulima uzoba mncane.
Isimiso sokutshala izimpahla se-buckwheat singase sihluke. Ukujula kokutshala kwenhlabathi kanye nesikhathi sokwelashwa kwayo kuncike ezimweni zesimo sezulu kanye nesiko salo muntu odlulileyo. Kusukela ukukhushulwa kwesikhumba kukhona ukuhlwanyela ukutshala isiko, umsebenzi oyinhloko ngesikhathi sokutshala isisindo sokugcina umswakama, ukuvuna imbewu enokhula ukuze ikhule ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu, kudala isakhiwo esihle somhlabathi kanye nokulungiswa kwayo.
Ukuhlwanyela kahle emhlabathini kunomthelela ekukhuleni isivuno sesitshalo. ibhakede Ukwenza 1 centner okusanhlamvu, lesi sitshalo sidla u-3-5 kg ​​we-nitrogen emhlabathini, 2-4 kg we-phosphorus, 5-6 kg we-potassium. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokutshala umanyolo kufanele lusekelwe endleleni elinganisiwe esekelwe ucwaningo lomhlabathi. Lokhu kufanele kucabangele isidingo semithi yesitshalo esithile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zici ngokuvuna okuzayo. Kudingeka ukwazi ukuthi umanyolo we-phosphate kanye ne-potash usetshenziselwa uketshezi ngesikhathi sokulima ekwindla noma lapho kuhlwanyela imbewu, izitshalo zomanyolo we-nitrogen - entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokulima noma ukugqoka okuphezulu.
Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokusebenzisa umanyolo we-nitrogen for buckwheat yisikhathi sokubhaka. I-nitrojine yamaminerali ithuthukisa izinkomba zekhwalithi: iyakhula inani layo, ithuthukise ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali futhi inciphisa ifilimu. Isilinganiso se-ammonium nitrate ngesigqoko esisodwa esisodwa singama-60-80 kg / ha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-chernozem kanye nenhlabathi ye-chestnut le nqubo ekutshalweni kwe-buckwheat ayikho isicelo esiwusizo kwezobuchwepheshe bokulima. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, zonke izinhlobo zemifino yamaminerali zingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokutshala kwentwasahlobo, kanye nezimila eziyinkimbinkimbi ye-granular - ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela.
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo eziqukethe i-chlorine ziyasetshenziswa ekwindla, uma kunesidingo, kusukela ku-buckwheat isabela kabi.Akufanele sikhohlwe ngokubaluleka kwamafolda okufaka umquba kanye nosila, ama-corn stalks kanye ne-sunflower njengengxenye yokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini. Futhi okusanhlamvu kudinga ama-microelements: ama-manganese, i-zinc, ithusi, i-boron. Kuphumelela kakhulu ukucubungula imbewu yokuhlwanyela. 50-100 g we-manganese sulphate, 150 g we-boric acid, 50 g we-zinc sulphate adingekayo ku-1 ithoni yembewu.
Abanduli abalungile nabalungile be-buckwheat
Ukufezekisa ukuvunwa kwezinto eziphezulu zokuvunwa kumele kulandelwe indawo yayo ekushintsheni. Iminyaka yobuchwepheshe kanye nososayensi ososayensi baqinisekisa lokho Izitshalo eziqhamuka phambili zezinhlayiya zezinhlayiya kukhona izitshalo zasebusika, izitshalo ezitshalo kanye nezitshalo ezitshaliwe. Akunconywa ukutshala emva kokutshala izitshalo, ngoba kukhona ukungcola okukhulu kwenhlabathi ngokhula, okuyinto ethinta kabi isivuno. Ngemuva kwe-clover, ukuvunwa kwe-buckwheat kwanda ngo-41%, ngemuva kwe-peas - ngo-29%, amazambane - ngo-25%, i-rye yasebusika - ngo-15%. Ngemuva kwebhali, isivuno siyancipha ngo-16%, ama-oats - ngo-21%.
Kuhle ukuhlwanyela i-buckwheat emva kokugcwaliswa: ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi, isiliva ye-corn, amazambane, imifino. Ngemuva kwebusika, ukukhuphula izinhlanzi kukhula kahle. Isebenzisa umanyolo we-organic and amaminerali osetshenziswe ngaphansi kwesitshalo sangaphambilini. Ukuze ukwandise isivuno se-buckwheat, uketshala utshani futhi uyifake emhlabathini wezitshalo zangaphambili zokusanhlamvu usetshenziswa njengomanyolo owodwa. Njengabandulela phambili be-buckwheat, amasiko afanelekayo ezinhlobonhlobo zakuleli asetshenzisiwe: i-vetch, ungqimba lwotshani obungapheli, ama-soybean.
Kubalulekile! Umkhiqizo we-buckwheat etshalwe ngemuva kwamazambane omzimba, noma ama-oats, anciphisa kakhulu.
Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa lokho ukutholakala kwe-steam ehlanzekile ekuxhumaneni kokujikeleza kwezitshalo kukhulisa kakhulu ukuvunwa kwe-buckwheat uma kuqhathaniswa nezixhumanisi ezingekho-mlilo. Izitshalo eziphindaphindiwe ze-buckwheat ziholela ekunciphiseni isivuno ngo-41-55%. Lapho uqhuba ucwaningo, isivuno esikhulu esivumelwaneni semibhangqwana - i-peas - i-buckwheat kanye nesilinganiso esincane sokuhlwanyela ngokuphindaphindiwe kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlwanyiswa kwamagciwane.I-Buckwheat iyisitshalo se-phytosanitary. Uma ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu yokusanhlamvu, umonakalo empande yabo yokubola izokwehla ngezikhathi ezingu-2-4 uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvuna ngemuva kokuqala okusanhlamvu. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezimpande zawo, ukuqubuzana kwezinto ezincane kubangela ukunciphisa inani lomhlabathi. Lokhu kunomphumela omuhle ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ezihlwanyelwe emva kwalo.
Ukulungiselela imbewu
Ukukhetha okuhle kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nokulungiselela imbewu yokutshala kukhulisa kakhulu isivuno sesivuno.
Ukwelashwa kwembewu ye-buckwheat yokuhlwanyela kunikeza ukukhulelwa kwabo ngezifo, kuthuthukisa ukuhluma futhi kwenzeka emavikini amabili ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Njengoba ifilimu yayisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa izixazululo ezinomsoco weglue. Bangezela izidakamizwa "Fenor", "Vitatiuram", "Roxim", "Fundazol", ngokulandela imiyalo bese ukhiphela imbewu ngendlela yokumisa noma ukumiswa kwe-aqueous. Izinambuzane nezifo ze-buckwheat, njenge-mold mold, isikhutha, njll, ukwelashwa kwembewu akushiyi lutho. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ukwanda komkhiqizo.
Izinsuku zokutshala
Kubalulekile ukuhlwanyela uketshezi lwezinhlanzi ngokushesha lapho inhlabathi iqhuma ukujula kwe-10 cm kuya ku-10-12 ° C futhi usongela izinhlwathi zentwasahlobo. Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela ekuqaleni kunomthelela ekuhlumeni kwenobungane kwembewu, ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi yomswakama wezingatsha ezincane nokuvuthwa kokuqala kwesitshalo. Lokhu kuzokwenza ngcono izimo zokuhlanzwa kwayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, kubalulekile ukuhlwanyela izitshalo zommbila endaweni yesiteji seminyaka yeshumi nantathu ye-Ephreli, endaweni yehlathi-e-forest - engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, ePolesie - eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu yesine.
Uyazi? Abaningi banesithakazelo ukuthi kukhona yini umehluko ngokwemigomo ye-buckwheat ne-buckwheat, noma lawa magama afana nawo. Igama langempela yi-buckwheat. Leli gama lisho isitshalo ngokwaso kanye nembewu esuselwa kuso. I-Buckwheat yigama elivela kulo eliye lavela njengenguqulo encishisiwe yokulula nokulula. I-Buckwheat ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-buckwheat groats.
Ukuhlwanyela ukuhlwanyela: uhlelo, izinga lokutshala kanye nokujula kwembewu
Ngokushesha amahlumela athuthuka, ikakhulukazi anikezela ekucindezelweni kokhula futhi akhulise kakhulu isivuno. Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yokuhlwanyela uketshezi okunye kuqukethe ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo kanye nokulungiselela. Kucatshangelwa ukucabangela izitshalo zangaphambili, ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, izinga lokungcola kwenhlabathi, ukukhula kwekhula kunomhlabathi. Imiphumela emihle ekuthuthukiseni ukwenziwa kwezinto ezincane ngesikhathi sokukhula kubonisa ukulimala kwenhlabathi, kanye nokutshalwa kwe-roller smooth.
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukolweni, Kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlelo lokuhlwanyela: ejwayelekile, emgqeni omugqa nomugqa obanzi. Indlela yokugqoka ejwayelekile isetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela izinhlobo ezivuthiwe zokuvuthwa eziseduze nasemhlabathini ovuthiwe. Kulesi simo, ukunakekelwa okusheshayo kwezitshalo kudlala indima ebalulekile. Indlela evamile isetshenziselwa emhlabathini onokuzala okuphansi, ezindaweni ezilula futhi ezingekho saline, lapho kuhlwanyelwa izinhlobo zakuqala. Njengoba lesi sitshalo seshintshaniswa ukuze sibe ne-branching, kufanele sitshalwe kancane futhi ngendlela efanele.
Izinga lokutshala imbewu yezinhlanzi zixhomeke ezintweni eziningi: isiko lokulima esifundeni, izici zezulu. Ngendlela yokwahlukana, ukusetshenziswa okulungile kwembewu ye-buckwheat yi-2-2.5 million pcs. / ha, ngezimfihlo - amayunithi angu-3.5-4 wezigidi. / ha Lapho izitshalo zikhulile, izitshalo zikhula kancane, zibe ne-coefficient ephansi ye-ozernennosti, izitshalo zijwayele ukulala. Izitshalo ezincane nazo zithinta kakhulu isivuno se-buckwheat. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokutshala kufanele libalwe ngokusekelwe ezintweni: ukuhlwanyela uhlelo, umswakama wenhlabathi, uhlobo lomhlabathi, izici zembewu.
Lapho isilinganiso sembewu ejwayelekile kufanele sibe ngu-30-50% ephakeme kunomugqa obanzi. Esikhathini esomile, izinga kumele linciphise, futhi ngesikhathi sokumanzi - landa. Emhlabathini ovundile, izinga kufanele linciphise, futhi emhlabathini ongenalutho - ukwandisa. Uma uhlwanyela imbewu ngokuhluma okunciphise, izinga liye landa ngama-25-30%.
Ukukhula okujulile kubalulekile. Izitshalo zitshalo zinezimpande ezibuthakathaka, ngakho kunzima ngabo ukuba ziphule emhlabathini bese zithatha ama-cotyledons anezikhwama zezithelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze i-buckwheat ishicilelwe ukuba ibe nokuthula futhi ifakwe ngendlela efanele, kubalulekile ukuhlwanyela imbewu enhlabathini enomanzi kuya ekujuleni okufanayo. Ehlabathini enzima kakhulu ekujuleni kwe-4-5 cm, emhlabathini otshalwayo - 5-6 cm, enezingqimba ezomile - 8-10 cm Ngokusho kososayensi, Ukugxila okujulile kwembewu ye-buckwheat kuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo futhi kunomthelela omuhle kwinani le-inflorescences nezinhlamvu.
Uyazi? Akukho mkhiqizo wokudla ongafaniswa ne-buckwheat ngenani le-quercetin bioflavonoid (8%). Iyeka ukuphindaphinda kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza futhi iholela ekufeni kwabo.
Ukunakekela izitshalo zokutshala izimali
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izithombo ezinhle kubalulekile ukugcina umswakama emhlabathini. Umphumela omkhulu kakhulu kulokhu ukuguqulwa kwezitshalo. Ukulawulwa kokhula kungcono kakhulu kwenziwa ngomumo. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amahlumela kubalulekile ukufeza izitshalo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwesikhashana ngesikhathi. Ukuthuthukisa umthamo wamanzi nomoya wenhlabathi, benza ukwelashwa kwesibili emkhatsini wemigqa yesigaba sokuhluma. Ihlanganiswe nesitshalo sokudla.
Ukunakekela izitshalo kubandakanya izifo zokhula kanye nokwabiwa kwamanzi. Izindlela zokulawula eziphilayo zihlanganisa ukuzalana kwezinambuzane, isikhunta, amabhaktheriya angeke asithinte amahlumela futhi ashintshe izici zokuvimbela. Kubalulekile futhi ukwandisa ukuncintisana kwe-buckwheat ngokudala izimo ezinhle zokukhula kwayo. Izindlela zokulawula amakhemikhali kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela uma isivuno singeke sisindiswe ngezinye izindlela. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kusetshenziswa njengamakhemikhali. Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi kukhona umonakalo wezomnotho. Izinga lokhula kufanele libe lukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-herbicide kuyoba yindleko.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lokunakekela izitshalo ze-buckwheat yi-delivery of bee amakoloni ensimini ngenkathi kuqubuka ukuhluma. U-honey buckwheat u-80-95% we-pollinated yizinyosi, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka usuku noma ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba kufike imifula emasimini ukubeka imifuba ngesilinganiso sezinyosi ezimbili zezinyosi ezimbili ngehektare elilodwa.
Ukuvuna
Lapho izitshalo ezibomvu zingama-75-80% ziqala ukuhlanza izinhlanzi. Yenziwa izinsuku ezingu-4-5. Ukuphakama kokusika kwezitshalo kufanele kube ngu-15-20 cm. Indlela eyinhloko yokuvuna i-buckwheat ihlukile. Kulolu cala, inqwaba yokugaya idla ngezinsuku ezingu-3-5, kulula ukubhujiswa. Izinzuzo zale ndlela zinciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo, ukuvuthwa kwezithelo eziluhlaza, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu, nokungabi khona kokwesekwa okwezinye okusanhlamvu nokudla. Le ndlela ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yezobuchwepheshe nezenzalo yezinhlamvu futhi ithuthukise ukuphepha kwayo.
Uma lesi sitshalo sincane, si-stem, siqhuma, indlela yokuvuna ephumelelayo ihlanganisa ngokuqondile. Kulesi simo, okusanhlamvu kunomswakama ophezulu, ohlukaniswe kahle nokhula.
Uyazi? I-Buckwheat inomthelela wokuphulukisa emzimbeni womuntu: yandisa i-hemoglobin, iqinisa izindonga zemithambo yegazi, ngaleyo ndlela igweme ukubola kwesisu. Ngezinhloso zokwelashwa, kutuswa ukuba udle okusanhlamvu okuhlumekile. Imiphumela yabo emzimbeni ibonakala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside nokuhlelekile. I-prozery buckwheat ngenani 1 ithisipuni kumele ihlolwe ngomzuzu owodwa, okwenza ukunyakaza kokungu-50-60.
Iyacubungula nokugcinwa kokunye okunye okunye
Uma kuhlangene ukuvuna isivuno kuhlanzwa ngosizo lwemishini yokuhlanza okusanhlamvu futhi yomiswe ngokushesha emva kokuvuna. Ukungasheshi ekuhlanzeni kuzokwenza ukuthi okusanhlamvu kukwazi ukushisa. Ukuhlanzwa okusanhlamvu kwenziwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu: kuqala, okuyisisekelo, eyesibili. Yenziwa ngemishini yemifula ehlukahlukene.
Ukugcinwa kokusanhlamvu okuphezulu kunikezwa ngokumisa kokuqukethwe komswakama ka-15%. Uhlamvu lwezitshalo lugcinwe ekamelweni elomile emasakeni okugqoka. I-batch ngayinye ihlungwe ngokwehlukana kwi-pallet yezinkuni. Ukuphakama kwe-stack akumele kudlule izikhwama ezingu-8 ekuphakameni kanye no-2.5 ​​m ububanzi. Uma igcinwe ngobuningi, ukuphakama kwayo kufanele kube ngu-2.5 m.
Imbewu ye-Buckwheat, ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa komuntu, ithuthwa ukuze iqhutshwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile zemifino. Benza ukuhlanzwa kokusanhlamvu, ukucubungula kwe-hydrothermal, ukuhlukaniswa ngama-fraction, ukuhlunga, ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrothermal processing okusanhlamvu uthole ama-white grits. Ngemva kokuhlola ngokuningiliziwe indlela yokuhlwanyela nokukhula kwezinhlanzi, singasho ngokuqinisekisayo ukuthi kungokwalabo amasiko angavumeli ukuhlukunyezwa kobuchwepheshe. Zonke izigaba zokulima kwe-buckwheat zilingana. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola izithelo eziphezulu Ukugcinwa okudingekile kwenkimbinkimbi yonke ye-agrotechnical kuyadingeka.
