Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye yekhulu edlule, kwabaningi, amazambane akhulayo ayindlela yokusinda. Manje abantu abajwayelene ne-agronomy benza lokhu kube yibhizinisi elinenzuzo.
Ukutshala amazambane ngemithetho
Okhokho bethu babazi inketho eyodwa yokutshala amazambane - ukumba izimbobo ngefosholo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kokuzalela kwanamuhla, izindlela zokutshala ngeke zibalwe. Lokhu kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi isivuno samazambane sincike kwindlela yokutshala. Vele, akufanele ulahle uhlelo lomanyolo, izinhlobonhlobo zemifino nemvula.
Ama-postulates ayisisekelo anoma iyiphi indlela awafani. Ekwindla, ipulani ilungiswa ngokumba phansi nokufaka umquba kuyo. Ngentwasahlobo, ungakhulula umhlabathi ngaphandle kokuwumbela, kodwa ukuhamba ngesikebhe futhi uphule ama-clods amakhulu.
Kudala ngaphambi kokutshala, amaqhubu ahlelwe ngaphandle, azihlelwe ngosayizi. Ukuhluma, impahla elungisiwe yokutshala ibekwa emabhokisini anezimbobo zokufaka umoya omncane bese ibekwa endaweni efudumele ekhanyayo.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, imisele ibekwa (noma bambe izimbobo), faka indawo leyo ndawo. Amaqhubu ahlumayo abekwa endaweni elungiselelwe, ayifafaze ngomhlaba. Lapho ama-bush bush akha, adonswa ukhula ukuze akhiqize umkhiqizo, alwa nalu bhungane wamazambane waseColorado.
Baqala ukutshala amazambane eduze kukaMeyi. Inhlabathi efudumele kahle inomthelela ekukhuleni ngokushesha kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukuze uthathe isivuno esiphindwe kabili, ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu amazambane atshalwa ekupheleni kukaJulayi. Kukhethwa izinhlobo zokuqala, lapho zivunwa khona kuze kufike isithwathwa sokuqala.
Ukukhetha nokulungiselela izinto zokutshala
Ukulandela izici ezidumile, udinga ukutshala amazambane ngokushesha nje lapho kuqhakaza izimbali zenyoni. Udinga ukuba nesikhathi sokulungiselela konke kokwehla. Njalo ngeminyaka emine, le mifino inconywa ukuvuselelwa, ukuyiguqula ibe yintsha entsha.
Imbewu ithengwa inyanga ngaphambi kokuba itshalwe. Izazi zezolimo namava kufanele zelulekwa ukuyithenga ezitolo ezikhethekile nemibukiso yezohwebo. Kubiza kakhulu ukwedlula ezimakethe, kepha ubungozi bokuthola izifo kanye nokutheleleka nge-nezilimo eziyizigaxa kuncipha kakhulu. Amazambane ama-Elite abhekwa njengehamba phambili; athengwa ezitolo. Intengo yayo inkulu kunalokho futhi bayithatha ngokuzalisela unyaka olandelayo. Ama-Elite "izingane" abizwa ngokuthi amazambane wokuzala kabusha.
Isilimo esitholakala ku-nezilimo eziyizigaxa zakhe silungele ukudla kanye nembewu. Ngemuva kwe-elite, kunconywa ukuthi ushintshe okuhlukahlukene eminyakeni engama-5-6 yingakho. Ama-tubers wesithathu, owesine (njalonjalo) ukuzalwa kabusha abhekana nezifo kanye nomonakalo. Izizukulwane ezengeziwe i-potato elite ehlukaniswa ihlukaniswa nokuzala, iba nkulu ingozi yokutheleleka ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezifo.
Lapho uthenga, naka amehlo - inani elikhulu lazo lithembisa ukukhiqiza okuphezulu. Amazambane awathengwanga aqhume, ngaphandle kwalokho amahlumela azophuka ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ukujikeleza nomonakalo nakho akuvunyelwe.
Lapho uthenga, ahlola ukumelana kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni. Ukuzivikela komzimba okuphezulu ezifweni kulezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- nematode: Sante, Zhukovsky ekuqaleni, Odysseus, Amadeus;
- okulimaza sekwephuzile: uLina, uHemp, uNikulinsky, uLuck;
- uqweqwe: Destkoselsky, Bryansk novelty;
- Umdlavuza: Gatchinsky, Lukyanovsky, Andretta.
Izinhlobonhlobo iLasunka, i-Ogonyok, i-Pomegranate, kanye ne-Crystal ngokuqinile zime ngokumelene nembabala yamazambane yaseColorado.
Izinsuku zokutshala amazambane zekhalenda Lunar lango-2019, kuya ngezinhlobonhlobo nasesifunda
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinto ezibhalwe ngenhla, izimo zezulu zendawo ethile zithonya ukukhula okuphephile kwamazambane.
Ukuze ukwakheke ngokuphelele kwesitshalo, kubalulekile ukubala isikhathi sokutshala. Ngakho-ke, ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, kwanele ukuba umhlaba ufudumele kuze kufike ku-8 degrees, kuyilapho izifunda ezisenyakatho zidinga izinga lokushisa elingu-12 degrees.
Baphinde bakhethe amazambane, banikezwe isifunda sokutshala kanye nesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezinokuvuthwa sekwephuzile azilungele iSiberia kanye nesifunda seLeningrad, ngoba ngeke zibe nesikhathi sokukhula kube yiqabunga yokuqala.
Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqala ziyacelwa ukuba zifike ngo-Ephreli, izinhlobo eziphakathi ziphakathi kukaMeyi 15. Izinhlobo eza kamuva zikhule ziseduze nobusika, isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwazo okugcwele siyizinyanga ezi-4.
Ngenxa yobungako besimo sezulu kanye nezimo zezulu, izincomo zokutshala izinhlobo ezahlukene zibukeka kanjena:
| Isifunda | Ubhatata | Izinsuku ezithandekayo | Izinsuku ezimbi |
| ENingizimu | Ekuseni | NgoMashi: 10-12, 21-25, 27-30. Ephreli: 2-5, 25-26, 28-30. | Mashi: 6, 7, 20. Ngo-Ephreli: 23-23, 27. |
| Okuphakathi | Meyi: 1-4, 10-14, 27-31. | Meyi: 5, 6, 19, 26. | |
| Ukuhamba kwesikhathi | NgoJuni: 1-2, 18-24, 26-30. | NgoJuni: 3, 10, 17, 25. | |
| Amazwe acijile e-CIS | Ekuseni | Ephreli: 2-5, 25-26, 28-30. | Ephreli: 20-23, 27. |
| Okuphakathi | Meyi: 1-4, 10-14, 27-31. | Meyi: 5, 6, 19, 26. | |
| Isifunda saseMoscow | Okuphakathi | Ephreli: 2-5, 25-26, 28-30. | Ephreli: 20-23, 27. |
| Umgwaqo ophakathi nendawo nesifunda seLeningrad | Okuphakathi | Meyi: 1-4, 10-14, 27-31. | Meyi: 5, 6, 19, 26. |
| I-Ural, eSiberia | Okuphakathi | Meyi: 1-4, 10-14, 27-31; NgoJuni: 1-2, 18-24, 26-30. | Meyi: 5, 6, 19, 26; NgoJuni: 3, 10, 17, 25. |
Enye inkinga: lapho kuthathwa izinsuku zokutshala ngokwekhalenda leLunar, qaphela ukuthi amazambane wokudla atshalwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kwenyanga entsha, futhi ukutshala ezinhlanyelweni kwenziwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kwenyanga egcwele.
Ukukhetha indawo yokubeka
Lapho nje izazi zezolimo zasehlobo zenza ukukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo nendlela yokutshala amazambane, kukhethwa indawo yemibhede yamazambane. Imifino ithanda inhlabathi ekhanyayo enenhlabathi encane yesihlabathi.
U-Clay uzophazamisa ukukhula kwamazambane. Baxazulula le nkinga ngokufaka isihlabathi ecebeni, bafaka umquba, umanyolo bese kutshalwa amazambane emigodini. I-Acidity incishiswa ngokungeza i-ash ash noma i-lime kuyo.
Ekwindla, bmba ifosholo ku-bayonet, basusa izimpande zokhula, imfucumfucu yomanyolo, bavundise ngomquba nomquba, kepha ungalimi inhlabathi. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukugcina umswakama wasentwasahlobo kanye nokuthola amandla kangcono. Uma isiza singobumba, khona-ke ukususwa kwamanzi entwasahlobo ekwindla, kungcono ukwenza ama-grooves. Entwasahlobo, isivande sakhiwa kabusha ngokugumbuqelwa kwerebi. Ngemuva kobusika obuneqhwa, kwanele ukukhulula lesi sakhiwo, ngenkathi kugcinwa umswakama.
Imigomo eyinhloko yokutshala amazambane
Ukuqoqa isivuno esicebile futhi ungangeni enkingeni, udinga ukulandela imithetho elula:
- umhlabathi kufanele ushiswe kahle. Umbhede obandayo uzovimbela ukukhula kwezithombo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zizokhula kancane, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho zingatholwa izifo.
- Musa ukudonsa ngaphandle kokutshala imbewu, ngaphandle kwalokho amanzi atholwe eqhweni lasebusika azophuma futhi angafiki izitshalo.
- etshaliwe kufanele ihlungwe futhi ihlume imbewu. Amazambane wokutshala akufanele abe nokubola, ukumanzana noma ukuqhekeka.
- esifundeni ngasinye ngezimo zazo zezulu, abafuyi bezitshalo bahlakulele izinhlobo ezikhethekile. Lokhu kukufanele ukubhekwe.
- nquma ukwakheka kanye ne-acidity kanjena. Moisten inhlama yomhlaba bese uyigaye esandleni sakho. Uma ingakhubeki, inhlabathi inenhlaka. Umswakama unqunywa izitshalo. Emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi, hlwanyela ukhula futhi ukhule ngokubopha. I-Plantain ne-buttercup bakhetha izindawo ezinama-acid.
- Amazambane akufanele atshalwe iminyaka eminingana kulandelana endaweni eyodwa. Lokhu kunciphisa inhlabathi, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zidalulwa izifo kanye nezilokazane. Khetha indawo ongatshala kuyo lapho kwakhula khona ama-beet, ama-sunflower, ubhontshisi, amathanga, kanye namakhukhamba.
- ngokunakekelwa okuhle kusuka ezilikhulu, ungaqoqa ama-500-600 kg. Kepha uma kufanele uzwe indaba yesilimo esingama-20 kg esihlahleni esisodwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi izitshalo zaphathwa ngemithamo emikhulu yomanyolo. Kuyacaca ukuthi imifino enjalo ayifanele abantu nezilwane.
- kwenzeka ukuthi ukuze asindise impahla yembewu kufanele asikwe. Ukuze ungakudlulisi ukutheleleka ngengozi kusuka kumifino egulayo iye kwelinye elinempilo, ummese uvuthwa ngezikhathi ezithile kusisombululo se-gciwane se-potanganum permanganate. Amazambane awagawulwa hhayi ngaphesheya, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngoba imvamisa amahlumela akhule ngokugcwele aqoqana phezulu kwesihloko.
- Usayizi ofanele wamazambane wembewu uneqanda lezinkukhu, futhi nakhu. Ama-tubers amancane aqukethe ukunikezwa okuningana kwezakhi zomzimba futhi isivuno, ngokulandelana, sizobaluleka. Futhi uma uchitha ekutshaleni amazambane amakhulu, kushiya ama-tubers amaningi.
Izindlela zokubamba zakudala
Kunezindlela eziningi zokutshala amazambane. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo nokubi kuyo. Ngokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwezwe ngalinye lezazi zezolimo likhetha elilelungele zona kakhulu ngohlobo lomhlabathi nokukhiqiza.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ungatshala kanjani amazambane, kufanele ubhekane nalunye lazo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ngaphansi nefosholo
Ngaphansi kwendlela kamkhulu omdala, uzungu oludumile lwaludedelwa nge-pitchfork noma i-rake. Izintambo nezikhonkwane zimelela insimu yamabhishi esikhathi esizayo. Ububanzi phakathi kwemibhede buyi-65-75 cm, phakathi kwezimbobo ezingamasentimitha angama-30. Ababili abantu banele umsebenzi: munye umgodi, omunye uphonsa amazambane emigodini. Umanyolo noma umquba ubekwa emthonjeni ngamunye, futhi umbozwe ngumhlaba kusuka emthonjeni olandelayo. Ngaphambi kokuba amahlumela aqhakaze, acwebezelwa kabili. Okubi kwendlela: lapho ukhula, uhlelo lwezimpande lungalimala; Ngenxa yokuhleleka kwezitshalo, kunzima ukukhulula inhlabathi ezungeze izihlahla futhi inqwaba yezinambuzane ibuthana kuzo. Ukutshala nokutshala izitshalo ngale ndlela kuwumsebenzi omningi womzimba.
Kumakhonkolo
Kunezindawo lapho amanzi asemhlabathini enza phansi izilimo ngenxa yokusondela kwawo. Ezindaweni ezinjalo nasenhlabathini ebunjwe ngobumba, amazambane atshalwa ngale ndlela. Ogandaganda bakha imigqomo ephakeme, ukuphakama kwayo kungamasentimitha ayi-15. Ububanzi phakathi kwabo cishe buba ngama-60-70 cm. Amaqhubu atshalwe eziqongweni zawo njalo ngamasentimitha angama-25-30. Lapha futhi, kunengozi yokulimala ezimpandeni ngesikhathi sokumbiwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzofanela ukuthi ubhekabhele ngamabhungane wamazambane aseColorado. Kepha inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi emigqumeni imswakama yoma ngokushesha, futhi lokhu kuvikela nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaboli. Enye inzuzo akuyona umsebenzi wezandla, kepha umsebenzi owenziwe ngomshini.
Emseleni
Ukulungiselela kuqala ekwindla. Ngokungafani nendlela yangaphambilini, imisele imbiwe ukuze kulondolozwe umswakama. Bemba umgodi obubanzi be-bayonet eyodwa ngefosholo kanye nokujula okulinganayo, okungama-40 cm. Isikhala somugqa singamabibi amabili, okungamasentimitha angama-80. Ekwindla, utshani bubekwa emgodini, buchotshozwe ngomquba ovela ngaphezulu, kufakwe umanyolo no-anyanisi husks (kusabisa i-wireworm). Entwasahlobo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihluma ezibekwe phezulu komquba olungiselelwe, zibafafaza ngomhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, ayafudunyezwa, afakwe umswakama, awadingi ukuthambisa okwengeziwe, futhi athola umanyolo ofanele kusuka kumanyolo, othinta umkhiqizo omkhulu. Okubi kufaka phakathi inkinga nokulungiselela imisele ekwindla. Futhi uma ihlobo-yemifino yehlobo lingabola.
Ubuchwepheshe baseMelika
Le ndlela yokujula ejulile esebenzisa iphethini le-22x22x22. Ebangeni elingama-22 cm ukusuka kwizimbobo ezingomakhelwane, bmba umgodi obukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-22. Imifino ebekwe kuyo inika isiqu eside esingaphansi komhlaba, lapho amazambane asemancane eboshelwa khona kulo lonke ubude. Kepha le ndlela ilungele ukutholakala okulula, okulula isihlabathi. Emhlabathini othambile, amazambane ayobola.
Ubuchwepheshe beDashi
Inikeza ngokutshala amazambane emibhedeni ephezulu. Amazambane atshalwe emithonjeni enamanyolo. Amabhasi anenkungu, umhlaba udonswa emigwaqweni. Ngebanga elibanzi phakathi kwemibhede, uhlelo lwezimpande alonakalisiwe. Amakhula akhula afaka umanyolo, adambise inhlabathi ebazungezile.
Indlela ye-Mitlider
Ngokobuchwepheshe bososayensi, ama-tubers atshalwa ngokuya ngohlelo olulandelayo. Ayikho imibhede ebanzi engaba ngu-35 cm ebhalwe ngezigxobo nezintambo kulesakhiwo. Imigqa ecishe ibe ngu-90-100 cm iyahlukaniswa. Imibhede eqediwe iyambiwa bese ihlala iminyaka eminingana. Ngemuva kwalokho kwakhiwa iziqubu zobumba kuzo. Umbhede wobumba ngaphakathi uvundiswa ngomlotha, umquba, amaconsi enkukhu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlwanyelwe zitshalwe ngemigqa emibili ngephethini yokuhlola ngemuva kwe-30 cm. Kuze kube yilapho umbala ubonakala, zithambisa kabili bese zivundiswa, ngaphandle kokhula kwenhlabathi. Izinzuzo eziphambili zale ndlela ngamabhasi amazambane angadingi ukucutshungulwa nama-glanders. Inketho enjalo ekhulayo ilungele indawo encane, futhi ngasikhathi sinye izitshalo zinikeza isivuno esihle. Okuwukuphela kwesimo esibi: kufanele uhlunge ukulungiswa kwemibhede.
Ukufakelwa ngaphansi kotshani
Okhokho bethu babekwazi ukutshala amazambane ngekhulu le-19. Kulokhu, indawo ivunwa ekwindla, isimboze ngotshani ezingxenyeni eziningana. Ebusika, kuyabuna ukuqamba. Entwasahlobo, amazambane atshalwa kule ngxube yezakhi, akha ama-aisles angama-70. Esikhundleni sokususa ukhula, kufakwa ungqimba lodaka isikhathi ngasinye. Indlela le yinhle ngoba amahlahla awadingi ukhula kanye ne-spud, cishe azikho izilokazane zamazambane. Umquba ngokwengeziwe ufudumeza ama-nezilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi lezo ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomhlabathi zimba zihlanzekile ekwindla
Ukukhulisa amazambane ngaphansi kwe-agrofibre noma amakhadibhodi
Inketho ifana "notshani" owodwa, kusetshenziswa kuphela impahla ekhethekile noma amakhadibhodi. Isigaxa sisatshalaliswa endaweni ebanjiwe futhi evundisiwe, izimbobo zigawulwa ngaphezu kwezimbobo lapho kutshalwe nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinamahlumela. Agro-fiber izicupho zokhula. Indawo ayidingi ukhula, ukuchelela kanye nokufaka umanyolo, ngoba zonke izinto ezidingekayo ekuthuthukisweni zingaphansi kwefilimu. Izindleko ezingezinhle kuphela zokuthenga impahla.
UMnu Dachnik uyeluleka: amazambane akhulayo amavila
Ungatshala kanjani amazambane ngaphandle kokwenza umzamo omkhulu? Ezikhwameni, emiphongolweni nasemabhokisini. Kwabalimi, lokhu kuzoba yiseluleko sangempela sokuthola.
Le ndlela ilungele iziza ezincane zobumba.
- I-Drainage ithululelwa esikhwameni, kufakwa umhlaba. Amazambane ahlwanyelwe abekwa ngaphezulu, afafazwe ngengxube yodongwe nomquba, othathwe ngokulingana. Lapho nje kuvela amahlumela okuqala, afaka ingxube yezakhi esikhwameni, ayimboze ngokuphelele. Kumazambane akhulayo, ingxube yobumba ingezwa kaningana. Le ndlela idinga ukuthambisa njalo nomanyolo, njengoba umhlabathi esikhwameni woma ngokushesha.
- Lapho utshala emiphongolweni, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obulinganayo, kufakwa kuphela izimbobo ethangini lokufaka umoya ngaphakathi kulo lonke uzungezi futhi phansi kususwe. Abahloli bokuhlangenwe nakho bathi ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuqoqa cishe isikhwama samazambane.
- Uma imifino ikhule emabhokisini, ukwakhiwa kwayo kufanele kuqedwe njengoba izihlahla zikhula. Ikhabethe elingaphansi lifakwe ezitini ukuze kungene umoya omncane. Ngaphansi embozwe ngephepha, kubekwa udaka olwandisiwe, kufakwa inhlabathi evundile bese kubekwa amazambane, embozwe ngengxube yenhlabathi. Amahlumela abheke ibhokisi azokwazisa umnikazi ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokufaka elinye ibhokisi kusuka phezulu, engeza ukungcola okuthile. Futhi ngakho bakwenza ngaphambi kwenkathi ye-luhlaza. Ubuhle bokuthi "inketho yamavila" ukuthi asikho isidingo sokususa ukhula nokuhlanganisa izitshalo, ukuvuna kungenzeka ngaphandle kokuba nesakhiwo esikhulu. Okubi kubalwa ukuthambisa njalo.
Isiphetho
Njengomthetho, kuzo zonke izindlela, izazi zezolimo zasemanzini zikhetha eyodwa enikeza isivuno sekhwalithi ephezulu futhi ilungele indawo ethile.
Uhlome ngolwazi lwendlela engcono yokutshala amazambane, ukhetha izinhlobonhlobo ezithanda inhlabathi kanye nesimo sezulu, ngokunakekelwa nokunakekelwa okufanele, ekwindla kuzojabulisa isivuno esihle. Udinga nje ukulandela imithetho elula nokuthanda ukusebenza emhlabathini.
