Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amanzi adlala indima eqondile ekutshalweni kwemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kwanoma yisiphi isitshalo sezitshalo kungenzeka kuphela lapho zonke izitho nezicubu zalo zigcwele kahle ngokuswakama. Nokho, uhlelo lokushintshaniswa kwamanzi phakathi kwesitshalo nemvelo luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luyinkimbinkimbi.
Kuyini ukuphefumula
Ukuphefumula - inqubo yokulawulwa kwamanzi yokulawulwa kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izitho zenyama yezitshalo, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwayo ngokushisa.
Uyazi? Igama elithi "ukuphefumula" livela emazwini amabili aseLatini: ukudluliselwa kanye nokuphefumula, ukuphefumula, ukuphefumula. Leli gama lihunyushwe ngokusobala njengokujuluka, ukujuluka, ukujula..Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yikuphi ukuphefumula okusemkhakheni wokuqala, kukwanele ukubona ukuthi amanzi abalulekile esitshalweni, asuswa emhlabathini yizimpande, kufanele ngandlela-thile afinyelele emaqabunga, iziqu nezimbali. Ngenqubo yalokhu kuhamba, iningi lomswakama lilahlekile (liphuphuma), ikakhulukazi ekukhanyeni, umoya omile, umoya oqinile nokushisa okuphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezisezulwini, izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zesitshalo zidla njalo futhi, ngakho-ke, kufanele zigcwaliswe sonke isikhathi ngenxa yeziphakamiso ezintsha. Njengoba amanzi ekhuphuka emangqamuzaneni esitshalo, kuvela amandla atsha okuzondla, "ahudula" amanzi avela emangqamuzaneni angomakhelwane ngakho-ke ehambisana ne-chain - kuze kube izimpande. Ngakho-ke, "injini" eyinhloko yokugeleza kwamanzi kusukela ezimpandeni kuya emaqabunga itholakala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zezitshalo, okungukuthi, ukubeka kalula, ukusebenza njengamaphampu amancane. Uma uhlolisisa inqubo yokujula kancane, ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi ekutshalweni kwezitshalo yilolu hlobo olulandelayo: ukudweba amanzi ngaphandle kwenhlabathi yizimpande, ukuphakamisela ezingxenyeni ezingenhla, ukuphuma. Lezi zinqubo ezintathu zisebenza ngokuxhumana njalo. Emangqamuzaneni omuthi wezitshalo, isisindo okuthiwa i-osmotic ingcindezi yenziwe, ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi emhlabathini asithinteka ngokujulile yizimpande.
Uma, ngenxa yokubonakala kwenani elikhulu lamaqabunga kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokushisa elisezingeni eliphezulu, amanzi aqala ukusondwa esitshalweni ngokwayo, kukhona ukungabi nciphisa ezitsheni zezitshalo, ezithunyelwa ezimpandeni futhi ziqhubekele "emisebenzini" entsha. Njengoba ubona, uhlelo lwempande lwesitshalo ludonsa amanzi emhlabathini ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla amabili - ayenayo, asebenzayo futhi ayenzi lutho, adluliselwa kusuka phezulu, okubangelwa ukuphefumula.
Iyiphi indima yokuphefumula edlalwa emzimbeni wezitshalo?
Inqubo yokuphefumula idlala indima enkulu ekutshalweni kwemvelo.
Okokuqala, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi Kuyinto yokuphefumula enikeza izitshalo ngokuvikelwa ngokweqile. Uma ngosuku olukhanyayo lwelanga silinganisa izinga lokushisa kweqabunga eliphilile futhi eliphelile esitshalweni esifanayo, umehluko ungaba yizicucu eziyisikhombisa, futhi uma iqabunga elinyanyekile elangeni lingashisa kunomoya ozungezile, khona-ke izinga lokushisa kweqabunga eliguquguqukayo livame ukulinganisa amazinga amancane ! Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izinqubo zokuphefumula ezenzeka endaweni yeqabunga eliphilile zivumela ukuba ziziphephe ngokwayo, ngaphandle kwalokho leli qabunga lishisa futhi lifa.
Kubalulekile! Ukuguqulwa komzimba kuyisigceme senqubo ebaluleke kunazo zonke empilweni yesitshalo - i-photosynthesis, eyenzeka kakhulu kunabo bonke ekushiseni kwama-degrees angu-20 ukuya ku-25 Celsius. Ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwama-chloroplasts kumaseli ezitshalo, i-photosynthesis inzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba isitshalo sikwazi ukuvimbela ukushisa okunjalo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhamba kwamanzi kusukela ezimpandeni kuya emaqabunga asitshalo, ukuqhubeka okuhlinzekela ukuphefumula, njengoba kuhlanganisa zonke izitho zibe yinto eyodwa, kanti futhi ukuqina kokuphefumula kunamandla kakhulu, isitshalo sikhula ngokwengeziwe. Ukubaluleka kokuphefumula kubangelwa ukuthi ezitshalweni izakhi ezisemqoka zingangena emathisini ngamanzi, ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kokuphefumula okuphakeme, ngokushesha izingxenye zezitshalo ezingenhla zithola amaminerali kanye nama-organic compounds ehlakazwa emanzini.
Okokugcina, ukuphefumula kungamandla amakhulu angabangela ukuba amanzi akhuphuke ngaphakathi kwesitshalo kulo lonke ukuphakama kwawo, okubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo, ngemithi ende, amaqabunga aphezulu, ngenxa yenqubo ehloliswe, angathola inani elidingekayo lokuswakama kanye nezakhi.
Izinhlobo zokuphefumula
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuphefumula - i-stomatal ne-cuticular. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi yiyiphi enye nezinye izinhlobo, sikhumbula ngezifundo ze-botany isakhiwo seqabunga, ngoba yilesi sitho sesitshalo esiyinhloko ekuhambeni kokuphefumula.
Ngakho Ishidi liqukethe izindwangu ezilandelayo:
- isikhumba (i-epidermis) yisembozo sangaphandle seqabunga, elilingana elilodwa lamaseli, ngokuqinile okuxhunyaniswe ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezicubu zangaphakathi kusuka kubhaktheriya, ukulimala komshini nokomisa. Phezu kwalesi sendlalelo kuvame ukufaka i-wax eyengeziwe yokuvikela, ebizwa nge-cuticle;
- izicubu ezisemqoka (mesophyll), elitholakala ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-epidermis (phezulu nangaphansi);
- imithanjeni lapho amanzi namancibiliza ahlakazeka kuyo;
- I-stomata yizingqamuzana ezikhethekile zokukhiya kanye nokuvulwa phakathi kwazo, ngaphansi kwayo okukhona umoya womoya. Amaseli ase-stomatal akwazi ukuvala nokuvula kuye ngokuthi kukhona amanzi anele kuwo. Kungenxa yalezi cells ukuthi inqubo yokuphuma kwamanzi kanye nokushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko.
Stomatal
Okokuqala, amanzi aqala ukuqhuma emkhatsini wesisindo esikhulu samaseli. Ngenxa yalokho, lawa maseli alahlekelwa umswakama, i-menisci yamanzi kuma-capillary agijimele ngaphakathi, ukungezwani komzimba kuyanda, futhi inqubo eqhubekayo yokukhuphuka kwamanzi iba nzima, okuvumela ukuthi isitshalo sikwazi ukugcina amanzi ngokukhulu. Khona-ke amanzi aphukile aphuma emisebenzini ye-stomatal. Uma nje i-stomata ivulekile, amanzi aphuma eqabini ngesilinganiso esifanayo ukusuka emanzini, okungukuthi, ukusabalalisa nge-stomata kuphezulu kakhulu.
Iqiniso liwukuthi endaweni efanayo, amanzi aqhubekela phambili ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezimbalwa ezikude kakhulu kunomunye owodwa omkhulu. Ngisho nangemva kokuba i-stomata ivaliwe ngesigamu, ukuqina kokuphefumula kusalokhu kuphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa uma i-stomata ivaliwe, ukuphefumula kudlula izikhathi eziningana.
Isibalo se-stomata kanye nendawo yaso ezitshalweni ezahlukene akufani, kwezinye izilwane zisehlangothini elingaphakathi kweqabunga, kwezinye - kokubili kusukela phezulu nangaphansi, kodwa-ke, njengoba kungabonakala kusukela ngenhla, hhayi kakhulu inani le-stomata lithinta izinga lokukhuphuka, kepha izinga lokuvuleka kwalo: uma kunamanzi amaningi esitokisini, i-stomata ivulekile, lapho kuphelelwa amandla - amangqamuzana wokuvala aqondiswa, ububanzi begundane lobukhulu buyanciphisa - futhi i-stomata ivaliwe. 
Okukhethekile
I-cuticle, kanye ne-stomata, inekhono lokuphendula ngesilinganiso sokugcwalisa kweqabunga ngamanzi. Izinwele eziseqabunga lamagatsha zivikela leli qabunga ekuhambeni komoya nokukhanya kwelanga, okunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi. Lapho i-stomata ivaliwe, ukuphefumula kwe-cuticular kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqina kwaloluhlobo lokuphefumula kuncike ekutheni ubukhulu be-cuticle (okweqile ungqimba, ukuqhuma okuncane). Iminyaka yesitshalo nayo ibaluleke kakhulu - amaqabunga amanzi emagqabeni avuthiwe akhiqiza kuphela u-10% wenkambiso yonke yokuphefumula, kuyilapho intsha ingafinyelela kuhhafu. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwe-cuticular transpiration kubonakala kumaqabunga amdala kakhulu, uma ungqimba lwawo oluvikelayo lunobungozi ngenxa yobudala, ukuphahlazeka noma ukucubungula.
Incazelo yenqubo yokuphefumula
Inqubo yokuphefumula ithinteka kakhulu yizici eziningana ezibalulekile.
Izinto ezithinta inqubo yokuphefumula
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuqina kokuphefumula kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngezinga lokugcwalisa amaqabunga esitshalo ngamanzi. Ngalokhu, lesi simo sithinteka kakhulu izimo zangaphandle - umswakama, izinga lokushisa, nesilinganiso sokukhanya.
Kusobala ukuthi ngemimoya eyomile izinqubo zokukhuphuka zenzeka ngokugqamile. Kodwa umswakama wenhlabathi uthinta ukuphefumula ngendlela ehlukile: ukushayela umhlaba, amanzi amancane angena esitshalweni, kunciphisa kakhulu futhi, ngokufanele, ukuphefumula kancane.
Ngokushisa okukhulayo, ukuphefumula nakho kwanda. Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe isici esiyinhloko esithinta ukuphefumula sisalula. Lapho leli qabunga lithinta ukukhanya kwelanga, izinga lokushisa kweqabunga landa futhi, ngokufanele, i-stomata ivulekile futhi izinga lokuphefumula liyakhula.
Uyazi? I-chlorophyll eyengeziwe esitshalweni, ukukhanya okunamandla kuthinta izinqubo zokuphefumula. Izitshalo ezihlaza ziqala ukukhuphuka umswakama ngokuphindwe kabili ngisho nokukhanya okungafani.
Ngokusekelwe ethonyeni lokukhanya ekuhambeni kwe-stomata, kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zezitshalo ngokulandela inkambo yansuku zonke yokuphefumula. Eqenjini lokuqala, i-stomata ivaliwe ebusuku, ekuseni bavula futhi bahambe ngesikhathi samahora, kuye ngokuthi khona noma ukungabikho kwamanzi okusilela. Eqenjini lesibili, isimo sebusuku se-stomata "siyashintsha" emini (uma bevulekile emini, kuseduze ebusuku, futhi ngokufanayo). Eqenjini lesithathu, emini, isimo se-stomata sincike ekugcotshweni kweqabunga ngamanzi, kodwa ebusuku bahlale bevulekile. Njengezibonelo zabameleli beqembu lokuqala, ezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu zingakhulunywa; eqenjini lesibili zihlanganisa izitshalo ezihlanjululwe kahle, isibonelo, i-peas, beet, ne-clover; eqenjini lesithathu, iklabishi kanye nabanye abameleli bomhlaba wesitshalo abanezinhlamvu ezinzima.
Kodwa ngokuvamile kufanele kuthiwe ebusuku, ukuphefumula kuhlale kukhulu kakhulu kunesikhatsi, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi sosuku izinga lokushisa liphansi, akukho ukukhanya, futhi umswakama, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwanda. Phakathi namahora omusi, ukuphefumula ngokuvamile kuvame kakhulu ngesikhathi semini, futhi ngokuncipha kwemisebenzi yelanga, le nqubo iyancipha.
Isibalo sobukhulu bokuphefumula kusuka kwunithi yendawo ebusweni yetshe ngayinye yesikhathi ukuqhuma kwesimo esifanayo samanzi angenawo mahhala kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula okuhlobene.
Ukulungiswa kokulinganisela kwamanzi kanjani
Isitshalo sithatha ingxenye enkulu yamanzi emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwempande.
Kubalulekile! Amaseli wezimpande zezitshalo ezithile (ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhulayo ezindaweni ezimelele) ziyakwazi ukuthuthukisa amandla, ngosizo lwangokuthi umswakama ovela emhlabathini uthathe amashumi ambalwa emvelo!Izimpande zezitshalo zithinta ubuningi bomswakama emhlabathini futhi ziyakwazi ukuguqula isiqondiso sokukhula ekuqondeni komswakama okhulayo.
Ngaphandle kwezimpande, ezinye izitshalo zinamandla okubamba amanzi namalungu omhlaba (isibonelo, umsila nama-lichens bathola umswakama kuwo wonke umhlaba).
Amanzi angena esitshalweni asakazwa kuzo zonke izitho zawo, ehamba esuka esitokisini kuya esitokisini, futhi asetshenziselwa izinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila kwesitshalo. Inani elincane lomswakama lisetshenziswa kwi-photosynthesis, kodwa iningi lalo lidingekile ukugcina ukugcwele kwezicubu (okuthiwa i-turgor), kanye nokukhokhela ukulahlekelwa ekuphefumulweni (ukukhuphuka), ngaphandle kokuthi umsebenzi obalulekile wesitshalo awunakwenzeka. Umswakama uqhuma kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana emoyeni, ngakho le nqubo ivela kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo.
Uma inani lamanzi elitholwa yisitshalo lihambisana ngokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwalo kuzo zonke lezi zinhloso, ukulinganisela kwamanzi kwesitshalo kuxazululwe ngendlela efanele, futhi umzimba uqala ngokujwayelekile. Ukuhlukumeza kwalesi silinganiso kungaba isimo noma isikhathi eside. Ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izitshalo eziningi zasemhlabeni ziye zafunda ukubhekana nokushintshashintsha kwesikhashana emanzini amanzi, kodwa ukuphazamiseka isikhathi eside emisebenzini yamanzi kanye nokukhuphuka kwamanzi, njengomthetho, kuholela ekufeni kwanoma yisiphi isitshalo.
