Utamatisi uyisitshalo esiyingqayizivele. Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zenza umsebenzi wengadi ube mnandi. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinamagatsha aqonde mpo kanye nemivini, ezinezithelo eziphuzi, nsundu, ezibomvu, ezenziwe ngokweqile nezihlanganisiwe. Impela umbuso wamatamatisi ngenye imini ungadalwa. Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi embonini yezolimo, ukulima kwangasese nokulima, ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile kuyingozi ethile. Utamatisi ungagula kanye nabo ehlobo, ukhule endaweni evulekile, abamba ukushisa, futhi ebusika kwabo baphuze kakhulu. Imvamisa, ivela ngo-Agasti noma ngemuva kwezimvula.
Izimpawu zokulimala sekwephuzile kumatamatisi
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuqala ngezingxenye zasemoyeni zamatamatisi. Umbala wamagatsha aphansi noma amagatsha aphezulu uyashintsha, kuya ngokuthi ukutheleleka kwenzeka kanjani. Ama-Mushroom spores angandiza aye engadini nomoya, noma angavuka, afike isikhathi eside emhlabathini.
Izindawo ezi-brown ezisekelweni zibonisa ukuthi ajoyina amaseli ezitshalo, amunca ujusi wawo. Ngokushesha kuvela ukuthi wonke amagatsha asevele ethelelekile. Kuvela amabala aphuzi angenamikhawulo emaqabungeni. Zonakalisiwe, zomile ezindaweni zomonakalo, ezisontekile.
Uma izithelo sezivele zakhele kuleli phuzu, kuye kwavela iziqeshana ezonakalisiwe, nezimfashini zombala omnyama, onsundu noma ophuzi. Utamatisi ongavuthiwe uyeka ukukhula.
Izici zemvelo zokulimala sekwephuzile
I-ejenti ebabayo yokulimala sekwephuzile kumatamatisi isikhunta sofuzo olubi sekwephuzile. Ngokuqondile, i-oomycete iyisidalwa esingajwayelekile, esifana kakhulu nesakhiwo nesikhunta, kepha sinezinto ezimbalwa ezihlukile. Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-oomycetes avele eMhlabeni phambilini kunamakhowe futhi ngokomqondo angahlukaniswa eqenjini elikhethekile.
Le micorganism ibizwa nge- late blight infestans (Phytophthora infestans). Kungalimaza bobabili utamatisi namazambane, isitshalo seqanda, upelepele omnandi futhi obabayo. Izwe lakubo yiMexico. Kancane kancane, lasakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Manje, amacala okulimaza sekwephuzile aqoshwa njalo emazweni ahlukene, kuwo wonke amagumbi oMhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo zalo ziyingozi ezitshalweni nasemithini. Zilimaza kakhulu nemboni yezolimo. I-phytophthora infestan iyingozi ngesivinini sokusakazeka, kanye nokumelana nezinto ezingezinhle zemvelo.
Izingxabano zingahlala emhlabathini iminyaka eminingana, zibekezelele isithwathwa nokushisa, nesomiso. Zingahlala kumquba, kwizingodo ezibolile, hhayi ezitshalweni zasensimini kuphela. Bangakwazi ukuthelela amathuluzi engadini. Lapho nje izimo zezemvelo zishintsha, ziba zithandeka futhi, izitshalo ziyagula.
Umehluko omkhulu kusuka kumakhowe alula kakhulu:
- ulwelwesi lwamaseli aluhlanganiswa hhayi nge-chitin, njengoba kunjalo ngesikhunta, kodwa nge-cellulose - okungukuthi, alunqikanqikanqikaziki ukulimala kwemishini;
- amaqhubu ahlukaniswe ngezihlukanisi;
- inani labantu alikwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kwamaseli omsingathi
Lokhu kubenza basengozini ngokwengeziwe lapho beqala ukukubona. Eqinisweni, okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso. Uma bengatheleleke utamatisi ovunwa ngo-Agasti, ofihla emgodini izinsuku ezimbalwa, kungekudala sonke isivuno esithunyelwe kwisitoreji singambozwa ngamabala amala ukonakala. Okufanayo kuhamba ngamazambane. Emaqandeni alesi siko, angaqashelwa isikhathi eside.
Izimo ezithandekayo zezemvelo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-blight infestan yilezi ezilandelayo:
izimvula izinsuku eziningana zilandelana;
- ukungasebenzi;
- isimo sezulu esinomoya;
- ukupholisa.
Kuyadingeka ukuhlola izitshalo kuleli cala. Vele, akusona sonke isikhathi sonyaka lesi sifo esikhumbuza sona. Kepha ngolunye usuku kuyodingeka alwe. Lokhu akunakugwenywa uma izitshalo zikhula esizeni, ujusi otholwa yilelo khowa. Engcupheni konke kusondele, kuthandwa kakhulu kwezolimo, izilimo ezidumile.
Ungabhekana kanjani nokulimaza sekwephuzile kumatamatisi
Ochwepheshe batusa ukunika ukukhetha ekuvinjelweni, bezama ukuvimbela ukutheleleka. Lokhu kunenzuzo emibonweni eminingi:
- inani lezidakamizwa lincane;
- zigcinwe ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-2-3, okungukuthi, zingasetshenziswa isizini elandelayo;
- zingabantu bendawo yonke, zivikela izifo eziningi, hhayi ekulimazeni sekwephuzile kuphela;
- okusebenzayo - amathuba empumelelo anda kaningi.
Iningi lazo ngama-bio-fungicides aphephile impilo. I-Fitosporin, iFundazole nama-analogues, anikezwe ngezici ezahlukahlukene, ayathandwa.
Kunezindlela ezinkulu zabantu zokulwa. Indlela siderate iyasiza. Lokhu kungomhlaba ovulekile. Ukugwema ukutheleleka ku-greenhouse, udinga ukubuka umbuso wezinga lokushisa bese wenza izindlela zokuvimbela ngemithi efanayo.
I-Fitosporin
I-Bio-fungicide Fitosporin ihloselwe ukuvikela kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zokukhunta nezinamagciwane zezitshalo, utamatisi, ikakhulukazi ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile. Ine-hay bacillus (Bacillus subtilis), okuyisitha semvelo salezi zinhlobo eziyimvelo. Imisa ukusatshalaliswa kwabo, ithuthukisa isimo senhlabathi engadini.
Ngalo, ungavikela utamatisi kusuka ngosuku lokuqala, lapho imila kusuka imbewu ekhaya, ngesikhathi sokufakelwa emhlabathini ovulekile nangesikhathi sokutheleleka nge-spores. Bahlakulela indawo, inhlabathi ezimpandeni zamatamatisi, amathuluzi engadi, iziqongo ezomile ezisele zomquba. Ingozi yokuhlaselwa amakhowe futhi emuva kwenyanga noma isizini ezayo iyancishiswa. Ngemuva kokufafaza, kwenziwa ifilimu emaqabungeni, emagatsheni, avikela isiko. Ngemuva kwesonto, kungakuhle futhi ukwelashwa.
Kuvunyelwe ukunisela njalo imibhede ngesisombululo somuthi, kanye ngenyanga. Ukufafaza amahlamvu kaningi akudingekile. Kuphela uma isimo sezulu sesikhule kakhulu, kunengqondo ukuthi uthango lubekhona
.Kulungele ukusebenzisa iFitosporin ngenxa yokuthi ungayithenga ngohlobo lwesisombululo esihlanganisiwe, i-powder noma unamathisele. Izinga lobungozi balo mkhiqizo laphakathi (ibanga 4).
Fundazole
IFundazole ithinta ngendlela efanayo, kodwa inokwakheka okuhlukile. Isithako esikhulu esisebenzayo yi-benomyl. Isebenza ku-spores yesikhunta, ivimbela ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli abo, ukuzala kabusha. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-prophylactic, kunciphisa amathuba okufakwa kwabo kwezicubu zezitshalo. Ngamanye amagama, kuqinisa ukungatheleleki kwezitshalo. Isiza ukulwa imikhaza nama-aphid, ngokungafani neFitosporin. Ayisebenzi ngasikhathi sinye ngokumelene nezifo zesimo segciwane. Kuthiwa izidakamizwa ezinobungozi kancane (isigaba se-hazard 3).
I-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ithuluzi lomhlaba wonke nelingabizi i-sulfate yethusi. Isithako esikhulu esisebenzayo yi-zethusi sulfate. I-ejenti elwa namagciwane kanye ne-antifungal. Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi esimweni sokulimala sekwephuzile, kusebenza kakhulu.
Ithuba le-sulfate yethusi lububanzi obukhulu:
- Kuyadingeka ukunakekela ezinye izilimo, hhayi utamatisi kuphela.
- Isiza ukususa ngokushesha i-blight sekwephuzile, ihlala ezitshalweni, kanye nezinhlamvu emhlabathini.
- Kudalwe indawo engakulungele ukusinda kwabo.
- Ungowezinto ezisengozini encane (isigaba sesithathu).
Ngokwengxenye ingumanyolo wamatamatisi ngenxa yokuqukethwe yithusi. Indlala ye-Copper iholela ekwephulweni kwemisebenzi ebalulekile yamaseli. Ama-ovaries, izithelo azakhi, amahlamvu aba nsundu. IVitriol ithuthukisa ukukhula, ukuvuselelwa kabusha, i-photosynthesis. Lokhu kuyabonakala ngokushesha. Okuncane kunakho konke kumhlabathi we-peaty. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengomunye womanyolo kulokhu.
Ngaphezu kwamakhemikhali, ama-biofungicides, kunezinye izindlela zokuvikela isithombo samatamatisi kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Imiphumela emihle inikezwa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-siderates.
I-Siderata ekuvinjelweni kokulimala sekwephuzile
Amaslayidi agcwalisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen, eyiqongelela emoyeni. Ezinye izilimo zizodla ubhedu engadini, futhi zona zizonothisa. Abawakhanseli umanyolo. Faka isicelo seheythi kusafanele. Ama-Siderates avimbela ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zomzimba zibe amafomu angadonswa izitshalo.
Bathuthukisa ukubonga kokushintshana komoya ohlelweni lwezimpande oluthuthukisiwe. Yakha ngokoqobo i-biomass eluhlaza, lapho kunezinto eziningi ezilusizo. Lokhu kuvikela okuthembekile ngokumelene ne-phytophthora spores. Ikakhulu, kusetshenziswa amadevu amhlophe, isithombo samafutha, i-rapeseed, ne-phacelia.
Isithombo samafutha
Uhlelo lwezimpande lwamafutha e-radish lusebenza ngendlela ekhethekile. Izinto ezikhangayo kumagciwane zinqwabelana emhlabathini. La magciwane atholakala yonke indawo emhlabathini. Banomphumela wokubulala amagciwane, vimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta. Ngama-radish, kwakhiwa ubudlelwano be-typiotic. Zonke utamatisi zonyaka zizoba ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okuthembekile uma le nhlobo ikhula eduzane. Amathuba okutheleleka ancishiswe kakhulu. Amafutha amaningi abalulekile anezakhi zokubulala amagciwane aqongelela phakathi kwamahlamvu. Konke lokhu kuyenza ibe ngumanyolo omkhulu oluhlaza.
Isinaphi esimhlophe
I-mustard ifaka iphunga elixosha amabhungane aseColorado. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlanganisa ukushintshashintsha, iqinisa ukungatheleleki kwamatamatisi. Ezimpandeni zayo, izinto ezidingekayo zokucindezela umsebenzi wezinhlamvu ziqongelela.
I-Phacelia
I-Phacelia imisa ukusabela kwe-acid acidization, okuzuzisa kuyo ngokuvamile. Izinga lokuzala lenyuka ngenxa yokuthi izinto ezizuzisayo zidlula kwifomu lokugaya kalula. Le mbali izifakazele njenge-biofertilizer, isetshenziswa ngentshiseko eMelika nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. E-Russia, izinhlobonhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zingu-tansy tansy. Yonke imininingwane engaphansi kwayo iyisivikelo esihle kakhulu kuma-phytophthora spores. Ochwepheshe batusa ukuhlanganisa indlela ye-biofertilizer, umquba oluhlaza nge-mulching.
UColza
Esinye isitshalo esiwusizo esisetshenziswa njenge siderate siyadlwengulwa. Kubonisa nomphumela we-antifungal. Amafutha abalulekile aqoqana emaqabungeni awo, ngeziqu, njengase-radish yamafutha.
Phytophthora izinhlobo ukumelana
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamatamatisi ezinokumelana nemvelo phytosporosis. Kulula ukukhetha inketho efaneleke kakhulu ekushiseni okuluhlaza okotshani noma engadini. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinhlobo ezinkulu, ezinamagatsha amakhulu kanye ne-miniature, compact. Umumo wezithelo ungaba muhle kakhulu noma ungasebenza kakhulu. Bazokulethela ukudideka uma usunezinhlobo ozithandayo. Yiba umoya woshintsho. Bazokuvumela ukuthi uthathe ikhefu kusuka kuma-stereotypes.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Utamatisi Eziyishumi Eziphezulu. I-hybrid emfushane enezithelo eziphuzi eziphuma phambili, ukuvuthwa kokuqala. Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa amasaladi, ku-canning, inambitheka omuhle.
- Amagilebhisi Izinhlobonhlobo zenkathi ephakathi ne utamatisi omncane obomvu, ukuphakama kwesihlahla kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-2. Amaqhuqhuva ayamangalisa, afana nendlebe.
- Iminwe kaLady. Inketho ethandwa kakhulu. Utamatisi ufana amajikijolo. Isihlahla sitshelwa phansi. Kungaba amamaki angenakubekelwa phansi.
- Ukudla indoda enempilo. Izinhlobonhlobo zoqobo ezinezithelo ezinkulu ze-orange, amagatsha afinyelela ku-1.5 m ukuphakama. Ivumela kakhulu, ivuthwe kusenesikhathi.
- UZhigalo. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kufike ku-0.5 m. Umbala wezithelo ubomvu.
- Avson. Isihlahla sincane. Akudingi ukuboshwa. Ikhula ngobude ingadluli ku-45 cm. Izithelo zincanyana, zibomvu ngombala, zivuthwe ezinsukwini ezingama-95-100 ngemuva kokutshala.
- ICompact Kakadu ihlukahlukene ngezithelo ezinkulu ezibomvu, isivuno sokuqala.
- I-Leningrad enobuhlakani. Izithelo ngezinsuku ezingama-85-100 ngemuva kokuqedwa kokutshala. Utamatisi mancane, abomvu, anojusi.
Ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zinezinga eliphakeme lokumelana ne-blight sekwephuzile. Ukukhetha eyodwa yazo, ungakhohlwa ngale nkathazo. Kodwa-ke, uma amazambane noma esinye isivuno esiheha i-microorganism esiyingozi sikhula eduzane, izinkinga azikwazi ukugwemeka. Amahlathi katamatisi azosinda, akukho amazambane.
Kubalulekile ukufafaza ngokufafaza ngendlela ngesikhathi. Sika amaqabunga athelelekile, nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ama-rhizomes kumele ashiswe, bese umquba ulashwa nge-sulfate yethusi noma ngamalungiselelo afanayo. Kungcono ukhule izitshalo ezikanye naye eziseduze, i-siderata. Ukuthengwa kokudla kuyadingeka izwe kanye nayo yonke imindeni. Utamatisi kungenye yokudla okusemqoka ekudleni komuntu. Lezi zinyathelo zizokusindisa ekulahlekelweni, ezindlekweni ezingadingekile.
