Wonke umuntu ovela eMpumalanga Yurophu hhayi okungenani kanye kuphela empilweni yakhe wazama isidlo samazambane.
Lokhu ngempela umkhiqizo jikelele, ngoba uma kukhona amazambane emiphongolweni, ungasebenzisa ubusika yonke ubusika futhi ungazi usizi.
Kodwa namanje izitsha ezimnandi kakhulu nezempilo zitholakala ku-ampu, esanda kukhishwa emhlabathini.
Yingakho amazambane amasha awawazisi nje kuphela yizimboni ze-agronomists, kodwa futhi abapheki abasebenzisa amazambane anjalo njengendlevu.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamazambane zakuqala, kodwa phakathi kwazo kukhona okungcono kakhulu - lezo ezizogxila kunoma iyiphi inhlabathi futhi ziyokwenza isivuno esihle kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu.
Hlunga "i-Arosa"
Izinhlobonhlobo zamazambane, ezakhiwa yi-German agronomists ngo-2009. Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala ngoba zivuthwa ezinsukwini ezingu-70-75 kuphela.
Izitshalo zihle, ukuphakama okuphakathi, okuqondile-okuqondile, ngokuqhakaza okubomvu okubomvu.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zakhiwe nge-oval, zihlukaniswe kancane, zesikhumba obomvu-pink namehlo amakhulu angajulile. Inyama yalezi zinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ziphuzi, zihlwabusayo kakhulu, okuqukethwe kwayo kwesitashi akudluli ku-14%.
Omunye amazambane angaba ngu-70 - 150 g, futhi esihlahleni esisodwa samazambane anjalo angakhula izicucu ezingu-15 kuya kwezi-16.
Lokhu ezihlukahlukene zibhekwa njengezikhiqiza kakhulu, ngoba ngokucophelela kusuka ehektheleni lomhlaba ungathola amathani ama-amazambane angama-70.
Ngaphandle, lezi izithelo zibukeka zikhangayoNgakho-ke, iphesenti yesitshalo esingathengiswa ngu-94 - 96%. Endabeni yokusimama, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinconywa kahle.
Ukungavikeleki komsoco, imatode, umdlavuza, amagciwane kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zomdwebo kukuvumela ukuba ukhule le mazambane ngisho nasezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Mayelana nesicelo, lezi zithelo zingasetshenziswa ukulungiselela izitsha ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amafrimu aseFrance.
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo azizithobeki ezingeni lokuzala kwenhlabathi kanye nokwakheka kwayo. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukulungiselela lezi mbatata zokutshala, okungukuthi, ukuwufudumala elangeni ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini.
Uhlelo lokutshala luvamile, u-35x65 cm. Ukujula kwesibalo akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-10 cm. Inhlabathi yamazambane kufanele ibe yinto evulekile.
Ngoba lokhu kuhlukahluka kubonakala ngokuthi "welula" umswakama ovela emhlabathini, ngakho akukho isidingo sokwakheka okunye okusilayo. Udinga futhi ukutshala izihlahla ukuze uthole isivuno esihle. Ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-phytophthora ehlathini, cishe amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuvuna, kuzodingeka ususe zonke iziqongonga.
Hlunga "u-Alena"
Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala kakhulu, emva kwezinsuku ezingama-45 emva kokuvela kwamashiza kungenzeka ukuvuna isitshalo sokuqala.
Ama-shrub ayaphuma, hhayi amade kakhulu, anezimbali ezibomvu-purple. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zimehlo ezinama-oval, zinyene, zinesikhumba esibomvu, obubushelelezi namehlo amancane noma aphakathi.
Inyama imhlophe, isitashi kuso ayikho ngaphezu kwe-17%, ayikunyamazi ngesenzo somshini nokusika. Ubuningi be-tuber ngayinye ifinyelela ku-90 kuya ku-140 g, izinsuku ezingu-60 emva kokuhluma, isivuno esiphelele singama-cent cent 200 ehektheleni. Inombolo yemikhiqizo enesethulo ingu-97% wezinombolo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa.
Lokhu kuhlukahluka ngokujwayelekile hhayi ezithintekayo ngamagciwane, isikhumba kanye ne-rhizoctoniosis. I-Phytophthora ne-nematodes inganciphisa isimo samazambane.
Futhi, lezi amazambane zivame ukonakala ngesikhathi sokukhula.
Futhi ezihlukahlukene ukumelana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulimala komshini, ukushisa nokuntuleka kwamanzi. Kusukela empandeni yalezi ezihlukahlukene kuyatholakala crisp omuhle kakhulu.
Lezi zihlukahlukene azidingi ukulungiselela kokuqala kokutshala izinto; ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukulahla lamazambane ngokushesha ngemuva kokususwa kusuka kwisitoreji.
Iphethini lokufika livamile. Kutshalwe ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - Meyi.
Ngenxa yokuthi kulula, izinhlobonhlobo azidingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ukuphuza izihlahla ezengeziwe akudingekile. Qinisekisa ukukhulula inhlabathi bese wenza umanyolo.
Kubalulekile ukuhlanza izihlahla ngezidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene.
Izinhlobonhlobo "Zhukovsky Early"
Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, ezahlwanyelwa ezinhlobonhlobo "Berry" ne "Hydra". Inkathi yentuthuko yemifino ihlala izinsuku ezingama-70 kuya kwangu-80.
Amahlumela amazambane alezi zinhlobonhlobo ayingxenye yesigamu esiphezulu, yokuphakama okuphakathi, amahlumela agxuma kakhulu, amahlamvu amancane, ombala omnyama, izimbali zibomvu-zibomvu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezizungezile, ezinemibala ebomvu, enezinombolo ezincane zamehlo amancane abomvu.
Inyama iyimhlophe emhlophe, enambitheka kahle, iphesenti yesitashi - 10 - 12%. Isisindo se-tuber eyodwa siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-100 ukuya kwezingu-120 g. Kulo mkhiqizo ungathola ama-400-500 amaqembu amazambane ngehektha ngalinye lomhlaba.
Ukugcinwa lokhu okuhlukahlukene kungaba eside, cishe 92 - 96% yesitshalo kuzohlala. 90 - 92% yazo zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa zinezimpahla zokuhweba ezinhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke amazambane azothengiswa kahle kakhulu.
Izifo ezifana nomdlavuza, i-nematode, i-rhizoctoniosis, ne-scab ngeke zilimaze izithelo zalolu hlobo. Futhi kula mazambane ukumelana nomonakalo okwenziwa mechanical. Ithebula lokuqokwa.
Ukukhula kulindeleke ukuthi kuqale ngoMeyi. Ukufika kuyinto evamile, okungukuthi, ngokulandela iphethini evamile ekujuleni okujwayelekile. Ukuthola noma ukungatholi amazambane kusengaphambili kusuka kusitoreji kuya kuwe, kodwa udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi akusifisi ukuphula amahlumela amancane, ngoba lezi zinhlobonhlobo zihluma ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi lokushisa.
Ukuphuza izihlahla zamazambane akudingekile. Kuyoba khona amanzi anele emvula. Kuyaqinisekile kudingeka ukukhulula phansiukuze umoya-mpilo ufike ngokulinganayo. Ukondla kanye nemithi yokwelashwa kuyadingeka njengezinyathelo zokuvimbela.
Izinhlobonhlobo "Umholi"
Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala kakhulu amazambane, izilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa ezingase zicutshwe kakade ngosuku lwama-45 emva kokuhluma kwezinto zokutshala. Okokugcina, isivuno singavuna emva kwezinsuku ezingu-70 kuya ku-75 emva kokuhluma.
Izihlahla zokuphakama okuphakathi, okuyi-semi-eqondile, uhlobo - oluphakathi. Kushiya izitshalo zobukhulu obuphakathi, oluhlaza. Izimbali zimhlophe. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zine-ovate nxazonke, ezinezikhumba eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namehlo amancane.
Inyama yalezi mbatata imhlophe, iqukethe u-12% we-starch, elihlwabusayo kakhulu. Isisindo se-tuber eyodwa singama-90 - 120 g, isivuno esiphelele - ama-centri 207-248 ngehektha ngalinye. Ikhwalithi yezohwebo lokhu okuhlukahlukene ubude kakhulu, ezihlabayo ezinobungane kakhulu zinika izilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuphikisana nalezi ezihlukahlukene kuphela umdlavuza, i-nematode kanye nokulimala okuphelile kwezinto eziqongweni nezilimo eziyizigaxa kunganciphisa isimo sezitshalo.
Ukutshala kumele kuhlelwe ngoMeyi, hhayi ngaphambili, kungenjalo okunye okutshalayo kuzo "kufisa". Iphethini lokufika livamile, ukujula kuyinto evamile. Kungcono ukukhetha indawo yalezi zambatho zamazambane zakudala lapho izitshalo zonyaka ezingapheli kanye nonyaka, kanye nezitshalo ezikhanyayo zisetshenziselwa ukukhula.
Endabeni yokunakekelwa kwala mazambane, kubalulekile ukwelashwa nokwelashwa kwezihlahla, ngoba izifo zingakunciphisa ingxenye yesitshalo.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhulula inhlabathi bese ususa ukhula olungahle luhlakaze emahlathini amazambane. Unganikeza izitshalo ezengeziwe zokunisela, kodwa kuyoba nzima ukukwenza endaweni enkulu yezitshalo.
Izinhlobonhlobo "Impala"
I-Netherlands iyinhlobonhlobo yokuqala yamazambane, emva kwezinsuku ezingu-50-55 izilimo eziyizigaxa zithola isisindo esanele sokubamba.
Noma kunjalo izithelo zokukhethwa kwamanye amazweIvumelanisa ngokugcwele ukukhula kwezimo zezulu eziguquguqukayo. Izihlahla zamazambane zikhula kuze kufike ku-70 - 75 cm ukuphakama, yakha ukudubula okuqondile kanye neziqu ezine-lateral ezine-5, izimbali zalezi zitshalo zimhlophe.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyi-oval, i-peel yombala ophuzi igcwele amehlo amancane. Pulp limibala ngombala ophuzi obomvu, umzala omningi kakhulu, kunalokho ushukela (isitashi okuqukethwe - 15%). Isisindo samazambane angama-90 - 150 g, nezithelo ezingu-16 kuya kwezingu-21 ngesitshalo esisodwa.
Ukuphikisana nezifo kuphakeme kakhulu, ngoba umdlavuza, amagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye nematode yamazambane ayithinti lokhu okuhlukahlukene. Kodwa i-phytophthora yeziqongophe nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nezihlamba zingaba nethonya kulezi mbatata.
Ngesinye isikhathi abalimi abaseningizimu bavunwa kabili ngenkathi, okuyizihlobo ezihlukahlukene zamazambane. Ukukhiqiza kuphezulu kakhulu, kusuka ehektheleni elilodwa lensimu ongavuna kusuka kumathani angu-18 kuya kwangu-36 amazambane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zihlukahlukene yizona ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, inzuzo ukungabikho komnyama emva kokusika le mbatata. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zifezekile ngenjongo yokuhweba, ngoba ngezivuno ezinjalo, lezi mbatata zibukeka zikhangayo kakhulu.
Amazambane kulezi ezihlukahlukene kuzodingeka alungele ukutshala, okungukuthi ukutshisa futhi kuhlume kancane. Kodwa uma impahla yokutshala isivele ihlume esitoreji, ungakwazi ukuyiphonsa ngokushesha emhlabathini.
Lapha umhlaba kumele ufudumele, ngaphandle kwalokho amazambane angeke avumele ukuhluma. Iphethini lokufika livamile. Futhi, ukuchitha isikhathi nokujula okuhle kugcinwa. Kuqala kukaMeyi ukuthi kuyinto efiselekayo ukukhuphula lezi zihlukahlukene ukuze kube khona inyanga nengxenye ukuthola isivuno sokuqala.
Ukungafani kwalezi zinhlobo zamazambane kungokwemvelo ku-nitrogen, ngakho-ke inani lomanyolo ozokwenza ngenkathi kulungiselelwa inhlabathi ngenkathi elandelayo kufanele kufaka inani elincane lomanyolo we-nitrogen.
Qinisekisa ukuhlakulela inhlabathi, okokuqala kuyisifiso sokwenza isonto emva kokutshala. Ukulimala kuyadingeka uma umhlabathi owomile futhi kungenakwenzeka ukuphuza insimu. Inani lokugqoka kufanele linciphise libe ngu-2 kuya ku-3.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngokutshala amazambane ngaphansi kohlobo
I-Red Scarlett ehlukahlukene
Izinhlobonhlobo zakudala zaseDutch ezinenkathi yokukhula kwezinsuku ezingama-70 kuya kwezingu-80. Izihlahla zalezi zinhlobo zamazambane ziphansi, ziphakathi, ziphakathi. Amaqabunga ezitshalo ayingayizi ephakathi, eluhlaza. Izimbali zidwetshwe ngombala obomvu obomvu.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zesimo se-oval esiphezulu, esinesikhumba esibomvu, lapho amehlo amancane, angajulile ahlakazeka ngokungahleliwe. Inyama yamazambane imhlophe, i-starchy (10 - 15%), enhle kakhulu.
Isisindo se-tuber sinama-60 - 150 g, kanti kunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo ezifika ku-15. Ukukhiqiza kufinyelela ku-centre 400 nangaphansi kwehektare.
Lezi amazambane zingamalala kakhulu futhi ziphumelele kakhulu, kuphela ama-2% amazambane awakwazi ukumelana nesitoreji. Ukukhishwa kwempahla kuleli klasi nakho kuphakeme kakhulu (96%). Akuwona amagciwane, noma umdlavuza, noma i-nematode, noma ngisho ne-phytophtora ayihlaba amazambane akho kulezi zihlukahlukene.
Futhi lezizambane ziyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso namazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu emhlabathini. Ngeke liyeke ukuhluma nokuthuthukisa. Enye inzuzo yalezi ezihlukahlukene yiqiniso lokuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa aziphenduki abamnyama ngenkathi kusetshenzwa ukushisa.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala, lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamazambane akufani nezezinye. Ukuhlelwa nokujula kokufika kubuye kuvame. Ukubeka izinto zokutshala elangeni akukalilimazi, njengoba kuzoqala ukukhula ngokushesha emhlabathini. Izwe kufanele lifudumele futhi lilimane ngokwanele.
Lokhu amazambane adingeka kuphela ukukhulula inhlabathi nokugqoka. Ungapheli izitshalo ngezidakamizwa ezibhekene nezifo, ngaphandle kwalokho zizobuthelela izimboni eziyingozi. Uma inhlabathi icebile ngokwanele, futhi ekwindla ufake isicelo somanyolo, bese ufaka umanyolo ngesikhathi sokukhula akudingeki.
Amazambane okuqala angcono ngezizathu ezithile kunamazambane avamile. Ngakho-ke, hamba indawo encane nje kuphela ngalolu hlobo lwe-bulba futhi ujabulele, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazambane asanda kuphekwe.
