Mhlawumbe kuzo zonke izinkomo zezimbuzi zobisi zithandwa kakhulu.
Emva kwakho konke, lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukusijabulisa nsuku zonke nje ngezivuno zesikhala, futhi zivame ukuhamba nenyama, futhi inyama yenkomo etholakala kubo nayo inenani eliphezulu.
Ngokuvamile, izinkomo ezinjengalezi ziboshwa emapulazini amakhulu anikezela ubisi bawo izitshalo ezinkulu. Kodwa, ngenxa yemindeni ngayinye, ayifanelekile, ngoba isidingo sokisi olwenziwe ekhaya sizinzile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona izinkinga kanye nesikhathi sonyaka.
Ngezansi sizokwazi ubuhlanga obumnyama nabama-motley balezi zimbali zobisi futhi sizokutshela ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nezici zabo nokukhiqiza.
Yonke imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu futhi edingekile kubalimi bezinkomo emfuyweni emnyama namhlophe.
Umlando wenzalo kanye nabantu abavamile kakhulu
Ukuthola izinkomo ezinomkhiqizo onjalo wobisi oluphakeme, ukhetho olude kakhulu lokuzalanisa lwalwenziwa, kanye nokuwela kwezinhlobo zaseRashiya zendawo nezinkomo ezimnyama nezomhlophe zesiDashi.
Ngenxa yalokho, inqwaba yeqembu lesifunda lalezi zilwane yadalwa, futhi umehluko phakathi kwamanye wabo kubalulekile.
Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi zikhiqizwa ezihlotsheni ezihlukene zomzali, kanye nangaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zezulu eziqukethwe kanye nezici zokudla. Phela, umgomo oyinhloko wabalimi kwakuwukuzala uhlobo olusha lwezinhlobo zezintambo ezimnyama nezinkanyezi ezivela ezinkambeni zohlobo olulodwa lwesiDashi.
Phakathi kwezinhlanga zomama zendawo zokwelapha ezazisetshenziswa:
- Uhlobo olukhulu lwaseRussia.
- Zauralskaya.
- I-Ukraine emhlophe.
- IsiSiberia.
- I-Asia Ephakathi.
Namuhla, izilwane ezinhlanu ezinkulu kunazo zonke zezinkomo ezimnyama nezamhlophe ziyaziwa, okungukuthi: inkulu kunayo yonke into (etholakala ezinkabeni zaseCroatia eziphakathi), iBaltic, iSiberia, ne-Ural.
Futhi inani lesihlanu lakhiwa ngabameleli bezindawo ezihlukene zesimo sezulu nesifunda - iBelrusrus, Ukraine, Asia Ephakathi kanye nezingxenye zezindawo zaseTranscaucasian. Siyakunaka izici izinyoni ezintathu ezihola phambili zemfuyo zichazwe:
- Izinkomo ezimnyama nezomhlophe zeqembu eliphakathi zibhekwa njengezikhulu ngobukhulu futhi zivame kakhulu.
Isisindo sezinsikazi sisuka ku-550-650 kilogram. Izinkomba ezinkulu ezinjalo zezinqwaba zezilwane ziwuphawu oluthe xaxa lwababamele uhlobo lomkhiqizo wokukhiqiza kunobisi, oluhlanganisa omnyama ne-motley.
Leli qiniso liphakamisa ukuthi iqembu eliphakathi nalo liqinile ekukhiqizeni inyama. Esikwakheni, iqembu elichazwe kunalokho lihlanganisiwe, linendawo engaphandle kakhulu.
Ukugxila ngokukhethekile kukhangwa imilenze emifushane, engamangali ngesisindo esinjalo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwesisindo, leli qembu libuye lithele isivuno esiphezulu, okungaba ngu-5500-6500 kilograms ngesikhathi sokulahlwa.
Kodwa ukungalungi kwalenzalo yezinkomo ezimnyama namhlophe kuyinhloko ephansi yamafutha ebisi labo - kuphela 3.6-3.7%.
- Abamele iNzalo yase-Ural yohlobo olumnyama nolomhlophe lukhanya kancane futhi lwakhiwe.
Imizimba yabo isomile futhi isinyene, isisindo sayo sisuka ku-500 kuya ku-600 kilogram. Ukudla kwalezi zinkabi kuncane kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe imilenze ephakeme.
Umkhiqizo wezimbuzi ungaphansi kweqembu elidlule (5000-6000 kg), kodwa, ngokuqukethwe okunamafutha, ubisi lwezinkomo zase-Ural bunamakhono aphezulu - 3.8-3.9%.
- Iqembu laseSiberia lezinkomo ezimnyama nezimhlophe lize lilingane ngesisindo somzimba - kuphela 450-550 kilogram.
Umthethosisekelo omncane usazokwazi ukuletha inyama enkulu yenkomo yenkomo.
Nakuba ubisi lubekwe ngemuva ngokwemigomo yamaqembu amabili angaphambilini, luhlala lukhuphuka: phakathi nesikhatsi esisodwa se-lactation, ngokwesilinganiso, kutholakala ubisi obisi-4500-5000 kg, okuqukethwe okungamafutha okungama-3.7-3.8%.
Izinkemba ezimbili zamakhwa omnyama namhlophe, ezingazange zichazwe, ziyizimfanelo eziphakathi, nakuba zingekho ngaphansi kwazo kulabo okukhulunywe ngenhla ekukhiqizeni kwabo kanye nokukhiqiza inyama.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi naphezu kwamagama wesifunda amaqembu omnyama omnyama ne-motley, wonke angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokuphelele nezimo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zezulu nezesimo sezulu zokuboshwa.
Zonke izici zezinkomo ezimnyama nezimhlophe: yini enye ehlukile ngohlobo?
Ngaphezu kwalabo abakuchazwe ngenhla, lolu hlobo lubuye lube nezici ezinjalo ezingamalungu alo wonke amalungu, kungakhathaliseki iqembu lesifunda. Okokuqala, kuyisihlahla kanye nezici zayo:
- Udder unomumo wendebe, okhombisa ubukhulu bawo (okungenani amasentimitha angu-120 ebhodini) nokunamathiselwe okuqinile emzimbeni wenkomo.
Kubuye kube mkhulu kakhulu, kunezansi ezingezansi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kulula ukubamba futhi ungaphazamisi isilwane uma uhamba.
Isikhumba sobunzima sinesizotha kakhulu, esivumela ukuba sisule ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa ubisi nokuncipha ngemva kokubamba.
- Ngenxa yezinsipho ezibekwe emabangeni ahlukene ukusuka komunye nomunye, ubude buba yizilinganiso. Ngokuyinhloko, i-nipples yangemuva isondelene kakhulu kuneyodwa kunezibili zangaphambili, ezingathinti inqubo yokubamba ngezandla zombili kanye nezinto zokusebenza.
- Inkomba yezilwane iphezulu kakhulu - 43-45%.
Lesi sibonakaliso singenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu izinkomo zobisi, ngoba kubonisa ukuthi inani lobisi olukhiqizwa kusukela ezinsikeni ezimbili zangaphambili kuze kube yilapho inani lobisi olukhiqizwa yenkomo.
Inani elinjalo eliphakeme, njengalolu hlobo, lubonisa isabelo sekota esisodwa esifana nesimo somkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqiza ubisi oluphezulu lwababameli bohlobo.
Ngaphandle, izinkomo ezimnyama nezinkanyezi zingahlukaniswa nomzimba oqinile. I-Backbone ezilwaneni futhi ihlala njalonakuba kulula. Amakhilomitha aqinile futhi azinzile, asethekile kahle.
Cishe, lesi sici sidluliselwe kubamele bezovela okhokho baseRussia basekhaya. Futhi, kufanele uqaphele emuva emuva kwephala kanye nengxenye ebanzi yomzimba, wehla emuva futhi uwele. Isifuba sezilwane siphakeme futhi sijulile.
Isibeletho sinobukhulu, okujwayelekile cishe bonke abameleli bokusebenza kobisi. Umzimba walezi zinkomo usude isikhathi eside, kodwa ulingana.
Umbala walezi zinkomo ngokwemvelo unomnyama ne-motley. Ngokuyinhloko, umbala wabo nombala wesikhumba unomnyama, nge-torso ephansi emhlophe, umsila womsila nendawo emhlophe endaweni ye-clavicles. Isikhumba sinobuhlungu, ngaphansi kwayo ngesikhathi sasebusika ubude obukhulu bama tishu amafutha ngokuvamile buthola.
Incazelo yemingcele yabamele abomnyama nabomhlophe
Cishe zonke izilwane, imingcele yabantu abesilisa abakhulu kunabo bonke abantu abathandana nabesifazane.
Ngakho-ke, uma ubuningi bezilwane zalolu hlobo buhluka kusuka ku-450 kuya ku-650 kilogram, khona-ke ubukhulu bezinkunzi - kusuka ku-650 nangaphezulu kuka-1000 kilogram. Lapho kubonakala, ukuphakama kokuqala ngokuvamile akudluli ngamasentimitha angu-130, futhi ukuphakama kwesibili kuphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-132.
Phakathi kweminye imingcele ebalulekile okumele ibone:
- Ukujula kwesifuba kungama-67 cm.
- Ububanzi besibisi - kusuka ku-39 kuya ku-41 amasentimitha.
- Isibalo sekhanda ku-girth singama-178-182 amasentimitha.
- Ubude bomzimba buvela kumamitha angu-153 kuya ku-158.
- E-Maklak ububanzi bomzimba buyi-45-46 amasentimitha.
- Umjikelezo we-metacarpus ungamamentimitha angu-19-20.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko okumelwe ziziwe ngabanikazi besikhathi esizayo bezinkomo ezimnyama namhlophe
Yiqiniso, kungcono ukubona kanye kunokuzwa izikhathi eziningi, kodwa namanje ukwazi okuningiliziwe nezici zohlobo kuzokuvumela ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi uhlukile.
Ngokungangabazeki, inzuzo ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukukhiqizwa ubisi nokufaneleka kokugcina emapulazini amakhulu namanye.
Kodwa, ukhonkolo okuningi izici abamele izinkomo ezimnyama namhlophe:
- Ukuzivumelanisa kahle nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuvuthwa kwezulu.
Inhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo ezivela kubamele basezindaweni ezahlukene zivumela ukugcina nokuzalanisa lezi zinkomo ezindaweni ezimbili eziseningizimu nasenyakatho. Yilokho ababelethi abazama ukukufeza lapho bebeletha uhlanga olumnyama nomhlophe.
Kodwa-ke, akuvunyelwe ukugcina abameli bezolimo ekudleni mahhala unyaka wonke, ngoba abahambisani kahle namazinga okushisa kwama-frosty. Esimo sezulu esishisayo, bazodinga amanzi amaningi kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhethekile, ahlasele.
- Ukuqina kokuzivikela emiphumeleni yezifo ezihlukahlukene.
Lesi sici singafakwa kubaluleke kunazo zonke, ngoba kubaluleke kakhulu izinkomo zobisi. Iqiniso liwukuthi noma yisiphi isifo esithinta isilwane, ngaso sonke isikhathi sithinta ukukhiqizwa ubisi.
Izinkomo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ziphikisana nezifo ezivamile zegciwane, kanye nokugula okungenakuphulukiswa kwamagciwane.
Ukwelashwa kwesifo sofuba kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kuvunyelwe ngabanye kunokuba baqaphele, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ukuzinza emzimbeni kubonakala nasezilwaneni ezincane ezondliwa ubisi lomama.
- Ukusebenzisa kahle ifolishi eluhlaza ezindaweni ezincane zokudla, isilayi kanye ne-haylage.
Ukuze kutholakale ubisi obuhle ubunikazi kufanele bube khona isondlo esihle kakhulu, usebenzisa ukudla okunengi kwamavithamini aluhlaza ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ehlobo, izilwane zidla kahle emadlelweni avulekile, okuzokwenza ukuthi "zihlanzeke".
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukondla okunjalo kuzoba ngokwanele kubo ukuqoqwa ubisi olujwayelekile. Ebusika, isilila ne-hay kufanele zakha isisekelo sokudla, nakuba ukufaka imifino nokugxila kuyoba nethonya elihle ekukhiqizeni jikelele.
- Ikhono lomuntu ngamunye lokunciphisa kalula isisindo nokulahleka ubisi.
Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu kulabo abazothenga inkomo yohlobo oluchazwe kwesinye isifunda. Lokhu ngeke kudale noma yikuphi ubunzima kuwe, njengoba isilwane sizokwazi ukudlulisa ukulungiswa ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi sizokuthuthukisa ngokugcwele.
Futhi, abameleli bohlobo bajwayele ukujwayela futhi bavumelane nezinguquko eziphuthumayo ezimweni zesimo sezulu, isikhathi semvula eside nesomiso eside.
- I-precocity yezilwane.
Lolu hlobo lwezinkomo aluyitholi ngokushesha nje isisindo salo, kodwa futhi ngokushesha lukulungele ukukhipha insemination nokuqothula amathole.
Ukufinyelela isisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-400 eminyakeni yobudala nesigamu, izilwane sezivele ziqala ukukhombisa umsebenzi wobulili, ngakho-ke amathole okuqala avame ukuqala izinyanga ezingu-2-4 ngaphambili kunezo ezinye izinhlobo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, babonisa izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zomama, isimo sengqondo esibonakalayo sokunakekela izingane zabo. Ukuvama ngokuvamile kulula, ngaphandle kosizo. I-Burenka ihlala isasebenza kulokhu ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyi-10, kuyilapho ingenzi ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa ubisi.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngemindeni enhle kakhulu yezinkomo.
Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuthi izinkabi ezichazwe zifanelekile kakhulu ukukhishwa kwemishini. Lokhu kunomthelela ilungiselelo elihle lama-nipples kanye nobude babo obude kudivayisi.
Futhi, okulula kulokhu ibanga ukusuka emgqeni kuya phansi, okungamamitha angu-61 amentimitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komshini wokudoba, inqubo yokubambisa incishiswa yanciphisa isikhathi esincane, ngoba ubisi buphuma emanzini ngokushesha futhi kalula.
Futhi inikela kulokhu futhi uhlobo oluzolile lwezilwaneukuthi ivumelane kalula nomsindo wokufakelwa. Uma ukukhishwa okubhaliwe futhi kungaveli ubunzima, ngoba ingono ihambisana kahle esandleni sakho, ngoba ubude bayo buyi-5-6 cm.
Ubisi buqala ukugijima kusukela ekucindezelekeni okuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma umbele ugcwele. Ngenxa yalokhu okuyingqayizivele, isimo sengqondo esingenabulungisa sokubamba izilwane zalesi sizwe siholela ekuhloleni kwesifo esinjalo njengesifo se-mastitis kaningi kakhulu.
Umsebenzi wokubeletha nokuzalanisa ngokuphathelene nalolu hlobo uqhubeka. Zihloselwe ikakhulukazi ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwamafutha ebisi. Lapho bewela nezinye izinhlobo, izinkomo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ziyimithombo yegesi ekhiqiza ubisi, ukuvumelanisa nezimo zokuzivikela eziqinile.
Ukuphakama kwezinkomo ezichazwe kakhulu kangakanani: izinkomba ezinembile kakhulu
Ukukhiqizwa kommbila njengendlela esemqoka yokufuna imfuyo
Uma sicabanga ukuthi phakathi kwazo zonke izinkomo zobisi eRussia, yizinkomo ezimnyama nezomhlophe ezithatha isabelo esikhulu (okungama-53%), bese singaphetha ngokuthi umkhiqizo uphezulu kakhulu.
Uma sishintsha imiphumela yokukhiqiza ubisi yezinhlobo zonke zozalo, ngakho-ke izinkomba zokukhiqiza ubisi zingama-kilogram ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5,5-8.5 zobisi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe kwamafutha ngokuvamile kusuka ku-3.4 kuya ku-4.2%, futhi isibonakaliso sezinto zamaprotheni ebisi kuhluka kusuka ku-3 ukuya ku-3.4%.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izinkomo ezimnyama nezimhlophe zibe nobisi obukhulu kakhulu bokukhiqiza ubisi. Uma ukukhishwa ngosizo lwezinsiza ezikhethekile, kusuka ku-1.2 kuya ku-1.4 kg ubisi lungatholakala ngomzuzu owodwa.
Izici zomkhiqizo wezinyama zohlobo
Kuyacaca ukuthi noma yisiphi isilwane esisekuqaleni sinenani eliphezulu ngokuthola inyama enhle, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezinkabeni. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kokushisa okukhulu kwezinkukhu, Izinkunzi ezimnyama nezibomvu zisetshenziselwa ukuqeda noma ukubulala.
Inani lisho ngisho nenyama yalezi zilwane ezifinyelela ekuvuthweni.
Ukuthi ukukhiqiza inyama kwalolu hlobo kuphezulu kungacatshangwa yisisindo sabanye, izinkomba esizibonisile ngenhla. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi insizwa yabantu abamnyama nabama-motley iyakwazi ukuzuza isisindo ngokushesha kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, uma uzalwa, amathole anesisindo sika 35-40 kilogram, bese esondla ubisi lwebele ngokungeziwe kokudla okunomsoco ezinyangeni ezingu-15-16 isisindo sabo sesifinyelele ku-420-480 kilogram.
Uma usebenzisa i-fattening evamile kulabo abancane, ukwanda kuzoba kusuka ku-600 kuya ku-800 amagremu ngosuku, futhi ngokukhululeka okukhulu kuyoba cishe 1 kilogram.
Kakade eneminyaka eyi-1.5-2 ubudala, izinkunzi ngokuvamile zivunyelwe ukuba zithole inyama. Ukukhishwa kokubulawa kwesidumbu esisodwa kungaba ngu-50 kuya ku-60%. Lesi sibonakaliso sinomthelela emathanjeni alula kakhulu wezilwane.
Ikhwalithi yenkomo etholakele emitholameni amnyama namhlophe ibhekwa njengokwanelisayo. Kuyinto enamafutha kakhulu namanzi, kepha ngokusho kwezinto eziyinhloko zezinhlobonhlobo zokunambitheka kwalolu hlobo lwenyama, alukwazi ukufinyelela izinkomba ezifunayo.
